INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(125, '', 'Reducing our agricultural GHG emissions: How we are getting there', 'NZAGRC &amp;amp;amp; PGgRc', 'enquiry@nzagrc.org.nz', '<p>Reducing New Zealand\'s agricultural greenhouse gas emissions without sacrificing production gains&nbsp;is what we are working to achieve through the NZAGRC-PGgRc science programme.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Find out more about New Zealand\'s agricultural GHG emissions instensity profile and what we need to do to ensure we can achieve economic growth targets, meet our international commitments and decrease our total agricultural GHG emissions in the next few years.</p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"How we are getting there\" href=\"user/file/631/eBrochure.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> How we are getting there</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(0.55MB)</span></span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Reducing New Zealand\'s agricultural greenhouse gas emissions without sacrificing production gains is what we are working to achieve through the NZAGRC-PGgRc science programme. \r\nFind out more about New Zealand\'s agricultural GHG emissions instensity profile and what we need to do to ensure we can achieve economic growth targets, meet our international commitments and decrease our total agricultural GHG emissions in the next few years.\r\n How we are getting there (0.55MB)', '', '', '', '', '2014-08-14', '2014-08-14', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '344', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(510, '', 'Effects of forages chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on methane emissions in vitro and from sheep', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X. Z., Hoskin S. O., Muetzel S., Molano G., Clark H. 2011. Effects of forages chicory (Cichorium intybus)&nbsp;and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on methane emissions in vitro and from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166-167, 391-397.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.027\"><strong>Read more</strong></a> (external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Sun X. Z., Hoskin S. O., Muetzel S., Molano G., Clark H. 2011. Effects of forages chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on methane emissions in vitro and from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166-167, 391-397.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2011-12-01', '2011-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Effects of forages chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on methane emissions in vitro and from sheep', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(132, '', 'Tiny organism a big challenge to methane researchers', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Much effort and intellectual grunt is going into solving the livestock methane emissions problem. Peter Burke reports on this science challenge facing New Zealand.</p>\r\n<p>A TINY micro-organism one thousandth of a millimetre long is proving a huge challenge for scientists in New Zealand and overseas.</p>\r\n<p>It\'s called a methanogen and it produces methane in the rumen of farm animals which they emit when they belch. That methane in the atmosphere contributes to the global warming now causing massive problems.</p>\r\n<p>The agricultural sector accounts for 46% of New Zealand\'s emissions, a serious challenge given our large ruminant population.</p>\r\n<p>New Zealand scientists hope within five years to develop on-farm technologies to help reduce methane gas emissions from cattle, sheep and deer.</p>\r\n<p>The Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGgRc) and the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) are working to solve this problem. Their target is to lower emissions 5% below 1990 levels by 2020 and cut them by 50% by 2050.</p>\r\n<p>One scientist working on methanogens is Dr Peter Janssen at AgResearch, Palmerston North.</p>\r\n<p>Janssen says the rumen of animals is where feed is held and fermented by a complex community of different micro-organisms including methanogens. These live on the hydrogen gas that is a by-product of the rumination process; the methane they produce is no use to the animal so is expelled during belching.</p>\r\n<p>\"These methane producing micro-organisms are evolutionarily distinct from the other parts of this complex system including the ruminant animal. They are biologically different - promising if you are trying to develop a strategy to eliminate those without harming any other part.\"</p>\r\n<p>Trouble is it\'s difficult to develop a vaccine or any sort of inhibitor, Janssen says.</p>\r\n<p>The science challenge is underpinned by continuous investment by the PGgRc and NZAGRC, funded by the government and the primary sector.</p>\r\n<p>Janssen says it takes a long time to build up knowledge and expertise in this area - a clear understanding of methanogens, in part by growing them in a laboratory.</p>\r\n<p>Various scientific strategies are being worked on and trialled. These including breeding animals that produce less methane and studying different feed types for their effects on the amount of methane an animal produces. <br /> Our scientists have bred animals that produce less methane. Various brassicas are found to reduce methane emissions, to a limited degree. Scientists are working on a vaccine and an &lsquo;inhibitor\' but a solution is still five years away.<br /> Janssen says New Zealand researchers\' contribution is significant and the quality of their work world class.</p>\r\n<p>\"Similar research is being done in Australia, Canada, to some extent in the US and some EU countries [but there is no] comprehensive programme. We have a programme of hedging our bets with low impact, low risk and high impact, high risk strategies.</p>\r\n<p>\"No one else has programmes applicable to our agricultural systems so we have to look after our own and make sure we develop things that work in our farming systems.\"</p>\r\n<p>There is no guarantee a solution developed overseas would work in New Zealand given the unique nature of our farming systems.</p>\r\n<p>Side Bar :<span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"Breathe in, now breathe now\" href=\"user/file/638/140819_RuralNews_Burke.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> Breathe in, now breathe now</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">(0.10MB)</span></span></span></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ruralnews.co.nz/\">www.ruralnews.co.nz</a> </p>', 'Much effort and intellectual grunt is going into solving the livestock methane emissions problem. Peter Burke reports on this science challenge facing New Zealand.\r\nA TINY micro-organism one thousandth of a millimetre long is proving a huge challenge for scientists in New Zealand and overseas.\r\nIt\'s called a methanogen and it produces methane in the rumen of farm animals which they emit when they belch. That methane in the atmosphere contributes to the global warming now causing massive problems.\r\nThe agricultural sector accounts for 46% of New Zealand\'s emissions, a serious challenge given our large ruminant population.\r\nNew Zealand scientists hope within five years to develop on-farm technologies to help reduce methane gas emissions from cattle, sheep and deer.\r\nThe Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGgRc) and the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) are working to solve this problem. Their target is to lower emissions 5% below 1990 levels by 2020 and cut them by 50% by 2050.\r\nOne scientist working on methanogens is Dr Peter Janssen at AgResearch, Palmerston North.\r\nJanssen says the rumen of animals is where feed is held and fermented by a complex community of different micro-organisms including methanogens. These live on the hydrogen gas that is a by-product of the rumination process; the methane they produce is no use to the animal so is expelled during belching.\r\n\"These methane producing micro-organisms are evolutionarily distinct from the other parts of this complex system including the ruminant animal. They are biologically different - promising if you are trying to develop a strategy to eliminate those without harming any other part.\"\r\nTrouble is it\'s difficult to develop a vaccine or any sort of inhibitor, Janssen says.\r\nThe science challenge is underpinned by continuous investment by the PGgRc and NZAGRC, funded by the government and the primary sector.\r\nJanssen says it takes a long time to build up knowledge and expertise in this area - a clear understanding of methanogens, in part by growing them in a laboratory.\r\nVarious scientific strategies are being worked on and trialled. These including breeding animals that produce less methane and studying different feed types for their effects on the amount of methane an animal produces.  Our scientists have bred animals that produce less methane. Various brassicas are found to reduce methane emissions, to a limited degree. Scientists are working on a vaccine and an ‘inhibitor\' but a solution is still five years away. Janssen says New Zealand researchers\' contribution is significant and the quality of their work world class.\r\n\"Similar research is being done in Australia, Canada, to some extent in the US and some EU countries [but there is no] comprehensive programme. We have a programme of hedging our bets with low impact, low risk and high impact, high risk strategies.\r\n\"No one else has programmes applicable to our agricultural systems so we have to look after our own and make sure we develop things that work in our farming systems.\"\r\nThere is no guarantee a solution developed overseas would work in New Zealand given the unique nature of our farming systems.\r\nSide Bar : Breathe in, now breathe now (0.10MB)\r\nwww.ruralnews.co.nz', '', '', '', '', '2014-08-20', '2014-08-20', '', NULL, NULL, 'Rural News', 'http://issuu.com/ruralnewsgroup/docs/rn_567_august_19?e=2923568/8968597', '537', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(126, '', 'Masters Student: Olivia Jordan', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/medium/346/UoW_2014_Waikato_Olivia.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Olivia Jordan\" title=\"Olivia Jordan\" width=\"250\" height=\"164\" /><br />\r\n<em>Olivia with NZ PM Rt Hon John Key (Oliva is second from the left)</em>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nOlivia is conducting an MSc thesis examining root biomass of different pasture swards in a trial at a New Zealand industry research farm. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThis work is aligned to an investigation of above-ground plant traits by Landcare Research. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nOlivia is supervised by Professor Louis Schipper at the University of Waikato. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nOlivia has a background in farming is very interested in finding a career in the farming industry.<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Olivia with NZ PM Rt Hon John Key (Oliva is second from the left)\r\n\r\n\r\nOlivia is conducting an MSc thesis examining root biomass of different pasture swards in a trial at a New Zealand industry research farm. \r\n\r\n\r\nThis work is aligned to an investigation of above-ground plant traits by Landcare Research. \r\n\r\n\r\nOlivia is supervised by Professor Louis Schipper at the University of Waikato. \r\n\r\n\r\nOlivia has a background in farming is very interested in finding a career in the farming industry.', '', '', '', '', '2014-08-14', '2014-08-14', '', NULL, NULL, 'University of Waikato', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(127, '', 'Honours Student: Larissa Kingsbury', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nLarissa is in her fourth year (Honours)&#160;of a Bachelor of Agricultural Science in the&#160; Agricultural life sciences (AGLS) department at Lincoln University. Larissa is supervised by&#160;Dr Rachael Bryant.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nLarissa is undertaking a research project looking at whether pre-mowing pasture affects pasture intake, quality, milk production,&#160;nitrogen intake and subsequent&#160;nitrogen partitioning.&#160; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nHaving grown up on northern Otago (Waitaki Plains) farm, Larissa has a strong interest in the sector and the science: &quot;I find the science behind both the running and success of a farm extremely interesting&quot; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThrough tertiary study Larissa has &quot;developed knowledge on animal nutrition, which includes animal health, feeding, soil science and animal production&quot; that will help in her as an&#160; animal nutritionist. Larissa is keen to help develop on-farm solutions so that farmers can get the best from their farm and animals. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Larissa is in her fourth year (Honours) of a Bachelor of Agricultural Science in the  Agricultural life sciences (AGLS) department at Lincoln University. Larissa is supervised by Dr Rachael Bryant.\r\n\r\n\r\nLarissa is undertaking a research project looking at whether pre-mowing pasture affects pasture intake, quality, milk production, nitrogen intake and subsequent nitrogen partitioning.  \r\n\r\n\r\nHaving grown up on northern Otago (Waitaki Plains) farm, Larissa has a strong interest in the sector and the science: &quot;I find the science behind both the running and success of a farm extremely interesting&quot; \r\n\r\n\r\nThrough tertiary study Larissa has &quot;developed knowledge on animal nutrition, which includes animal health, feeding, soil science and animal production&quot; that will help in her as an  animal nutritionist. Larissa is keen to help develop on-farm solutions so that farmers can get the best from their farm and animals.', '', '', '', '', '2014-08-14', '2014-08-14', '', NULL, NULL, 'Lincoln University', '', '349', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(128, '', 'World Science Week New Zealand', '', '', '<p>\r\nWorld Science Week New Zealand brings together more than 2,000 of the world&#8217;s leading scientists, researchers and government science advisors for an interrelated series of international science summits in Auckland from 25 August to 3 September 2014. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPublic science events in Auckland<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSun 24 Aug, 11am:<br />\r\nWizards on Ice<br />\r\nHow researchers overcome the immense logistical challenges of operating in Antarctica&#39;s harsh environment.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nMon 25 Aug, 7.30pm:<br />\r\nScience - New Zealand&#39;s Place in the World<br />\r\nNew Zealand can be seen as &quot;the canary in the mine of international science&quot; - an early indicator for emerging issues.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nTues 26 Aug, 7pm:<br />\r\nMelting Ice, Rising Sea<br />\r\nThe impact melting ice caps can have on sea level rise, including for New Zealand&#39;s coastline.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nWed 27 Aug, 7pm:<br />\r\nFrom the Big Bang to Tomorrow<br />\r\nIceCube and other observatories in Antarctica are revealing echoes of the Big Bang and provide clues about the future of our planet.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThurs 28 Aug, 8pm:<br />\r\nThin Ice - the Inside Story of Climate Science<br />\r\nSpecial screening of internationally awarded NZ documentary with producer Professor Peter Barrett and featured scientists.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nFri 29 Aug, 7pm:<br />\r\nPandemics &#38; Climate Change<br />\r\nA world expert explains how climate change may impact the incidence and severity of pandemics in the future. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nSat 30 Aug, 12 noon:<br />\r\nFuture Food for the Planet <br />\r\nThe soil literally feeds the world, but is itself being depleted. Food security is essential at a time of climatic change.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'World Science Week New Zealand brings together more than 2,000 of the world’s leading scientists, researchers and government science advisors for an interrelated series of international science summits in Auckland from 25 August to 3 September 2014. \r\n\r\n\r\nPublic science events in Auckland\r\n\r\nSun 24 Aug, 11am:\r\nWizards on Ice\r\nHow researchers overcome the immense logistical challenges of operating in Antarctica&#39;s harsh environment.\r\n\r\nMon 25 Aug, 7.30pm:\r\nScience - New Zealand&#39;s Place in the World\r\nNew Zealand can be seen as &quot;the canary in the mine of international science&quot; - an early indicator for emerging issues.\r\n\r\nTues 26 Aug, 7pm:\r\nMelting Ice, Rising Sea\r\nThe impact melting ice caps can have on sea level rise, including for New Zealand&#39;s coastline.\r\n\r\nWed 27 Aug, 7pm:\r\nFrom the Big Bang to Tomorrow\r\nIceCube and other observatories in Antarctica are revealing echoes of the Big Bang and provide clues about the future of our planet.\r\n\r\nThurs 28 Aug, 8pm:\r\nThin Ice - the Inside Story of Climate Science\r\nSpecial screening of internationally awarded NZ documentary with producer Professor Peter Barrett and featured scientists.\r\n\r\nFri 29 Aug, 7pm:\r\nPandemics & Climate Change\r\nA world expert explains how climate change may impact the incidence and severity of pandemics in the future. \r\n\r\n\r\nSat 30 Aug, 12 noon:\r\nFuture Food for the Planet \r\nThe soil literally feeds the world, but is itself being depleted. Food security is essential at a time of climatic change.', 'Royal Society of New Zealand', '', '', '', '2014-08-25', '2014-09-03', '', NULL, NULL, '', 'http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/events/world-science-week-new-zealand/', '308', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(129, '', 'Science: New Zealand\'s Place in the World', '', '', '<p>\r\nHear Dr&#160;Harry Clark speak alongside Sir Peter Gluckman on 25 August at 7.30pm&#160;in Auckland \r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/events/world-science-week-new-zealand/science-new-zealands-place-world/\">http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/events/world-science-week-new-zealand/science-new-zealands-place-world/</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNew Zealand occupies a unique place in the world of science despite the relatively small size of its population and economy.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nThrough our international thought leadership in science and policy, and our science connections and initiatives we are emerging as an important player in the global context.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nBeyond our world-ranked scientists and discoveries we are leading the way in drawing attention to the place of science in government and trans-national decision-making, trade and diplomacy and driving initiatives to improve the health of our planet.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nSir Peter Gluckman, the Prime Minister&#39;s Chief Science Advisor, will explain why NZ can be seen as &quot;the canary in the mine of international science&quot; - an early indicator for emerging issues.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nHe will introduce Dr Harry Clark, director of a NZ led international initiative to reduce the 20% of world&#39;s greenhouse gasses that come from agriculture and food production. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Speakers</strong> \r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Sir Peter Gluckman, Chief Science Advisor to the Prime Minister, NZ (Convenor)</li>\r\n	<li>Harry Clark, New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n', 'Hear Dr Harry Clark speak alongside Sir Peter Gluckman on 25 August at 7.30pm in Auckland \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nhttp://www.royalsociety.org.nz/events/world-science-week-new-zealand/science-new-zealands-place-world/ \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand occupies a unique place in the world of science despite the relatively small size of its population and economy.\r\n\r\nThrough our international thought leadership in science and policy, and our science connections and initiatives we are emerging as an important player in the global context.\r\n\r\nBeyond our world-ranked scientists and discoveries we are leading the way in drawing attention to the place of science in government and trans-national decision-making, trade and diplomacy and driving initiatives to improve the health of our planet.\r\n\r\nSir Peter Gluckman, the Prime Minister&#39;s Chief Science Advisor, will explain why NZ can be seen as &quot;the canary in the mine of international science&quot; - an early indicator for emerging issues.\r\n\r\nHe will introduce Dr Harry Clark, director of a NZ led international initiative to reduce the 20% of world&#39;s greenhouse gasses that come from agriculture and food production. \r\n\r\n\r\nSpeakers \r\n\r\n\r\n	Sir Peter Gluckman, Chief Science Advisor to the Prime Minister, NZ (Convenor)\r\n	Harry Clark, New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre', 'Royal Society of New Zealand', '', '', '', '2014-08-25', '2014-08-25', '7.30pm', NULL, NULL, 'University of Auckland', 'http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/events/world-science-week-new-zealand/science-new-zealands-place-world/', '308', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(130, '', 'Reel Earth Film Festival', '', '', '<p>\r\nThe NZAGRC is proud to sponsor the Reel Earth Environmental Film Festival again in 2014.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nMore details about the festival can be found at <a href=\"http://www.reelearth.org.nz/\">www.reelearth.org.nz</a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The NZAGRC is proud to sponsor the Reel Earth Environmental Film Festival again in 2014.\r\n\r\n\r\nMore details about the festival can be found at www.reelearth.org.nz', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-01', '2014-10-30', '', NULL, NULL, 'Palmerston North, New Zealand', 'http://www.reelearth.org.nz/', '272', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(131, '', 'What can farmers do about climate change?', '', '', '<p>\r\nOPINION: It doesn&#39;t matter what your opinion is on climate change, it is happening. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe challenge is what we can all do to slow it down. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFor farmers this is a particularly complex challenge because any mitigation that decreases their production of food is bad for their livelihood and for everyone. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFarming is not a business that has had its time and can be closed down and replaced by something else. We all need food. We all like good quality food and none of us like to pay too much for it. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nSo farmers need mitigations that enable them to produce enough food for us all, while helping to save the planet from the impacts of climate change. But do these mitigations exist yet? \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nIn my view, the short answer is yes for carbon dioxide but no for methane. For a time the other major greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide, could be mitigated by applying dicyandiamide (DCD) but the use of DCD products had to be withdrawn when they turned up in milk. DCD in milk highlights the complexity of finding safe solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gases produced by farming. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe greenhouse gases produced by human activity continue to increase despite worldwide concerns. The contribution of the various greenhouse gases to the world&#39;s production is divided between carbon dioxide (76 per cent), methane (16 per cent), nitrous oxide (6 per cent) and other gases (2 per cent). \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFarmers can slow down the emission of carbon dioxide by using electricity from renewable sources, by using cars and road transport less and by planting trees faster than they are cut down. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nResearch on ways to store carbon in the ground continues at the NZ Biochar Research Centre at Massey University but currently no mitigations are available to farmers. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe focus for New Zealand farmers has mainly been on methane and nitrous oxide. Cattle and sheep produce methane when they digest feed in their rumen and then belch it out into the atmosphere. Because 35 per cent of the greenhouse gas emissions from NZ are from livestock, a decrease in methane will send a signal to the world that we are doing our bit for the planet. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nWe are certainly doing a lot of research on methane reduction. The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre and its many partners have increased our understanding of how methane is produced by livestock. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPotentially, we can develop vaccines to decrease methane production.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPotentially, we can breed sheep that produce less methane. But for now all a farmer can do is use high quality forage so livestock produce less methane for each kilogram of meat or milksolids produced. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nSome of you will say &#39;&#39;why not just decrease the number of sheep and cattle in New Zealand?&#39;&#39; I cannot see the logic in this approach. The demand for meat and milk will not go away; somewhere elsewhere in the world will pick up the slack and the planet will be no better off. So for the moment, farmers can plant trees, feed livestock methane efficient forage and wait for research to provide better mitigation tools. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n* Peter Kemp is head of Massey University&#39;s Institute of Agriculture and Environment.<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'OPINION: It doesn&#39;t matter what your opinion is on climate change, it is happening. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe challenge is what we can all do to slow it down. \r\n\r\n\r\nFor farmers this is a particularly complex challenge because any mitigation that decreases their production of food is bad for their livelihood and for everyone. \r\n\r\n\r\nFarming is not a business that has had its time and can be closed down and replaced by something else. We all need food. We all like good quality food and none of us like to pay too much for it. \r\n\r\n\r\nSo farmers need mitigations that enable them to produce enough food for us all, while helping to save the planet from the impacts of climate change. But do these mitigations exist yet? \r\n\r\n\r\nIn my view, the short answer is yes for carbon dioxide but no for methane. For a time the other major greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide, could be mitigated by applying dicyandiamide (DCD) but the use of DCD products had to be withdrawn when they turned up in milk. DCD in milk highlights the complexity of finding safe solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gases produced by farming. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe greenhouse gases produced by human activity continue to increase despite worldwide concerns. The contribution of the various greenhouse gases to the world&#39;s production is divided between carbon dioxide (76 per cent), methane (16 per cent), nitrous oxide (6 per cent) and other gases (2 per cent). \r\n\r\n\r\nFarmers can slow down the emission of carbon dioxide by using electricity from renewable sources, by using cars and road transport less and by planting trees faster than they are cut down. \r\n\r\n\r\nResearch on ways to store carbon in the ground continues at the NZ Biochar Research Centre at Massey University but currently no mitigations are available to farmers. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe focus for New Zealand farmers has mainly been on methane and nitrous oxide. Cattle and sheep produce methane when they digest feed in their rumen and then belch it out into the atmosphere. Because 35 per cent of the greenhouse gas emissions from NZ are from livestock, a decrease in methane will send a signal to the world that we are doing our bit for the planet. \r\n\r\n\r\nWe are certainly doing a lot of research on methane reduction. The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre and its many partners have increased our understanding of how methane is produced by livestock. \r\n\r\n\r\nPotentially, we can develop vaccines to decrease methane production.\r\n\r\n\r\nPotentially, we can breed sheep that produce less methane. But for now all a farmer can do is use high quality forage so livestock produce less methane for each kilogram of meat or milksolids produced. \r\n\r\n\r\nSome of you will say &#39;&#39;why not just decrease the number of sheep and cattle in New Zealand?&#39;&#39; I cannot see the logic in this approach. The demand for meat and milk will not go away; somewhere elsewhere in the world will pick up the slack and the planet will be no better off. So for the moment, farmers can plant trees, feed livestock methane efficient forage and wait for research to provide better mitigation tools. \r\n\r\n\r\n* Peter Kemp is head of Massey University&#39;s Institute of Agriculture and Environment.', '', '', '', '', '2014-08-20', '2014-08-20', '', NULL, NULL, 'NZ Farmer.co.nz', 'http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/opinion/10393251/What-can-farmers-do-about-climate-change', '103', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(133, '', 'Our problem, not our grandchildren\'s', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p class=\"first-paragraph\">Dozens of young people, sprawled in loose circles on the floor of Auckland University&rsquo;s Business School, are trying to figure out how to make&nbsp;climate change action go viral.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;We need 100,000 people on this&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/252470/court-challenge-to-climate-voter-ruling\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Voter</a>&nbsp;thing,&rdquo; Jimmy Green, a co-organiser of lobby group Generation Zero&rsquo;s ClimateVote Summit, tells the crowd. &ldquo;Or as many as we can get!&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>...</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">Agriculture has long been a sticking point for efforts to reduce emissions in New Zealand.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.56; font-size: 1em;\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.56; font-size: 1em;\">In 2003, the government tried to levy farmers to pay for emissions research. Dubbed the &ldquo;fart tax&rdquo; (burps are actually more of a problem), it was met by protests organised by Federated Farmers. In what became an enduring image of the protest, National MP Shane Ardern &ndash; who also farms in Taranaki &ndash; drove a tractor up the steps of Parliament.</span></span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.56; font-size: 1em;\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.56; font-size: 1em;\">Today, a good part of the country&rsquo;s leading work on agriculture emissions reduction takes place at the government-funded New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). The centre collaborates on certain work with the industry-funded Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (set up after the failure of the fart tax <strong>**</strong>).</span></span></p>\r\n<p>The NZAGRC&rsquo;s main focus has been on methane &ndash; produced by sheep and cattle during digestion &ndash; though research is also taking place into nitrous oxide and soil carbon. It&rsquo;s looking at breeding low-emitting animals and developing a vaccine and feed compounds.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;The animal breeding is probably the most advanced,&rdquo; NZAGRC director Harry Clark says. &ldquo;We&rsquo;ve got further evidence now that some animals do produce less methane.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>The way it works is simple enough. Sheep and cattle with smaller stomachs process pasture faster, leaving less time for fermentation. &ldquo;We could have breeding values in the sheep population for selection for methane within the next three years,&rdquo; Dr Clark says.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;What we&rsquo;re doing at the moment is dotting the &lsquo;i&rsquo;s and crossing the &lsquo;t&rsquo;s to make sure there are no downsides.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>Dr Clark &ndash; also a lead author for the IPCC on a chapter dealing with land sector emission reduction &ndash; says New Zealand has come a long way since the fart tax protests.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;As the climate changes, it influences the amount of food that can be produced. Yes, it is desirable to reduce one of the drivers of climate change, which is greenhouse gas emissions, but you can&rsquo;t do that at the expense of not producing food,&rdquo; he says. <span style=\"line-height: 1.56; font-size: 1em;\">&ldquo;I think we&rsquo;re a lot more sophisticated than we were 10 years ago about thinking about that balance.&rdquo;</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.56; font-size: 1em;\">He acknowledges that it will be difficult to reduce overall emissions without tackling the agricultural sector but argues that there is some room for optimism. </span><span style=\"line-height: 1.56; font-size: 1em;\">&ldquo;What we can do is move on a trajectory towards lower emissions intensity in the sector. The sector&rsquo;s already doing some of that through improvements in productivity.&rdquo;</span></p>\r\n<p>Asked about engineering a shift to high-value products, he points out it will be difficult while commodity prices remain high. &ldquo;When you get milk powder, the price is gold, what&rsquo;s the point of adding value? You might as well sell milk powder.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://thewireless.co.nz/themes/impact/changing-the-climate-fighting-the-heat\"><strong>Read full article </strong></a>(external website)</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p><strong>** PGgRc was set up in 2002 to fund research into mitigation of methane emissions from livestock. In 2004, an MOU was signed between the Crown and industry after consultation/opposition to the agricultural emissions levy (the \"fart\" tax). <a href=\"nzfunds-pggrc.html\">See more on PGgRc history</a></strong></p>\r\n<h3><strong>Related</strong></h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 29px;\" width=\"360\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"NZAGRClogo\" src=\"user/image/thumb/247/NZ AGRC Logo-POS-on WHITE-CMYK_Crop.jpg\" alt=\"NZAGRClogo\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"research.html\">Research</a></h3>\r\n<p>New Zealand\'s research into reducing livestock greenhouse gas emissions concentrates...</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"research.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Dozens of young people, sprawled in loose circles on the floor of Auckland University’s Business School, are trying to figure out how to make climate change action go viral.\r\n“We need 100,000 people on this Climate Voter thing,” Jimmy Green, a co-organiser of lobby group Generation Zero’s ClimateVote Summit, tells the crowd. “Or as many as we can get!”\r\n...\r\nAgriculture has long been a sticking point for efforts to reduce emissions in New Zealand.\r\nIn 2003, the government tried to levy farmers to pay for emissions research. Dubbed the “fart tax” (burps are actually more of a problem), it was met by protests organised by Federated Farmers. In what became an enduring image of the protest, National MP Shane Ardern – who also farms in Taranaki – drove a tractor up the steps of Parliament.\r\nToday, a good part of the country’s leading work on agriculture emissions reduction takes place at the government-funded New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). The centre collaborates on certain work with the industry-funded Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (set up after the failure of the fart tax **).\r\nThe NZAGRC’s main focus has been on methane – produced by sheep and cattle during digestion – though research is also taking place into nitrous oxide and soil carbon. It’s looking at breeding low-emitting animals and developing a vaccine and feed compounds.\r\n“The animal breeding is probably the most advanced,” NZAGRC director Harry Clark says. “We’ve got further evidence now that some animals do produce less methane.”\r\nThe way it works is simple enough. Sheep and cattle with smaller stomachs process pasture faster, leaving less time for fermentation. “We could have breeding values in the sheep population for selection for methane within the next three years,” Dr Clark says.\r\n“What we’re doing at the moment is dotting the ‘i’s and crossing the ‘t’s to make sure there are no downsides.”\r\nDr Clark – also a lead author for the IPCC on a chapter dealing with land sector emission reduction – says New Zealand has come a long way since the fart tax protests.\r\n“As the climate changes, it influences the amount of food that can be produced. Yes, it is desirable to reduce one of the drivers of climate change, which is greenhouse gas emissions, but you can’t do that at the expense of not producing food,” he says. “I think we’re a lot more sophisticated than we were 10 years ago about thinking about that balance.”\r\nHe acknowledges that it will be difficult to reduce overall emissions without tackling the agricultural sector but argues that there is some room for optimism. “What we can do is move on a trajectory towards lower emissions intensity in the sector. The sector’s already doing some of that through improvements in productivity.”\r\nAsked about engineering a shift to high-value products, he points out it will be difficult while commodity prices remain high. “When you get milk powder, the price is gold, what’s the point of adding value? You might as well sell milk powder.”\r\nRead full article (external website)\r\n\r\n** PGgRc was set up in 2002 to fund research into mitigation of methane emissions from livestock. In 2004, an MOU was signed between the Crown and industry after consultation/opposition to the agricultural emissions levy (the \"fart\" tax). See more on PGgRc history\r\nRelated\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nResearch\r\nNew Zealand\'s research into reducing livestock greenhouse gas emissions concentrates...\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2014-08-21', '2014-08-21', '', NULL, NULL, 'The Wireless', 'http://thewireless.co.nz/themes/impact/changing-the-climate-fighting-the-heat', '536', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(134, '', 'New Zealand Society of Soil Science Conference', '', '', '<p>\r\nFrom 1st - 4th December 2014 visitors will descend on Hamilton to attend The New Zealand Society of Soil Science (NZSSS) Conference with the theme; &quot;Soil Science for future generations&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe aim of the conference is to bring the New Zealand soil community together across a wide range of soil science disciplines and institutes covering research, education, policy, and extension to present their latest science and discuss its implications for our environment, now and into the future. In-line with the theme of the conference, we seek to attract and encourage the involvement of the next generation of soil scientists by making the event highly accessible and relevant to our student population. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nRegistrations Open 1 March<br />\r\nAbstract Submissions Close 1 Sept<br />\r\nEarly-bird Registrations Close 24 Oct\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFor information at <a href=\"http://www.nzsssconference.co.nz/\">http://www.nzsssconference.co.nz/</a>\r\n</p>\r\n', 'From 1st - 4th December 2014 visitors will descend on Hamilton to attend The New Zealand Society of Soil Science (NZSSS) Conference with the theme; &quot;Soil Science for future generations&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe aim of the conference is to bring the New Zealand soil community together across a wide range of soil science disciplines and institutes covering research, education, policy, and extension to present their latest science and discuss its implications for our environment, now and into the future. In-line with the theme of the conference, we seek to attract and encourage the involvement of the next generation of soil scientists by making the event highly accessible and relevant to our student population. \r\n\r\n\r\nRegistrations Open 1 March\r\nAbstract Submissions Close 1 Sept\r\nEarly-bird Registrations Close 24 Oct\r\n\r\n\r\nFor information at http://www.nzsssconference.co.nz/', '', '', '', '', '2014-12-01', '2014-12-04', '', NULL, NULL, 'Hamilton, New Zealand', 'http://www.nzsssconference.co.nz/', '350', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(135, '', 'Annual conference of the New Zealand Microbiological Society Inc and the New Zealand Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology', '', '', '<p>\r\nThis year sees the New Zealand Microbiology Society join forces with the New Zealand Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology for their annual conference. Science is undergoing its greatest and most rapid transform to date; in the post-genomic era with the development of all things &#8220;-omic&#8221;. Our expectation of what science can deliver is now higher than ever and perhaps rather over optimistic on some occasions! The conference will provide a platform to discuss the impact that the development of &#8220;omics&#8221; has had on our understanding of the world around us. Rapid advances in technology over the past decade or so have led to a wealth of data, driving science forward at an amazing speed. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nWe will bring together a host of world class speakers, national and international, to present their research and bring us up to date with the latest advances in the field. There will be opportunity for researchers focussed on New Zealand&#8217;s unique biological heritage and biodiversity to present their work in this international arena. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nVisit <a href=\"http://www.nzms2014.org.nz/\">http://www.nzms2014.org.nz/</a> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'This year sees the New Zealand Microbiology Society join forces with the New Zealand Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology for their annual conference. Science is undergoing its greatest and most rapid transform to date; in the post-genomic era with the development of all things “-omic”. Our expectation of what science can deliver is now higher than ever and perhaps rather over optimistic on some occasions! The conference will provide a platform to discuss the impact that the development of “omics” has had on our understanding of the world around us. Rapid advances in technology over the past decade or so have led to a wealth of data, driving science forward at an amazing speed. \r\n\r\n\r\nWe will bring together a host of world class speakers, national and international, to present their research and bring us up to date with the latest advances in the field. There will be opportunity for researchers focussed on New Zealand’s unique biological heritage and biodiversity to present their work in this international arena. \r\n\r\n\r\nVisit http://www.nzms2014.org.nz/', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-18', '2014-11-21', '', NULL, NULL, 'Wellington', 'http://nzms2014.org.nz/', '351', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(136, '', 'Major methanogen milestone', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>AgResearch scientists and US researchers are one step closer in their work to reduce methane emissions from sheep.</p>\r\n<p>They have identified microbial differences in the rumens of sheep with high or low methane emissions.</p>\r\n<p>The work is part of a Global Partnerships in Livestock Emissions Research project and has been carried out by the Rumen Microbiology team at AgResearch Grasslands in Palmerston North, and at the US Department of Energy\'s Joint Genome Institute (JGI) in San Francisco, California.</p>\r\n<p>Methane belched from sheep and other ruminants accounts for around 28% of global methane emissions from human-related activities. It is produced in the rumen by microbes called methanogens and the work targeting these organisms is aimed at reducing methane emissions from ruminants.</p>\r\n<p>AgResearch scientist and project leader, Dr Graeme Attwood says the results, which have just been published in the top-ranking journal Genome Research, are one of the first major findings of the four-year project.</p>\r\n<p>\"The study used the large sequencing and data analysis capabilities of the JGI to look at the occurrence, abundance and expression of methanogen genes between low and high methane-emitting sheep identified from flocks in New Zealand,\" he says.</p>\r\n<p>\"These analyses showed that, although the relative abundance of genes did not differ between the low and high methane groups, the expression of genes involved in the metabolic pathway leading to methane formation were significantly elevated in methanogens within the rumens of high methane-emitting animals.\" <br /> He says this discovery helps explain the methanogen involvement in this animal trait, and it is likely that further detailed analysis of the large sequence datasets will uncover differences in other rumen microbes which also contribute.</p>\r\n<p><br /> The study is funded through the New Zealand government in support of the objectives of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and its Livestock Research Group, and builds on previous work by a combined NZ Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre and NZ Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium programme in which a large number of sheep have been screened to identify naturally low or high methane-emitting animals.</p>\r\n<p>This programme aims to breed sheep for New Zealand farms which are low methane-emitters but also maintain their ability to reproduce and retain or improve their meat and wool production.</p>\r\n<p>The microbial gene expression differences discovered in the study help define the methane trait in sheep and will assist in the selection of future low methane flocks.</p>\r\n<p>\"Understanding the microbial composition of a low methane animal and how its rumen works, will enable us to focus on targeting the methanogens directly using complementary approaches such as drenches, slow release boluses or specialised forages and supplements,\" says Dr Attwood.</p>\r\n<p>The paper \"Methane yield phenotypes linked to differential gene expression in the sheep rumen microbiome\" has been published this week in the journal Genome Research</p>\r\n<p>About AgResearch: AgResearch is New Zealand\'s largest Crown Research Institute and focuses on supporting the country\'s pastoral sector through scientific research and innovation.</p>\r\n<p>Ends </p>\r\n<h3>Related</h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 101px;\" width=\"594\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"user/image/eventthumb/97/AgResearch\" alt=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div class=\"left\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div class=\"right\">\r\n<h3><a href=\"science-publications,listing,385,methane-yield-phenotypes-linked-to-differential-gene-expression-in-the-sheep-rumen-microbiome.html\">Methane yield phenotypes linked to differential gene expression in the sheep rumen microbiome</a></h3>\r\n<p class=\"date\">06/06/14 |&nbsp;Shi, W., C. Moon, et al. (2014). \"Methane yield phenotypes linked to differential gene expression in the sheep rumen microbiome.\" ...</p>\r\n<p class=\"more\"><a href=\"science-publications,listing,385,methane-yield-phenotypes-linked-to-differential-gene-expression-in-the-sheep-rumen-microbiome.html\">Read mor</a>e</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', 'AgResearch scientists and US researchers are one step closer in their work to reduce methane emissions from sheep.\r\nThey have identified microbial differences in the rumens of sheep with high or low methane emissions.\r\nThe work is part of a Global Partnerships in Livestock Emissions Research project and has been carried out by the Rumen Microbiology team at AgResearch Grasslands in Palmerston North, and at the US Department of Energy\'s Joint Genome Institute (JGI) in San Francisco, California.\r\nMethane belched from sheep and other ruminants accounts for around 28% of global methane emissions from human-related activities. It is produced in the rumen by microbes called methanogens and the work targeting these organisms is aimed at reducing methane emissions from ruminants.\r\nAgResearch scientist and project leader, Dr Graeme Attwood says the results, which have just been published in the top-ranking journal Genome Research, are one of the first major findings of the four-year project.\r\n\"The study used the large sequencing and data analysis capabilities of the JGI to look at the occurrence, abundance and expression of methanogen genes between low and high methane-emitting sheep identified from flocks in New Zealand,\" he says.\r\n\"These analyses showed that, although the relative abundance of genes did not differ between the low and high methane groups, the expression of genes involved in the metabolic pathway leading to methane formation were significantly elevated in methanogens within the rumens of high methane-emitting animals.\"  He says this discovery helps explain the methanogen involvement in this animal trait, and it is likely that further detailed analysis of the large sequence datasets will uncover differences in other rumen microbes which also contribute.\r\n The study is funded through the New Zealand government in support of the objectives of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and its Livestock Research Group, and builds on previous work by a combined NZ Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre and NZ Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium programme in which a large number of sheep have been screened to identify naturally low or high methane-emitting animals.\r\nThis programme aims to breed sheep for New Zealand farms which are low methane-emitters but also maintain their ability to reproduce and retain or improve their meat and wool production.\r\nThe microbial gene expression differences discovered in the study help define the methane trait in sheep and will assist in the selection of future low methane flocks.\r\n\"Understanding the microbial composition of a low methane animal and how its rumen works, will enable us to focus on targeting the methanogens directly using complementary approaches such as drenches, slow release boluses or specialised forages and supplements,\" says Dr Attwood.\r\nThe paper \"Methane yield phenotypes linked to differential gene expression in the sheep rumen microbiome\" has been published this week in the journal Genome Research\r\nAbout AgResearch: AgResearch is New Zealand\'s largest Crown Research Institute and focuses on supporting the country\'s pastoral sector through scientific research and innovation.\r\nEnds \r\nRelated\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMethane yield phenotypes linked to differential gene expression in the sheep rumen microbiome\r\n06/06/14 | Shi, W., C. Moon, et al. (2014). \"Methane yield phenotypes linked to differential gene expression in the sheep rumen microbiome.\" ...\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2014-09-09', '2014-09-09', '', NULL, NULL, 'AgResearch Press Release', 'http://www.scoop.co.nz', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(137, '', 'Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture', '', '', '<p>\r\nThe 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture will be held in Montpellier on March 16th to 18th, 2015. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPlease visit the conference website at <a href=\"http://csa2015.cirad.fr/\">csa2015.cirad.fr</a> to find out additional and regularly up-dated information, such as the conference program and invited/confirmed keynote speakers, conference venue and much more!\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDon&#39;t hesitate to also contact us at: <a href=\"mailto:csa2015.montpellier@agropolis.fr\">csa2015.montpellier@agropolis.fr</a>&#160;&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPlease note that abstract submission deadline has been extended to November 30th, 2014.<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate Smart Agriculture will be held in Montpellier on March 16th to 18th, 2015. \r\n\r\n\r\nPlease visit the conference website at csa2015.cirad.fr to find out additional and regularly up-dated information, such as the conference program and invited/confirmed keynote speakers, conference venue and much more!\r\n\r\n\r\nDon&#39;t hesitate to also contact us at: csa2015.montpellier@agropolis.fr  \r\n\r\n\r\nPlease note that abstract submission deadline has been extended to November 30th, 2014.', '', '', '', 'csa2015.montpellier@agropolis.fr', '2015-03-16', '2015-03-18', '', NULL, NULL, 'Montpellier ', 'http://csa2015.cirad.fr', '352', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(138, '', 'NZAGRC and PGgRc working together to create real on-farm solutions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nThe emissions intensity of New Zealand agriculture, that is the gases generated per unit of meat or milk produced on farms, has declined on average by about 1% since at least 1990. How? Simply because farm businesses have become more efficient over the past 20 years. Improved animal genetics and management, combined with better grassland management and feeding practices mean that farms are using resources more efficiently to increase their outputs. This has happened across all sectors of the pastoral industry. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;However, the reduced emissions intensity has been more than offset by the increased overall product generated by the sector. As a result, New Zealand&#39;s total agricultural emissions have risen by 15%. Without the efficiency gains on farms, emissions would have grown much more, by more than 30%. So, while New Zealand farmers&#39; efficiency gains are addressing a large portion of the problem, they are not enough to counter the extra GHGs being produced overall. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNew Zealand has made international commitments to take action to lower its GHG emissions. Whilst the country is small by global standards, its reputation as a trading nation confers an obligation to contribute fairly towards the global effort to reduce emissions and the risks from climate change. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFarmers are already making a contribution. By continuing to improve on-farm efficiency, there is the opportunity to further reduce the intensity of emissions per unit product. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nBut that will not stop New Zealand&#39;s total agricultural emissions from rising. The country needs practical and cost-effective tools to help it achieve economic growth targets, as well as its environmental, social and international aspirations and obligations. That&#39;s where the PGgRc and NZAGRC fit in. Government, industry and researchers are working together, pooling resources to identify and develop additional interventions that will provide effective and practical results by 2020 and beyond. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nWhile the most straightforward solution would be to simply reduce agricultural production or forego growth targets, that&#39;s not in the sector&#39;s nor the nation&#39;s interest - so the goal is to enable the sector to reduce its absolute emissions without sacrificing production gains. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"questions.html\">Click here to see a visual representation of where we were, where we are and where we need to get to...</a> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The emissions intensity of New Zealand agriculture, that is the gases generated per unit of meat or milk produced on farms, has declined on average by about 1% since at least 1990. How? Simply because farm businesses have become more efficient over the past 20 years. Improved animal genetics and management, combined with better grassland management and feeding practices mean that farms are using resources more efficiently to increase their outputs. This has happened across all sectors of the pastoral industry. \r\n\r\n\r\n However, the reduced emissions intensity has been more than offset by the increased overall product generated by the sector. As a result, New Zealand&#39;s total agricultural emissions have risen by 15%. Without the efficiency gains on farms, emissions would have grown much more, by more than 30%. So, while New Zealand farmers&#39; efficiency gains are addressing a large portion of the problem, they are not enough to counter the extra GHGs being produced overall. \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand has made international commitments to take action to lower its GHG emissions. Whilst the country is small by global standards, its reputation as a trading nation confers an obligation to contribute fairly towards the global effort to reduce emissions and the risks from climate change. \r\n\r\n\r\nFarmers are already making a contribution. By continuing to improve on-farm efficiency, there is the opportunity to further reduce the intensity of emissions per unit product. \r\n\r\n\r\nBut that will not stop New Zealand&#39;s total agricultural emissions from rising. The country needs practical and cost-effective tools to help it achieve economic growth targets, as well as its environmental, social and international aspirations and obligations. That&#39;s where the PGgRc and NZAGRC fit in. Government, industry and researchers are working together, pooling resources to identify and develop additional interventions that will provide effective and practical results by 2020 and beyond. \r\n\r\n\r\nWhile the most straightforward solution would be to simply reduce agricultural production or forego growth targets, that&#39;s not in the sector&#39;s nor the nation&#39;s interest - so the goal is to enable the sector to reduce its absolute emissions without sacrificing production gains. \r\n\r\n\r\nClick here to see a visual representation of where we were, where we are and where we need to get to...', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '328', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(139, '', 'Delving into rumen \'soup\': identifying targets to mitigate methane', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p class=\"h6\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/small/328/jointbrandlogo.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"jointbrandlogo.jpg\" title=\"jointbrandlogo.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"96\" /> \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h6\">\r\n<br />\r\nWhat\'s really in a rumen? It\'s probably something that most people haven\'t given much thought to. However, in the search for methods and technologies to mitigate methane produced from ruminant animals, this is a key question.<span class=\"h6\"> </span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe rumen of a typical NZ ruminant animal contains a complex &#8216;soup\' of chewed-up plant material, saliva, drinking water, plus a vast array of microbial species. Methane, the potent greenhouse gas, is produced in the rumen by microbes known as methanogens. They use hydrogen, another gas that is produced by other microbes like bacteria that break down ingested feed. By converting hydrogen to methane, the methanogens get the energy they need to grow. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nSandra Kittelmann and Henning Seedorf, along with the rest of the rumen microbiology team at AgResearch, have been delving into the rumen contents of a wide range of NZ sheep and cattle to investigate the microbial communities that live there. By accurately identifying and classifying rumen microbes, and looking for similarities and differences in types and abundances between animals, the search for targets and strategies to reduce agricultural methane is being advanced. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nA key outcome of the team\'s work has been the development of a taxonomic framework to enable classification of the methanogens from the rumen, and from other animal and human intestinal tracts. This work has been recently published in PeerJ (<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.494\">http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.494</a>). Setting up the framework was a long, and sometimes tedious process, with many of the organisms initially unclassified and most requiring new names. However, the completed classification provides a map that allows researchers to identify the methanogen species that are present in a sample from a rumen. &quot;We may not know what they all do yet&quot;, says Sandra, &quot;but we can identify what we\'ve got and what we don\'t have. Sometimes it\'s incredibly useful to know what we don\'t know&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe first use of the new classification was to identify the major methanogens present in NZ ruminants. Surprisingly, regardless of species and diet, there turned out to be a limited diversity of methanogens present. This has big implications for vaccine and inhibitor development. If a new vaccine or inhibitor targets and knocks out the major methanogen groups, it has a high likelihood of working across all NZ species. Currently a Global Rumen Census project (funded by the Global Research Alliance) is underway. Led by Gemma Henderson and Peter Janssen, it aims to survey the diversity of microbes present in rumen samples obtained from a range of locations and farming situations around the world. If the same major methanogens turn out to be globally common to ruminants, any new technologies developed in NZ could be used internationally to help make a real impact on agricultural GHGs. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNew taxonomic frameworks for rumen microbes have also been instrumental in a recently published study investigating the microbes present in the rumens of naturally high- and low-methane emitting sheep (<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103171\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103171</a>). The team were hoping to find differences in the communities present, with the expectation that there was something special about the high-emitters. However, unexpectedly the results showed that it was the low-emitters that had additional, different strains of bacteria present. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAfter some time spent examining the results of the study, it was deduced that there are actually two types of low-emitting sheep. In the more abundant type, bacteria which don\'t seem to produce hydrogen have muscled their way into the rumen. Less hydrogen means less methane. The animal breeding team, led by John McEwan, have found that the low-emitting sheep tend to have physically smaller rumens, so current thinking suggests that feed passes through the smaller rumens faster, and the non-hydrogen producing species can establish themselves better under these conditions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAs for the second type of low-emitting sheep (as classified by their rumen microbes), the team are still working on an explanation for this. Sandeep Kumar, a PhD student funded jointly by the NZAGRC in NZ and Teagasc in Ireland, is currently unravelling this issue. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nInvestigation of rumen samples is a pivotal, underpinning part of the NZAGRC-PGgRc methane programme. With major vaccine and inhibitor trials planned during the next year, understanding the effects that these are having on the methanogens present is very important. So Sandra and her team will continue to receive and study as many rumen samples as they can handle for the foreseeable future, feeding back their valuable results and insights to the rest of the methane team. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Links</strong> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.494\">http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.494</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103171\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103171</a> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'What\'s really in a rumen? It\'s probably something that most people haven\'t given much thought to. However, in the search for methods and technologies to mitigate methane produced from ruminant animals, this is a key question. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe rumen of a typical NZ ruminant animal contains a complex ‘soup\' of chewed-up plant material, saliva, drinking water, plus a vast array of microbial species. Methane, the potent greenhouse gas, is produced in the rumen by microbes known as methanogens. They use hydrogen, another gas that is produced by other microbes like bacteria that break down ingested feed. By converting hydrogen to methane, the methanogens get the energy they need to grow. \r\n\r\n\r\nSandra Kittelmann and Henning Seedorf, along with the rest of the rumen microbiology team at AgResearch, have been delving into the rumen contents of a wide range of NZ sheep and cattle to investigate the microbial communities that live there. By accurately identifying and classifying rumen microbes, and looking for similarities and differences in types and abundances between animals, the search for targets and strategies to reduce agricultural methane is being advanced. \r\n\r\n\r\nA key outcome of the team\'s work has been the development of a taxonomic framework to enable classification of the methanogens from the rumen, and from other animal and human intestinal tracts. This work has been recently published in PeerJ (http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.494). Setting up the framework was a long, and sometimes tedious process, with many of the organisms initially unclassified and most requiring new names. However, the completed classification provides a map that allows researchers to identify the methanogen species that are present in a sample from a rumen. &quot;We may not know what they all do yet&quot;, says Sandra, &quot;but we can identify what we\'ve got and what we don\'t have. Sometimes it\'s incredibly useful to know what we don\'t know&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe first use of the new classification was to identify the major methanogens present in NZ ruminants. Surprisingly, regardless of species and diet, there turned out to be a limited diversity of methanogens present. This has big implications for vaccine and inhibitor development. If a new vaccine or inhibitor targets and knocks out the major methanogen groups, it has a high likelihood of working across all NZ species. Currently a Global Rumen Census project (funded by the Global Research Alliance) is underway. Led by Gemma Henderson and Peter Janssen, it aims to survey the diversity of microbes present in rumen samples obtained from a range of locations and farming situations around the world. If the same major methanogens turn out to be globally common to ruminants, any new technologies developed in NZ could be used internationally to help make a real impact on agricultural GHGs. \r\n\r\n\r\nNew taxonomic frameworks for rumen microbes have also been instrumental in a recently published study investigating the microbes present in the rumens of naturally high- and low-methane emitting sheep (http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103171). The team were hoping to find differences in the communities present, with the expectation that there was something special about the high-emitters. However, unexpectedly the results showed that it was the low-emitters that had additional, different strains of bacteria present. \r\n\r\n\r\nAfter some time spent examining the results of the study, it was deduced that there are actually two types of low-emitting sheep. In the more abundant type, bacteria which don\'t seem to produce hydrogen have muscled their way into the rumen. Less hydrogen means less methane. The animal breeding team, led by John McEwan, have found that the low-emitting sheep tend to have physically smaller rumens, so current thinking suggests that feed passes through the smaller rumens faster, and the non-hydrogen producing species can establish themselves better under these conditions. \r\n\r\n\r\nAs for the second type of low-emitting sheep (as classified by their rumen microbes), the team are still working on an explanation for this. Sandeep Kumar, a PhD student funded jointly by the NZAGRC in NZ and Teagasc in Ireland, is currently unravelling this issue. \r\n\r\n\r\nInvestigation of rumen samples is a pivotal, underpinning part of the NZAGRC-PGgRc methane programme. With major vaccine and inhibitor trials planned during the next year, understanding the effects that these are having on the methanogens present is very important. So Sandra and her team will continue to receive and study as many rumen samples as they can handle for the foreseeable future, feeding back their valuable results and insights to the rest of the methane team. \r\n\r\n\r\nLinks \r\n\r\n\r\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.494 \r\n\r\n\r\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103171', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '221', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(140, '', 'Low GHG feeds: latest research shows that forage rape can make a real impact', 'NZAGRC &amp;amp;amp; PGgRc', '', '<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/small/328/jointbrandlogo.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"jointbrandlogo.jpg\" title=\"jointbrandlogo.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"96\" />&#160; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h6\">Could forage rape, a brassica crop, hold the key to understanding what and how to feed animals to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions?</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nA wide search has been carried out to date for animal feeds that reduce GHGs. For a long time everything studied either had no effect or contained some sort of inhibitory compound, but was impractical as an animal feed. For example, garlic has been shown to reduce methane emissions, but is not an agronomically viable forage crop. Grain is known to lead to reduced emissions, but a large proportion of the diet needs to be grain (&#62;65%) to see a reduction. Not a viable option for NZ farmers. Some fresh forages evaluated in New Zealand, such as white clover, have given inconsistent responses when fed to sheep. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nResearchers had begun to think that any type of fresh animal feed would result in the same amount of methane for the same amount of dry matter. That was until some species of brassicas were studied and gave a surprising result. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nField trials have shown that diets based on 100% forage rape, a type of brassica, can reduce methane emissions per unit of feed from sheep by as much as 30%. Currently the reason for this is not fully understood. Brassicas contain compounds that could act as potential inhibitors of methanogenesis, but all the data so far suggest they are not causing the reduction in methane. It seems that the reduction is due to the way that the feed is being fermented in the rumen. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDavid Pacheco and Sunny Sun, with their team, have been following up on this observation with the aim of working out what it is about the brassicas that leads to a drop in methane. Once this piece of the puzzle has been solved, the goal is to be able to identify and develop feeds and feeding practices that result in reduced GHG emissions and can be counted in the national greenhouse gas inventory. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe research team has been investigating how increasing levels of forage rape in the diet affects methane production. In contrast to grain, preliminary observations from indoor trials with forage rape suggest a linear reduction in methane yield as the proportion of forage rape in the diet increases. If confirmed, this result would mean that feeding of forage brassicas can lead to a reduction in methane emissions at a larger range of dietary inclusion levels than previously thought. The results also suggest that reductions in methane observed in brassicas may occur through a different mechanism to those elicited by feeding grains. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe research is being extended to include more brassica species, as all those studied to date appear to have reduced methane emissions to some degree. One prediction is that the decrease is due to readily fermentable carbohydrates present in the brassicas. This suggests that researchers should look at other forage crops with this characteristic. Therefore, one of the next feeds to be studied more closely is fodder beet. This crop has been growing in popularity in recent years and the results of any GHG trials will be of interest to NZ livestock industries. Results will also help to inform the search for new feeds and feeding strategies that can be included in the NZ inventory. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nWhile the team expertise is focused on methane, the project team is linking with other experts to have an integrated, wider view of what the impact is for whole GHGs. For example, Pacheco\'s team has also been looking at the impacts of brassica feeds on nitrous oxide emissions from urine deposited onto soil by grazing animals. This is being done in conjunction with the nitrous oxide experts in AgResearch and funded by MPI through its Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change (SLMACC) programme. To bring all these findings together a parallel project led by Stewart Ledgard, also part of the SLMACC research fund is using the data generated to do a full life cycle analysis of alternative feeds, like brassicas, that require cultivation and application of fertilisers. These processes can also produce GHGs, and their impacts need to be known as well. \r\n</p>\r\n', 'Could forage rape, a brassica crop, hold the key to understanding what and how to feed animals to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions? \r\n\r\n\r\nA wide search has been carried out to date for animal feeds that reduce GHGs. For a long time everything studied either had no effect or contained some sort of inhibitory compound, but was impractical as an animal feed. For example, garlic has been shown to reduce methane emissions, but is not an agronomically viable forage crop. Grain is known to lead to reduced emissions, but a large proportion of the diet needs to be grain (>65%) to see a reduction. Not a viable option for NZ farmers. Some fresh forages evaluated in New Zealand, such as white clover, have given inconsistent responses when fed to sheep. \r\n\r\n\r\nResearchers had begun to think that any type of fresh animal feed would result in the same amount of methane for the same amount of dry matter. That was until some species of brassicas were studied and gave a surprising result. \r\n\r\n\r\nField trials have shown that diets based on 100% forage rape, a type of brassica, can reduce methane emissions per unit of feed from sheep by as much as 30%. Currently the reason for this is not fully understood. Brassicas contain compounds that could act as potential inhibitors of methanogenesis, but all the data so far suggest they are not causing the reduction in methane. It seems that the reduction is due to the way that the feed is being fermented in the rumen. \r\n\r\n\r\nDavid Pacheco and Sunny Sun, with their team, have been following up on this observation with the aim of working out what it is about the brassicas that leads to a drop in methane. Once this piece of the puzzle has been solved, the goal is to be able to identify and develop feeds and feeding practices that result in reduced GHG emissions and can be counted in the national greenhouse gas inventory. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe research team has been investigating how increasing levels of forage rape in the diet affects methane production. In contrast to grain, preliminary observations from indoor trials with forage rape suggest a linear reduction in methane yield as the proportion of forage rape in the diet increases. If confirmed, this result would mean that feeding of forage brassicas can lead to a reduction in methane emissions at a larger range of dietary inclusion levels than previously thought. The results also suggest that reductions in methane observed in brassicas may occur through a different mechanism to those elicited by feeding grains. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe research is being extended to include more brassica species, as all those studied to date appear to have reduced methane emissions to some degree. One prediction is that the decrease is due to readily fermentable carbohydrates present in the brassicas. This suggests that researchers should look at other forage crops with this characteristic. Therefore, one of the next feeds to be studied more closely is fodder beet. This crop has been growing in popularity in recent years and the results of any GHG trials will be of interest to NZ livestock industries. Results will also help to inform the search for new feeds and feeding strategies that can be included in the NZ inventory. \r\n\r\n\r\nWhile the team expertise is focused on methane, the project team is linking with other experts to have an integrated, wider view of what the impact is for whole GHGs. For example, Pacheco\'s team has also been looking at the impacts of brassica feeds on nitrous oxide emissions from urine deposited onto soil by grazing animals. This is being done in conjunction with the nitrous oxide experts in AgResearch and funded by MPI through its Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change (SLMACC) programme. To bring all these findings together a parallel project led by Stewart Ledgard, also part of the SLMACC research fund is using the data generated to do a full life cycle analysis of alternative feeds, like brassicas, that require cultivation and application of fertilisers. These processes can also produce GHGs, and their impacts need to be known as well.', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '353', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(141, '', 'The search for plant species to reduce nitrous oxide emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/small/328/jointbrandlogo.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"jointbrandlogo.jpg\" title=\"jointbrandlogo.jpg\" width=\"150\" height=\"96\" /> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\nCould plants be used to reduce nitrification rates in soils and hence reduce nitrate leaching and emissions of nitrous oxide? Results of screening experiments conducted by Dr Saman Bowatte and his team at AgResearch Grasslands campus in Palmerston North suggest that they could. Plus, the variability of nitrification activity detected presents an opportunity to explore alternatives to synthetic inhibitors such as DCD. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe screening experiment measured the potential nitrification rate in soil associated with 126 cultivars of 26 species representing three functional groups used in temperate managed grassland. The team found little difference between the average nitrification values for grasses, legumes and fodder crops, but there was a 71% difference between the lowest and highest nitrification values. Fortuitously, several cases were found where a low nitrification rate was coupled with an above average biomass, suggesting that some currently available cultivars may have lower N emissions - a possibility that is now being tested out in the field. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nOver the past New Zealand winter, 18 plant species/cultivars carefully selected from the screening experiment have been quietly growing away in a paddock at Grasslands. The team sowed the experimental plot trial back in mid-April and have been busy weeding, fertilising and watering as required to ensure good growth ready for the next stage of the work. This will involve adding urine to each species/cultivar and then measuring the nitrous oxide emitted. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe hypothesis is that the results seen in the glasshouse experiments will be repeated in the field and that some species will have lower emissions than others. Ideally, the reduction will be of a sufficient magnitude to warrant further investigation and lead on to potential options for low N emitting plant species for use in NZ pastoral settings and beyond. <br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Could plants be used to reduce nitrification rates in soils and hence reduce nitrate leaching and emissions of nitrous oxide? Results of screening experiments conducted by Dr Saman Bowatte and his team at AgResearch Grasslands campus in Palmerston North suggest that they could. Plus, the variability of nitrification activity detected presents an opportunity to explore alternatives to synthetic inhibitors such as DCD. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe screening experiment measured the potential nitrification rate in soil associated with 126 cultivars of 26 species representing three functional groups used in temperate managed grassland. The team found little difference between the average nitrification values for grasses, legumes and fodder crops, but there was a 71% difference between the lowest and highest nitrification values. Fortuitously, several cases were found where a low nitrification rate was coupled with an above average biomass, suggesting that some currently available cultivars may have lower N emissions - a possibility that is now being tested out in the field. \r\n\r\n\r\nOver the past New Zealand winter, 18 plant species/cultivars carefully selected from the screening experiment have been quietly growing away in a paddock at Grasslands. The team sowed the experimental plot trial back in mid-April and have been busy weeding, fertilising and watering as required to ensure good growth ready for the next stage of the work. This will involve adding urine to each species/cultivar and then measuring the nitrous oxide emitted. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe hypothesis is that the results seen in the glasshouse experiments will be repeated in the field and that some species will have lower emissions than others. Ideally, the reduction will be of a sufficient magnitude to warrant further investigation and lead on to potential options for low N emitting plant species for use in NZ pastoral settings and beyond.', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '289', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(142, '', 'New Zealand contribution to international research efforts', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nNew Zealand maintains an active role in the Global Research Alliance on agricultural greenhouse gases (GRA). NZAGRC provides leadership in livestock emissions research and training in emissions measurement throughout the world. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Training &#38; development opportunities</strong><br />\r\nDuring September the GRA provided a two week training course to 15 African region technicians to learn about enteric methane and nitrous oxide measurement systems. The NZAGRC worked with the University of Pretoria to organise the course, in South Africa, which provided a full training course for nitrous oxide chamber measurement methods, building and using SF&#172;6 tracer technique yokes, using respiration chambers for methane measurement and understanding and analysing the data collected from these methods. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAn additional information day for these technicians was held in collaboration with AnimalCHANGE covering an overview of measurement systems and the current international research environment, information on national inventory contributions.<br />\r\nThe course was the second run by the NZAGRC through the New Zealand Government&#39;s capability development fund; the first was in New Zealand in 2013 for South East Asia and South American technicians. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFor individuals looking for new opportunities to train, PhD, Postdoctoral and Technician&#39;s Awards are always open to international applications to develop skills working in a New Zealand organisation - the first step is for the candidate to complete an expression of interest form from <a href=\"http://www.livestockemissions.net/\">www.livestockemissions.net</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFor Senior Scientists, a GRASS Award provides funding for a short term (up to six months) research collaboration with other GRA member countries. For more information, visit <a href=\"http://www.livestockemissions.net/\">www.livestockemissions.net</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>New Zealand led research successes</strong><br />\r\nThe New Zealand funded &#8216;Identification of low methane emitting phenotypes&#39; project, a targeted postdoctoral research project funded in 2011/2012 was completed earlier in the year. The project has shown that genomic selection for methane yield is viable, although not yet tested in industry, and developed documentation to enable research and industry groups around the world to record this trait in standard industry compatible databases. For information on this project see <a href=\"http://www.asggn.org.nz/\">www.asggn.org.nz</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe Global Rumen Census will be completed in the next few weeks by AgResearch in support of the Livestock Research Group of the GRA. The project collected and analysed rumen samples from more than 50 livestock systems around the world. The project outputs will provide a very interesting overview of the microbial communities present in the rumen of animals in a variety of species and regions, and provide information on the regional or global applicability of specific mitigation options being developed, such as a vaccine against methane-generating microbes. The background to this project can be found at <a href=\"http://www.globalrumencensus.org.nz/\">www.globalrumencensus.org.nz</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nOther projects still on the road include: \r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Development of optimal adjuvants for a methane vaccine </li>\r\n	<li>Search for methanogen inhibitors &#38; rapid discovery techniques</li>\r\n	<li>Global catalogue of genome sequences of methane-generating microbes</li>\r\n	<li>Investigations into a variety of new methane emission reduction options(Nanobeads, interspecies hydrogen transfer, natural lovastatins)</li>\r\n	<li>Investigations into options for nitrous oxide emission reduction (accelerating</li>\r\n	<li>reduction, provision of decision making tools)</li>\r\n	<li>Options for use and validation of methane measurement systems in New Zealand.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>\r\nOther international research collaborations (with New Zealand funding provision) include contributing to research in: \r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Australia</li>\r\n	<li>Europe</li>\r\n	<li>USA</li>\r\n	<li>South East Asia<br />\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n', 'New Zealand maintains an active role in the Global Research Alliance on agricultural greenhouse gases (GRA). NZAGRC provides leadership in livestock emissions research and training in emissions measurement throughout the world. \r\n\r\n\r\nTraining & development opportunities\r\nDuring September the GRA provided a two week training course to 15 African region technicians to learn about enteric methane and nitrous oxide measurement systems. The NZAGRC worked with the University of Pretoria to organise the course, in South Africa, which provided a full training course for nitrous oxide chamber measurement methods, building and using SF¬6 tracer technique yokes, using respiration chambers for methane measurement and understanding and analysing the data collected from these methods. \r\n\r\n\r\nAn additional information day for these technicians was held in collaboration with AnimalCHANGE covering an overview of measurement systems and the current international research environment, information on national inventory contributions.\r\nThe course was the second run by the NZAGRC through the New Zealand Government&#39;s capability development fund; the first was in New Zealand in 2013 for South East Asia and South American technicians. \r\n\r\n\r\nFor individuals looking for new opportunities to train, PhD, Postdoctoral and Technician&#39;s Awards are always open to international applications to develop skills working in a New Zealand organisation - the first step is for the candidate to complete an expression of interest form from www.livestockemissions.net \r\n\r\n\r\nFor Senior Scientists, a GRASS Award provides funding for a short term (up to six months) research collaboration with other GRA member countries. For more information, visit www.livestockemissions.net \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand led research successes\r\nThe New Zealand funded ‘Identification of low methane emitting phenotypes&#39; project, a targeted postdoctoral research project funded in 2011/2012 was completed earlier in the year. The project has shown that genomic selection for methane yield is viable, although not yet tested in industry, and developed documentation to enable research and industry groups around the world to record this trait in standard industry compatible databases. For information on this project see www.asggn.org.nz \r\n\r\n\r\nThe Global Rumen Census will be completed in the next few weeks by AgResearch in support of the Livestock Research Group of the GRA. The project collected and analysed rumen samples from more than 50 livestock systems around the world. The project outputs will provide a very interesting overview of the microbial communities present in the rumen of animals in a variety of species and regions, and provide information on the regional or global applicability of specific mitigation options being developed, such as a vaccine against methane-generating microbes. The background to this project can be found at www.globalrumencensus.org.nz \r\n\r\n\r\nOther projects still on the road include: \r\n\r\n\r\n	Development of optimal adjuvants for a methane vaccine \r\n	Search for methanogen inhibitors & rapid discovery techniques\r\n	Global catalogue of genome sequences of methane-generating microbes\r\n	Investigations into a variety of new methane emission reduction options(Nanobeads, interspecies hydrogen transfer, natural lovastatins)\r\n	Investigations into options for nitrous oxide emission reduction (accelerating\r\n	reduction, provision of decision making tools)\r\n	Options for use and validation of methane measurement systems in New Zealand.\r\n\r\n\r\nOther international research collaborations (with New Zealand funding provision) include contributing to research in: \r\n\r\n\r\n	Australia\r\n	Europe\r\n	USA\r\n	South East Asia', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '239', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N');
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(143, '', 'Climate Summit 2014: Catalyzing Action', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nOn 23 September 2014 in New York, global leaders from Government, business, finance and civil society came together to announce their commitment for action to limit global temperature increases. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe commitment statements presented will help inform a global agreement for climate action and fall into eight areas, one of which is Agriculture. The issues as presented through the agriculture stream were: \r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The need to increase food production by at least 60 per cent by 2050 to provide food security for 9 billion people.&#160;</li>\r\n	<li>The impact of climate change on food security, supply and price.&#160;</li>\r\n	<li>&#160;The critical need for understanding and uptake of sustainable agricultural practices due to current emissions levels from agriculture and land use change (one quarter or all GHG emissions).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>\r\nThe plan of action for agriculture promoted at the meeting is the development of a new voluntary international initiative to &quot;enable more farmers worldwide to practice climate-smart agriculture.&quot; \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h3 h5 h3\">\r\nGlobal Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThere is a new international initiative on the block: the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) held its inaugural meeting prior to the UN Climate Summit in New York last month. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe aim of the CSA is to &quot;promote greater international engagement on ways to transform agriculture in the face of climate change.&quot; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe CSA seeks to broker international relationships in three areas: \r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>sustainable improvements in productivity;</li>\r\n	<li>building resilience; and&#160;</li>\r\n	<li>reducing and removing agricultural greenhouse gases.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>\r\nThe CSA will identify priorities for action according to needs and priorities of members. <br />\r\nDuring its initial phase, the CSA will focus on increasing and promoting knowledge of available technologies and practices; encouraging policy framework for implementation of government policy to improve uptake of these; understanding limitations of current research and brokering new international research and information sharing to fill these research gaps. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe CSA is hosted by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and is not to be confused with the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA), an initiative championed by New Zealand that started in 2009, with the aim of reducing the emissions intensity of agricultural production while supporting food security. Work is underway to ensure the two initiatives can complement each other to deliver on common goals. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nCheck on progress of the GRA <a href=\"newsletter.html\">HERE</a>. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>About Climate Summit 2014</strong> \r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The Climate Summit was hosted by United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon as a step towards developing a global agreement for advancing climate change action. </li>\r\n	<li>A draft global agreement will be presented in Lima in December 2014. </li>\r\n	<li>The Summit is not part of the UNFCCC negotiating process.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Links</strong> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nRead United Nations press statement at <a href=\"http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/05/AGRICULTURE-PR.pdf\">http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/05/AGRICULTURE-PR.pdf</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nRead all UN Climate Summit announcements at <a href=\"http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/action-areas/\">http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/action-areas/</a> &#160; \r\n</p>\r\n', 'On 23 September 2014 in New York, global leaders from Government, business, finance and civil society came together to announce their commitment for action to limit global temperature increases. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe commitment statements presented will help inform a global agreement for climate action and fall into eight areas, one of which is Agriculture. The issues as presented through the agriculture stream were: \r\n\r\n\r\n	The need to increase food production by at least 60 per cent by 2050 to provide food security for 9 billion people. \r\n	The impact of climate change on food security, supply and price. \r\n	 The critical need for understanding and uptake of sustainable agricultural practices due to current emissions levels from agriculture and land use change (one quarter or all GHG emissions).\r\n\r\n\r\nThe plan of action for agriculture promoted at the meeting is the development of a new voluntary international initiative to &quot;enable more farmers worldwide to practice climate-smart agriculture.&quot; \r\n\r\n\r\nGlobal Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture \r\n\r\n\r\nThere is a new international initiative on the block: the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) held its inaugural meeting prior to the UN Climate Summit in New York last month. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe aim of the CSA is to &quot;promote greater international engagement on ways to transform agriculture in the face of climate change.&quot; \r\n\r\n\r\nThe CSA seeks to broker international relationships in three areas: \r\n\r\n\r\n	sustainable improvements in productivity;\r\n	building resilience; and \r\n	reducing and removing agricultural greenhouse gases.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe CSA will identify priorities for action according to needs and priorities of members. \r\nDuring its initial phase, the CSA will focus on increasing and promoting knowledge of available technologies and practices; encouraging policy framework for implementation of government policy to improve uptake of these; understanding limitations of current research and brokering new international research and information sharing to fill these research gaps. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe CSA is hosted by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and is not to be confused with the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA), an initiative championed by New Zealand that started in 2009, with the aim of reducing the emissions intensity of agricultural production while supporting food security. Work is underway to ensure the two initiatives can complement each other to deliver on common goals. \r\n\r\n\r\nCheck on progress of the GRA HERE. \r\n\r\n\r\nAbout Climate Summit 2014 \r\n\r\n\r\n	The Climate Summit was hosted by United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon as a step towards developing a global agreement for advancing climate change action. \r\n	A draft global agreement will be presented in Lima in December 2014. \r\n	The Summit is not part of the UNFCCC negotiating process.\r\n\r\n\r\nLinks \r\n\r\n\r\nRead United Nations press statement at http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/05/AGRICULTURE-PR.pdf \r\n\r\n\r\nRead all UN Climate Summit announcements at http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/action-areas/', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '356', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(144, '', 'The New Climate Economy Report', '', '', '<p>\r\nThe Global Commission, which is headed by the former President of Mexico and includes former Prime Minister of New Zealand, Helen Clark, in its membership, has set out a ten point Global Action Plan for growth in a low carbon economy. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPoint three of the Plan is titled &quot;Land Use: Protecting Food, Forests and People&quot; and highlights agriculture as a top priority for economic and climate policy globally, particularly in developing countries. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe report gives nine recommendations for supply side land use including:\r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>increasing research funding into high yield and resilient agriculture options, carbon sequestration value assessment and climate-smart agriculture;</li>\r\n	<li>increasing in funding for climate change adaptation; and</li>\r\n	<li>improving soil and water management to assist with the restoration of degraded agricultural land.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>\r\nDemand side and forestry recommendations include reducing post-harvest food loss/waste, phasing out biofuel production that competes with land requirements for food production, elimination of deforestation, restoration of degraded forests and increased investment by developed countries to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+).\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAdditional reporting will follow including country specific information and working papers.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Read the full Land Use section at</strong> <a href=\"http://newclimateeconomy.report/land-use\">htnewclimateeconomy.report/land-use</a> <br />\r\n<strong>Read the full report at </strong><a href=\"http://newclimateeconomy.report/\">newclimateeconomy.report</a> &#160; <br />\r\n<strong>Read more about REDD+ at</strong> <a href=\"https://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/what-redd\">www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/what-redd</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Global Commission, which is headed by the former President of Mexico and includes former Prime Minister of New Zealand, Helen Clark, in its membership, has set out a ten point Global Action Plan for growth in a low carbon economy. \r\n\r\n\r\nPoint three of the Plan is titled &quot;Land Use: Protecting Food, Forests and People&quot; and highlights agriculture as a top priority for economic and climate policy globally, particularly in developing countries. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe report gives nine recommendations for supply side land use including:\r\n\r\n\r\n	increasing research funding into high yield and resilient agriculture options, carbon sequestration value assessment and climate-smart agriculture;\r\n	increasing in funding for climate change adaptation; and\r\n	improving soil and water management to assist with the restoration of degraded agricultural land.\r\n\r\n\r\nDemand side and forestry recommendations include reducing post-harvest food loss/waste, phasing out biofuel production that competes with land requirements for food production, elimination of deforestation, restoration of degraded forests and increased investment by developed countries to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+).\r\n\r\n\r\nAdditional reporting will follow including country specific information and working papers.\r\n\r\n\r\nRead the full Land Use section at htnewclimateeconomy.report/land-use \r\nRead the full report at newclimateeconomy.report   \r\nRead more about REDD+ at www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/what-redd', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '357', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(145, '', 'The New Climate Economy Report', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nThe Global Commission, which is headed by the former President of Mexico and includes former Prime Minister of New Zealand, Helen Clark, in its membership, has set out a ten point Global Action Plan for growth in a low carbon economy. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPoint three of the Plan is titled &quot;Land Use: Protecting Food, Forests and People&quot; and highlights agriculture as a top priority for economic and climate policy globally, particularly in developing countries. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe report gives nine recommendations for supply side land use including: \r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>increasing research funding into high yield and resilient agriculture options, carbon sequestration value assessment and climate-smart agriculture;</li>\r\n	<li>increasing in funding for climate change adaptation; and</li>\r\n	<li>improving soil and water management to assist with the restoration of degraded agricultural land.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>\r\nDemand side and forestry recommendations include reducing post-harvest food loss/waste, phasing out biofuel production that competes with land requirements for food production, elimination of deforestation, restoration of degraded forests and increased investment by developed countries to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAdditional reporting will follow including country specific information and working papers. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Read the full Land Use section</strong> <a href=\"http://newclimateeconomy.report/land-use\">newclimateeconomy.report/land-use</a> <br />\r\n<strong>Read the full report</strong> <a href=\"http://newclimateeconomy.report/\">newclimateeconomy.report</a> &#160;<br />\r\n<strong>Read more about REDD+</strong> <a href=\"http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/what-redd\">www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/what-redd</a> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Global Commission, which is headed by the former President of Mexico and includes former Prime Minister of New Zealand, Helen Clark, in its membership, has set out a ten point Global Action Plan for growth in a low carbon economy. \r\n\r\n\r\nPoint three of the Plan is titled &quot;Land Use: Protecting Food, Forests and People&quot; and highlights agriculture as a top priority for economic and climate policy globally, particularly in developing countries. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe report gives nine recommendations for supply side land use including: \r\n\r\n\r\n	increasing research funding into high yield and resilient agriculture options, carbon sequestration value assessment and climate-smart agriculture;\r\n	increasing in funding for climate change adaptation; and\r\n	improving soil and water management to assist with the restoration of degraded agricultural land.\r\n\r\n\r\nDemand side and forestry recommendations include reducing post-harvest food loss/waste, phasing out biofuel production that competes with land requirements for food production, elimination of deforestation, restoration of degraded forests and increased investment by developed countries to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). \r\n\r\n\r\nAdditional reporting will follow including country specific information and working papers. \r\n\r\n\r\nRead the full Land Use section newclimateeconomy.report/land-use \r\nRead the full report newclimateeconomy.report  \r\nRead more about REDD+ www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/what-redd', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '357', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(146, '', 'The New Climate Economy Report', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '357', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(147, '', 'New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Inventory: 2014 estimates', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nThe New Zealand government submits its annual greenhouse gas inventory through the Ministry for the Environment on 15 April each year to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change. The most recent inventory, from April 2014, covers emissions for the period 1990-2012. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nBased on the latest inventory, we know that agriculture: \r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>is the largest contributing sector to emissions: in 2012, 46% of total emissions.</li>\r\n	<li>absolute emissions have increased significantly by 15% since 1990</li>\r\n	<li>emissions intensity (i.e. emissions per unit of product) has declined on average by 1% per year every year since 1990. <br />\r\n	<br />\r\n	For more about this, see <a href=\"http://mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/nz-sixth-national-communication/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/nz-sixth-n... - link will open in a new window\">New Zealand&#39;s Sixth National Communication (page 89-90)</a> and <a href=\"questions.html\">learn how NZ famers are already part of the solution</a>.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>\r\nBased on projections in New Zealand&#39;s Sixth National Communication to the UNFCCC, published by MfE in December 2013, total direct agriculture emissions are projected to continue to increase: by 2030, the increase since 1990 is expected to be almost 30%. This is even though emissions intensity is expected to continue to decline, but not enough to counterbalance the growing emissions due to increased production. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThis is why new technologies and practices are important if this growth in absolute emissions is to be halted and eventually reversed without constraining production in response to the growing global demand for high quality livestock products.<br />\r\nContinued improvements to the inventory data also mean it is becoming more and more accurate. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nImprovements during the past year included (see more about these on the <a href=\"http://www.mpi.govt.nz/Default.aspx?TabId=126&#38;id=2167\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.mpi.govt.nz/Default.aspx?TabId=126&#38;id=2... - link will open in a new window\">MPI website</a>: \r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>Recalculation of 1990-2012 period (best practice) to encompass new/improved data, Emission Factors, methodology and source information. The overall change compared to the previous estimate since 2013 is very small though.</li>\r\n	<li>Revised equation for portioning nitrogen in excreta in dung and urine. </li>\r\n	<li>Inclusion of urease inhibitors in the calculation of the fraction of nitrogen in fertiliser that is volatilised. This is to reflect that urease inhibitors are already in use in New Zealand. </li>\r\n	<li>Updated monthly lactation assumptions for dairy cows. </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Links<br />\r\nGlobal Warming Potentials &#38; CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents<br />\r\n</strong><a href=\"newsletter,listing,148,global-warming-potentials-and-co2-equivalent-emissions.html\">www.nzagrc.org.nz/newsletter,listing,148,global-warming-potentials-and-co2-equivalent-emissions.html</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>New Zealand&#39;s Sixth National Communication</strong> <br />\r\n<a href=\"http://mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/nz-sixth-national-communication/index.html\">mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/nz-sixth-national-communication/index.html</a>&#160;&#160; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>New Zealand&#39;s Greenhouse Gas Inventory <br />\r\n</strong><a href=\"http://mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/greenhouse-gas-inventory-2014-snapshot/index.html\">mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/greenhouse-gas-inventory-2014-snapshot/index.html</a>&#160;&#160; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Q&#38;A on New Zealand&#39;s GHG inventory figures</strong><br />\r\n<a href=\"http://mfe.govt.nz/issues/climate/greenhouse-gas-emissions/overview.html\">mfe.govt.nz/issues/climate/greenhouse-gas-emissions/overview.html</a>&#160;&#160; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Agriculture Inventory Advisory Panel Recommendations for 2014 Agriculture Greenhouse Gas Inventory</strong> <br />\r\n<a href=\"http://www.mpi.govt.nz/Default.aspx?TabId=126&#38;id=2167\">www.mpi.govt.nz/Default.aspx?TabId=126&#38;id=2167</a> &#160;<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The New Zealand government submits its annual greenhouse gas inventory through the Ministry for the Environment on 15 April each year to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change. The most recent inventory, from April 2014, covers emissions for the period 1990-2012. \r\n\r\n\r\nBased on the latest inventory, we know that agriculture: \r\n\r\n\r\n	is the largest contributing sector to emissions: in 2012, 46% of total emissions.\r\n	absolute emissions have increased significantly by 15% since 1990\r\n	emissions intensity (i.e. emissions per unit of product) has declined on average by 1% per year every year since 1990. \r\n	\r\n	For more about this, see New Zealand&#39;s Sixth National Communication (page 89-90) and learn how NZ famers are already part of the solution.\r\n\r\n\r\nBased on projections in New Zealand&#39;s Sixth National Communication to the UNFCCC, published by MfE in December 2013, total direct agriculture emissions are projected to continue to increase: by 2030, the increase since 1990 is expected to be almost 30%. This is even though emissions intensity is expected to continue to decline, but not enough to counterbalance the growing emissions due to increased production. \r\n\r\n\r\nThis is why new technologies and practices are important if this growth in absolute emissions is to be halted and eventually reversed without constraining production in response to the growing global demand for high quality livestock products.\r\nContinued improvements to the inventory data also mean it is becoming more and more accurate. \r\n\r\n\r\nImprovements during the past year included (see more about these on the MPI website: \r\n\r\n\r\n	Recalculation of 1990-2012 period (best practice) to encompass new/improved data, Emission Factors, methodology and source information. The overall change compared to the previous estimate since 2013 is very small though.\r\n	Revised equation for portioning nitrogen in excreta in dung and urine. \r\n	Inclusion of urease inhibitors in the calculation of the fraction of nitrogen in fertiliser that is volatilised. This is to reflect that urease inhibitors are already in use in New Zealand. \r\n	Updated monthly lactation assumptions for dairy cows. \r\n\r\n\r\nLinks\r\nGlobal Warming Potentials & CO2 equivalents\r\nwww.nzagrc.org.nz/newsletter,listing,148,global-warming-potentials-and-co2-equivalent-emissions.html \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand&#39;s Sixth National Communication \r\nmfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/nz-sixth-national-communication/index.html   \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand&#39;s Greenhouse Gas Inventory \r\nmfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/greenhouse-gas-inventory-2014-snapshot/index.html   \r\n\r\n\r\nQ&A on New Zealand&#39;s GHG inventory figures\r\nmfe.govt.nz/issues/climate/greenhouse-gas-emissions/overview.html   \r\n\r\n\r\nAgriculture Inventory Advisory Panel Recommendations for 2014 Agriculture Greenhouse Gas Inventory \r\nwww.mpi.govt.nz/Default.aspx?TabId=126&id=2167', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(148, '', 'Global Warming Potentials and CO2-equivalent emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nTo report net emissions from sectors, it is necessary to convert emissions of each individual gas into a common unit (commonly called &quot;CO2-equivalent emissions&quot;. The approach adopted in the UNFCCC is to use the so-called 100-year Global Warming Potential, which multiplies the actual emission of each gas by a weighting factor to give the CO2-equivalent emissions. This weighting factor is based on the warming effect the emission of one kg of this gas makes over 100 years, relative to the warming effect from an emission of one kg of CO2. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regularly updates this weighting factor based on new scientific insights and the rising background concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nUp until now, the weighting factors used in national inventories were those based on a report by the IPCC in 1995, which indicated the 100-year Global Warming Potential of methane to be 21, and that of nitrous oxide to be 310. For emissions from 2013 onwards (that is, starting with the next emissions inventory to be submitted in April 2015), updated weighting factors will be used, based on a re-assessment of the science behind those factors by the IPCC in 2007. The new weighting factors will be 25 for methane and 298 for nitrous oxide (the new values will be backcast for future calculations of time series from 1990, thus avoiding any artificial step-change between 2012 and 2013 emissions). \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNote that the IPCC issued a further revision of those weighting factors in 2014, with a factor of 28 for methane and 265 for nitrous oxide, but these new factors will not be used in reporting and accounting under the UNFCCC until 2020. Weighting factors for the Global Warming Potential and other possible metrics to compare greenhouse gases change naturally over time as the climate warms and background concentrations of greenhouse gases continue to rise, but some of those revisions also reflect new scientific insights into the ways in which different gases contribute to warming. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"newsletter,listing,147,new-zealand-greenhouse-gas-inventory-2014-estimates.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/newsletter,listing,147,ne... - link will open in a new window\">See more about the latest NZ GHG inventory figures</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"fact-sheets.html\">See our factsheet on GHG metrics</a><br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'To report net emissions from sectors, it is necessary to convert emissions of each individual gas into a common unit (commonly called &quot;CO2-equivalent emissions&quot;. The approach adopted in the UNFCCC is to use the so-called 100-year Global Warming Potential, which multiplies the actual emission of each gas by a weighting factor to give the CO2-equivalent emissions. This weighting factor is based on the warming effect the emission of one kg of this gas makes over 100 years, relative to the warming effect from an emission of one kg of CO2. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regularly updates this weighting factor based on new scientific insights and the rising background concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. \r\n\r\n\r\nUp until now, the weighting factors used in national inventories were those based on a report by the IPCC in 1995, which indicated the 100-year Global Warming Potential of methane to be 21, and that of nitrous oxide to be 310. For emissions from 2013 onwards (that is, starting with the next emissions inventory to be submitted in April 2015), updated weighting factors will be used, based on a re-assessment of the science behind those factors by the IPCC in 2007. The new weighting factors will be 25 for methane and 298 for nitrous oxide (the new values will be backcast for future calculations of time series from 1990, thus avoiding any artificial step-change between 2012 and 2013 emissions). \r\n\r\n\r\nNote that the IPCC issued a further revision of those weighting factors in 2014, with a factor of 28 for methane and 265 for nitrous oxide, but these new factors will not be used in reporting and accounting under the UNFCCC until 2020. Weighting factors for the Global Warming Potential and other possible metrics to compare greenhouse gases change naturally over time as the climate warms and background concentrations of greenhouse gases continue to rise, but some of those revisions also reflect new scientific insights into the ways in which different gases contribute to warming. \r\n\r\n\r\nSee more about the latest NZ GHG inventory figures \r\n\r\n\r\nSee our factsheet on GHG metrics', '', '', '', '', '2014-10-24', '2014-10-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(149, '', 'Conclusion of the IPCC 5th Assessment Report: Climate change threatens irreversible and dangerous impacts, but options exist to limit its effects', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded its Fifth Assessment Report on 2 November 2014 with the release of its Synthesis Report. The Synthesis Report distils and integrates the findings of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report produced by over 800 scientists and released over the past 13 months - the most comprehensive assessment of climate change ever undertaken.</p>\r\n<p>Some of the key conclusions from the report are that:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>human influence on the climate system is clear and growing</li>\r\n<li>impacts of climate change have been observed on all continents</li>\r\n<li>if left unchecked, climate change will increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems</li>\r\n<li>many options are available to adapt to climate change and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to ensure the risks from climate change remain manageable, creating a brighter and more sustainable future.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>IPCC report authors met with government representatives in Copenhagen during the last week of October to finalise the \"Summary for Policymakers\" of the report. IPCC Chair Dr Pachauri opened the meeting by saying the report points to solutions to tackle climate change. \"We still have time to avoid the most serious impacts of climate change,\" he said. \"But we have precious little of that time\".</p>\r\n<p>The Synthesis Report says it is 95% certain that emissions of greenhouse gases and other anthropogenic drivers have been the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20th century, and recent climate changes (regardless of their cause) have already had widespread impacts on human and natural systems. Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in climate system, increasing the likelihood of widespread and profound impacts affecting all levels of society and the natural world, the report finds.</p>\r\n<p>Two climate scientists associated with the New Zealand Climate Change Centre participated in the meeting. Dr Andy Reisinger, Deputy Director of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre was a member of the core writing team for the draft report, and Dr David Wratt of NIWA and Victoria University attended as a member of the IPCC Bureau.</p>\r\n<p>The Synthesis Report makes a clear case that challenges are particularly large for least developed countries and vulnerable communities, including marginalized people within countries, given their more limited ability to cope.</p>\r\n<p>The report finds that adapting to climate change can play a key role in addressing these risks, but there are limits to its effectiveness, especially with greater magnitudes and rates of climate change. Substantial and sustained reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are at the core of limiting the risks of climate change. Dr Reisinger says: \"Reducing emissions reduces the rate as well as the magnitude of warming; this not only reduces its impacts but also increases the time available for adaptation to a particular level of climate change, potentially by several decades.\"</p>\r\n<p>Substantial emissions reductions over the next few decades, with near-zero global emissions of CO2 by the end of the 21st century, would be needed to limit warming to 2&deg;C above preindustrial levels - the goal set by Governments. Dr Reisinger says: \"Implementing such reductions poses substantial technological, economic, social and institutional challenges, and there are multiple paths for how we could achieve that goal. But the challenges will increase if we delay additional global mitigation to 2030 or exclude some technologies\".</p>\r\n<p>The report offers a strong recognition that international cooperation is crucial for effective global reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, but that cooperation across and within countries can also enhance efforts to adapt to climate change.</p>\r\n<p>The meeting was attended by 34 lead authors of the report and 270 government delegates from 114 countries to negotiate and approve the wording of the report summary, including a New Zealand Government delegation comprising officials from the Ministry for the Environment.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Full text of the IPCC Synthesis Report is available on the IPCC website </strong><a href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/\"><strong>www.ipcc.ch</strong></a></p>', 'The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded its Fifth Assessment Report on 2 November 2014 with the release of its Synthesis Report. The Synthesis Report distils and integrates the findings of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report produced by over 800 scientists and released over the past 13 months - the most comprehensive assessment of climate change ever undertaken.\r\nSome of the key conclusions from the report are that:\r\n\r\nhuman influence on the climate system is clear and growing\r\nimpacts of climate change have been observed on all continents\r\nif left unchecked, climate change will increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems\r\nmany options are available to adapt to climate change and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to ensure the risks from climate change remain manageable, creating a brighter and more sustainable future.\r\n\r\nIPCC report authors met with government representatives in Copenhagen during the last week of October to finalise the \"Summary for Policymakers\" of the report. IPCC Chair Dr Pachauri opened the meeting by saying the report points to solutions to tackle climate change. \"We still have time to avoid the most serious impacts of climate change,\" he said. \"But we have precious little of that time\".\r\nThe Synthesis Report says it is 95% certain that emissions of greenhouse gases and other anthropogenic drivers have been the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20th century, and recent climate changes (regardless of their cause) have already had widespread impacts on human and natural systems. Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in climate system, increasing the likelihood of widespread and profound impacts affecting all levels of society and the natural world, the report finds.\r\nTwo climate scientists associated with the New Zealand Climate Change Centre participated in the meeting. Dr Andy Reisinger, Deputy Director of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre was a member of the core writing team for the draft report, and Dr David Wratt of NIWA and Victoria University attended as a member of the IPCC Bureau.\r\nThe Synthesis Report makes a clear case that challenges are particularly large for least developed countries and vulnerable communities, including marginalized people within countries, given their more limited ability to cope.\r\nThe report finds that adapting to climate change can play a key role in addressing these risks, but there are limits to its effectiveness, especially with greater magnitudes and rates of climate change. Substantial and sustained reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are at the core of limiting the risks of climate change. Dr Reisinger says: \"Reducing emissions reduces the rate as well as the magnitude of warming; this not only reduces its impacts but also increases the time available for adaptation to a particular level of climate change, potentially by several decades.\"\r\nSubstantial emissions reductions over the next few decades, with near-zero global emissions of CO2 by the end of the 21st century, would be needed to limit warming to 2°C above preindustrial levels - the goal set by Governments. Dr Reisinger says: \"Implementing such reductions poses substantial technological, economic, social and institutional challenges, and there are multiple paths for how we could achieve that goal. But the challenges will increase if we delay additional global mitigation to 2030 or exclude some technologies\".\r\nThe report offers a strong recognition that international cooperation is crucial for effective global reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, but that cooperation across and within countries can also enhance efforts to adapt to climate change.\r\nThe meeting was attended by 34 lead authors of the report and 270 government delegates from 114 countries to negotiate and approve the wording of the report summary, including a New Zealand Government delegation comprising officials from the Ministry for the Environment.\r\nFull text of the IPCC Synthesis Report is available on the IPCC website www.ipcc.ch', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-12', '2014-11-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '311', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(150, '', 'NZAGRC-PGgRc Newsletter: edition 1', 'NZAGRC &amp;amp;amp; PGgRc Team', '', '<p>\r\nThe first joint newsletter of the NZAGRC-PGgRc is available now. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"http://eepurl.com/6AiEX\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://eepurl.com/6AiEX ... - link will open in a new window\">Click here to read</a>&#160;<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The first joint newsletter of the NZAGRC-PGgRc is available now. \r\n\r\n\r\nClick here to read', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-13', '2014-11-13', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '328', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(151, '', 'Technology transfer could help reduce methane emissions from animal waste storage ', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<span class=\"mix_file\"><a href=\"javascript:;\" title=\"Technology transfer\" onclick=\"popup_window(&#39;http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/inline/19/Release1_Dec_2010_p5.pdf&#39;, &#39;file&#39;, 800, 600, &#39;yes&#39;, false, false);return false;\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" border=\"0\" alt=\"pdf\" vspace=\"1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" /> Technology transfer</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%\">(0.59MB)</span></span>&#160;<br />\r\n', 'Technology transfer (0.59MB)', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-13', '2014-11-13', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '359', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(152, '', 'The methane-free rumen - the solution to all problems?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<span class=\"mix_file\"><a href=\"user/file/18/Release2_Apr_2011_p4.pdf\" title=\"Methane rumen\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" border=\"0\" alt=\"pdf\" vspace=\"1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" /> Methane rumen</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%\">(0.23MB)</span></span>&#160;<br />\r\n', 'Methane rumen (0.23MB)', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-13', '2014-11-13', '', NULL, NULL, 'Newsletter - April 2011 ', '', '222', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(153, '', 'From tiny bottles to grazing sheep and cows', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<span class=\"mix_file\"><a href=\"user/file/17/Release3_Aug_2011_8-9.pdf\" title=\"From tiny bottles to grazing sheep and cows\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" border=\"0\" alt=\"pdf\" vspace=\"1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" /> From tiny bottles to grazing sheep and cows</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%\">(0.90MB)</span></span>&#160;<br />\r\n', 'From tiny bottles to grazing sheep and cows (0.90MB)', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-13', '2014-11-13', '', NULL, NULL, 'Newletter - August 2011', '', '221', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(154, '', 'Mitigation of methane NZAGRC Conference 2012', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<span class=\"mix_file\"><a href=\"user/file/16/Release5_February_2012_p4.pdf\" title=\"Mitigation of Methane\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" border=\"0\" alt=\"pdf\" vspace=\"1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" /> Mitigation of Methane</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%\">(0.50MB)</span></span>&#160;<br />\r\n', 'Mitigation of Methane (0.50MB)', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-13', '2014-11-13', '', NULL, NULL, 'Newsletter - February 2012', '', '220', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(155, '', 'Identifying \"friendly\" methane inhibitors', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<span class=\"mix_file\"><a href=\"user/file/70/Release6_May_2012_p7.pdf\" title=\"Identifying friendly methane inhibitors\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" border=\"0\" alt=\"pdf\" vspace=\"1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" /> Identifying friendly methane inhibitors</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%\">(0.79MB)</span></span>&#160;<br />\r\n', 'Identifying friendly methane inhibitors (0.79MB)', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-13', '2014-11-13', '', NULL, NULL, 'Release - May 2012', '', '282', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(156, '', 'Piecing together the rumen methanogen puzzle ', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<span class=\"mix_file\"><a href=\"user/file/69/Release6_May_2012_p6.pdf\" title=\"Rumen methanogen puzzle\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" border=\"0\" alt=\"pdf\" vspace=\"1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" /> Rumen methanogen puzzle</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%\">(0.68MB)</span></span>&#160;<br />\r\n', 'Rumen methanogen puzzle (0.68MB)', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-13', '2014-11-13', '', NULL, NULL, 'Newsletter - May 2012', '', '283', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(157, '', 'Animal variation project provides wealth of information ', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<span class=\"mix_file\"><a href=\"user/file/67/Release6_May_2012_p5.pdf\" title=\"Animal variation project provides wealth of information\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" border=\"0\" alt=\"pdf\" vspace=\"1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" /> Animal variation project provides wealth of...</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%\">(0.66MB)</span></span>&#160;<br />\r\n', 'Animal variation project provides wealth of... (0.66MB)', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-13', '2014-11-13', '', NULL, NULL, 'Newsletter - May 2012', '', '281', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(158, '', 'IDing Livestock Gut Microbes Contributing to Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nNews release from DOE JGI, 17 June 2014 excerpt\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;&quot;...not all ruminants are equal when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions. It turns out that the amount of methane produced varies substantially across individual animals of the same ruminant species. To find out why this is so, a team of researchers led by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) deployed high throughput DNA sequencing and specialized analysis techniques to explore the contents of the rumens of sheep in collaboration with NZ&#39;s AgResearch Limited to see what role ruminant &quot;microbiomes&quot; (the microbes living in the rumen) play in this process. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe study was published online June 6, 2014 in <a href=\"http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2014/06/06/gr.168245.113.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2014/06/06/g... - link will open in a new window\">Genome Research</a>.&quot; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Factsheet</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>The NZ Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre and the NZ Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium made the methane screening data and animal resources available. </li>\r\n	<li>The NZ Fund for Global Partnerships in Livestock Emissions Research funded the work done in NZ to support the objectives of the Livestock Research Group of the <a href=\"http://globalresearchalliance.org\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://globalresearchalliance.org ... - link will open in a new window\">Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases</a></li>\r\n	<li>The DOE Office of Science supported the sheep rumen research at the DOE JGI. </li>\r\n	<li>The data from the study complement the genomic sequences being generated from the <a href=\"http://hungate1000.org.nz\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://hungate1000.org.nz ... - link will open in a new window\">Hungate1000 project</a>, which seeks to produce a reference set of rumen microbial genomes from cultivated rumen bacteria and archaea, together with representative cultures of rumen anaerobic fungi and ciliate protozoa.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Full news release</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"http://jgi.doe.gov/study-reveals-livestock-gut-microbes-contributing-greenhouse-gas-emissions/\">http://jgi.doe.gov/study-reveals-livestock-gut-microbes-contributing-greenhouse-gas-emissions/</a> &#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'News release from DOE JGI, 17 June 2014 excerpt\r\n\r\n\r\n &quot;...not all ruminants are equal when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions. It turns out that the amount of methane produced varies substantially across individual animals of the same ruminant species. To find out why this is so, a team of researchers led by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) deployed high throughput DNA sequencing and specialized analysis techniques to explore the contents of the rumens of sheep in collaboration with NZ&#39;s AgResearch Limited to see what role ruminant &quot;microbiomes&quot; (the microbes living in the rumen) play in this process. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe study was published online June 6, 2014 in Genome Research.&quot; \r\n\r\n\r\nFactsheet\r\n\r\n\r\n	The NZ Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre and the NZ Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium made the methane screening data and animal resources available. \r\n	The NZ Fund for Global Partnerships in Livestock Emissions Research funded the work done in NZ to support the objectives of the Livestock Research Group of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases\r\n	The DOE Office of Science supported the sheep rumen research at the DOE JGI. \r\n	The data from the study complement the genomic sequences being generated from the Hungate1000 project, which seeks to produce a reference set of rumen microbial genomes from cultivated rumen bacteria and archaea, together with representative cultures of rumen anaerobic fungi and ciliate protozoa.\r\n\r\n\r\nFull news release\r\n\r\n\r\nhttp://jgi.doe.gov/study-reveals-livestock-gut-microbes-contributing-greenhouse-gas-emissions/', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-13', '2014-11-13', '', NULL, NULL, '', 'http://jgi.doe.gov/study-reveals-livestock-gut-microbes-contributing-greenhouse-gas-emissions/', '276', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(159, '', 'Highlights 2014', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<span class=\"mix_file\"><a href=\"user/file/729/P29985%20NZAGRC%20Highlights%20Book_2014_FINAL.pdf\" title=\"NZAGRC Highlights 2014\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" border=\"0\" alt=\"pdf\" vspace=\"1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" />&#160;<strong>Download this report</strong></a>&#160;<span style=\"font-size: 80%\">(1.09MB)</span></span>&#160;<br />\r\n', 'Download this report (1.09MB)', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-25', '2014-11-25', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '360', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(160, '', 'Highlights 2014', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\n<span class=\"mix_file\"><a href=\"user/file/729/P29985%20NZAGRC%20Highlights%20Book_2014_FINAL.pdf\" title=\"NZAGRC Highlights 2014\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" border=\"0\" alt=\"pdf\" vspace=\"1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" />&#160;<strong>Download this report</strong></a>&#160;<span style=\"font-size: 80%\">(1.09MB)</span></span>&#160;&#160;<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Download this report (1.09MB)', '', '', '', '', '2014-11-25', '2014-11-25', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '360', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(161, '', 'Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from livestock: Best practice and emerging options', 'GRA Livestock Research Group / SAI Platform', '', '<p>The publication is a joint initiative of the Livestock Research Group (LRG) of the Global Research Alliance and the Sustainable Agriculture Initiative (SAI) Platform. It was commissioned by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre.</p>\r\n<p><a title=\"http://eepurl.com/_ng95 ... - link will open in a new window\" href=\"http://eepurl.com/_ng95\" target=\"_blank\">NZAGRC special edition news</a></p>\r\n<p>Download guidelines at <a href=\"https://globalresearchalliance.org/library/reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-livestock-best-practice-and-emerging-options/\" target=\"_blank\">www.globalresearchalliance.org</a></p>\r\n<p>Media Statement from SAI Platrform at <a href=\"http://www.saiplatform.org/pressroom/130/33/Global-best-practice-guidelines-for-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-livestock-released\" target=\"_blank\">www.saiplatform.org</a></p>', 'The publication is a joint initiative of the Livestock Research Group (LRG) of the Global Research Alliance and the Sustainable Agriculture Initiative (SAI) Platform. It was commissioned by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre.\r\nNZAGRC special edition news\r\nDownload guidelines at www.globalresearchalliance.org\r\nMedia Statement from SAI Platrform at www.saiplatform.org', '', '', '', '', '2014-12-19', '2014-12-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '361', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(162, '', 'Job Opportunity: Post-Doctoral Scientist: Soil Carbon', 'Plant &amp; Food Reearch', '', 'Post-Doctoral Scientist: Soil Carbon: Three year fixed term<br />\r\nLincoln - Vacancy 9545 \r\n<p>\r\nThe Soil, Water &#38; Environment Group works with land-based industries to develop the knowledge and tools needed to promote economically and environmentally sustainable management and use of soil and water resources in agricultural and horticultural production systems.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDeveloping long-term sustainable strategies for increasing soil carbon depend on understanding the key factors that affect soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilisation. We seek to understand the principal mechanisms that affect soil carbon stabilisation and to develop methods to determine the stabilisation capacity and vulnerability of soil carbon loss. These methods will be applied to identify those soils that have the greatest potential to stabilise additional SOC and land use practices that enhance SOC stabilisation.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nIn this three year post-doctoral appointment you will play a lead role in delivering research to: <br />\r\n&#8226; Identify the physical and chemical properties that affect soil carbon stabilisation in a wide range of New Zealand soils<br />\r\n&#8226; Develop improved methods to predict the carbon stabilisation capacity of New Zealand soils<br />\r\n&#8226; Synthesise findings from available studies to identify land use practices that affect soil carbon stabilisation and the potential for soil carbon sequestration.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe research will be funded by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) and will involve close collaborations with scientists from AgResearch Ltd, Massey University and CSIRO Land and Water.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nYou will have a PhD in Soil or Environmental Science and will combine a track record of conducting innovative research on soil elemental cycles, including soil carbon, with well developed communication and interpersonal skills. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFor more information, registration details and to apply for this position please visit www.careers.plantandfood.co.nz \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nApplications open 5 January 2014<br />\r\nApplications close 23 January 2014<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Post-Doctoral Scientist: Soil Carbon: Three year fixed term\r\nLincoln - Vacancy 9545 \r\n\r\nThe Soil, Water & Environment Group works with land-based industries to develop the knowledge and tools needed to promote economically and environmentally sustainable management and use of soil and water resources in agricultural and horticultural production systems.\r\n\r\n\r\nDeveloping long-term sustainable strategies for increasing soil carbon depend on understanding the key factors that affect soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilisation. We seek to understand the principal mechanisms that affect soil carbon stabilisation and to develop methods to determine the stabilisation capacity and vulnerability of soil carbon loss. These methods will be applied to identify those soils that have the greatest potential to stabilise additional SOC and land use practices that enhance SOC stabilisation.\r\n\r\n\r\nIn this three year post-doctoral appointment you will play a lead role in delivering research to: \r\n• Identify the physical and chemical properties that affect soil carbon stabilisation in a wide range of New Zealand soils\r\n• Develop improved methods to predict the carbon stabilisation capacity of New Zealand soils\r\n• Synthesise findings from available studies to identify land use practices that affect soil carbon stabilisation and the potential for soil carbon sequestration.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe research will be funded by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) and will involve close collaborations with scientists from AgResearch Ltd, Massey University and CSIRO Land and Water.\r\n\r\n\r\nYou will have a PhD in Soil or Environmental Science and will combine a track record of conducting innovative research on soil elemental cycles, including soil carbon, with well developed communication and interpersonal skills. \r\n\r\n\r\nFor more information, registration details and to apply for this position please visit www.careers.plantandfood.co.nz \r\n\r\n\r\nApplications open 5 January 2014\r\nApplications close 23 January 2014', '', '', '', '', '2015-01-14', '2015-01-14', '', NULL, NULL, 'Lincoln', 'http://www.careers.plantandfood.co.nz', '106', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(163, '', 'NZ GHG Mitigation Conference - 28th April 2015', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nThis conference will be a good opportunity for farmers and representatives from business, industry organisations, the science community and New Zealand government bodies to come together.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe day will be an open public event at which key scientists and policy makers will present the current state of affairs on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions mitigation and how these may collectively lead to on-farm solutions for the future.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAttendance is free, but delegates must register to attend the conference.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe date of the conference is Tuesday 28th April 2015.\r\n</p>\r\n', 'This conference will be a good opportunity for farmers and representatives from business, industry organisations, the science community and New Zealand government bodies to come together.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe day will be an open public event at which key scientists and policy makers will present the current state of affairs on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions mitigation and how these may collectively lead to on-farm solutions for the future.\r\n\r\n\r\nAttendance is free, but delegates must register to attend the conference.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe date of the conference is Tuesday 28th April 2015.', '', '', '', '', '2015-01-27', '2015-01-27', '', NULL, NULL, 'Palmerston North', 'http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/conference', '363', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(164, '', 'Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture: Potential, Abatement Costs, and Implications for the Cost-Effectiveness of Policy Instruments ', '', '', '<p>\r\nThis talk will feature Stephane De Cara speaking about his work on greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the context of the French agricultural sector. Andy Reisinger will be a discussant, and comment on the links within Stephane&#39;s work that can be applied to the New Zealand context. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nStephane De Cara is a researcher at the French National Institute of Agricultrual Research (INRA). He specialises in climate change mitigation, with a particular focus on the agricultural sector. His recent research has focused on emissions reduction through the use of biofuels, land use change, and changes in agricultural industry practices. Stephane has previously worked on agricultural economics at Iowa State University in the U.S.A. In 2006 he received INRA&#39;s Young Researcher award for his work. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAndy Reisinger is a Deputy Director at the NZAGRC, and he has previously worked with the New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute. Andy is a Coordinating Lead Author for the International Panel for Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), and is a New Zealand representative for the Global Research Alliance Livestock Research Group. He has previously worked for the Ministry for the Environment as Senior Adviser on climate change, and for the Inter-governmental Panel for Climate Change in the UK and in India. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<em>-- Public Seminar co-hosted by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre and the New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute.</em> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'This talk will feature Stephane De Cara speaking about his work on greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the context of the French agricultural sector. Andy Reisinger will be a discussant, and comment on the links within Stephane&#39;s work that can be applied to the New Zealand context. \r\n\r\n\r\nStephane De Cara is a researcher at the French National Institute of Agricultrual Research (INRA). He specialises in climate change mitigation, with a particular focus on the agricultural sector. His recent research has focused on emissions reduction through the use of biofuels, land use change, and changes in agricultural industry practices. Stephane has previously worked on agricultural economics at Iowa State University in the U.S.A. In 2006 he received INRA&#39;s Young Researcher award for his work. \r\n\r\n\r\nAndy Reisinger is a Deputy Director at the NZAGRC, and he has previously worked with the New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute. Andy is a Coordinating Lead Author for the International Panel for Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), and is a New Zealand representative for the Global Research Alliance Livestock Research Group. He has previously worked for the Ministry for the Environment as Senior Adviser on climate change, and for the Inter-governmental Panel for Climate Change in the UK and in India. \r\n\r\n\r\n-- Public Seminar co-hosted by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre and the New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute.', 'Motu Economic and Public Policy Research and the Victoria University Institute for Government and Policy Studies', '', '', '', '2015-02-17', '2015-02-17', '12:30 - 1:30pm', NULL, NULL, 'The Old Government House, Room GBLT1', '', '367', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(165, '', 'Introducing Dr Jha', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nThe NZAGRC would like to take this opportunity to congratulate Dr Neha Jha on recently completing her PhD and thank her for her contribution to date to the NZAGRC\'s nitrous oxide research programme. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNeha\'s PhD study involved steep learning curves on a number of different levels. Originally from Bihar in India, before her arrival in NZ she had never seen such big pastures, let alone cows and sheep grazing outside all day and night. Neha has a Master\'s degree in soil science and microbiology and these studies focused on Indian agriculture, which is much more diverse than the NZ pastoral system. &quot;Dairying is also big in India&quot;, states Neha,&quot; but it is very different and the key issues that farmers face are not the same&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAfter completing her Master\'s degree, Neha was interested in developing her soil and microbiology skills further and sent through a proposal relating to nitrous oxide emissions from soil to Professor Surinder Saggar (LCR/Massey) and Dr Donna Giltrap (LCR). This proposal resulted in the offer of a PhD position at Massey University and involvement in the NZAGRC-funded denitrification research programme. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNeha\'s PhD focussed on understanding denitrification processes in different types of soils. During her PhD study, Neha spent a significant amount of time out in those rolling NZ pastures collecting soil samples of differing types from different geographical locations, then investigating their chemical and physical properties and the microbial communities present back in the lab. Key findings were that different soils have differing denitrification potentials, primarily due to the microbes present and soil management history. The end goal of this research is to recognise the soil and environmental factors that have potential to enhance the activity of denitrifiers in reducing nitrous oxide to nitrogen gas. This is vital for the development of novel and effective nitrous oxide mitigation technologies. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDr Jha is currently completing a one-year postdoctoral position at Landcare Research, still working alongside Surinder Saggar. Her interests in soil, microbiology and greenhouse gases remain high and she is keen to continue publishing and working towards becoming a renowned and respected scientist. Her PhD has led to a number of presentations and she currently has two journal articles submitted for publication. Neha has enjoyed her time in NZ so far and, now that she feels she has conquered the kiwi accent and understands the culture, she is keen to remain here for the foreseeable future.<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The NZAGRC would like to take this opportunity to congratulate Dr Neha Jha on recently completing her PhD and thank her for her contribution to date to the NZAGRC\'s nitrous oxide research programme. \r\n\r\n\r\nNeha\'s PhD study involved steep learning curves on a number of different levels. Originally from Bihar in India, before her arrival in NZ she had never seen such big pastures, let alone cows and sheep grazing outside all day and night. Neha has a Master\'s degree in soil science and microbiology and these studies focused on Indian agriculture, which is much more diverse than the NZ pastoral system. &quot;Dairying is also big in India&quot;, states Neha,&quot; but it is very different and the key issues that farmers face are not the same&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nAfter completing her Master\'s degree, Neha was interested in developing her soil and microbiology skills further and sent through a proposal relating to nitrous oxide emissions from soil to Professor Surinder Saggar (LCR/Massey) and Dr Donna Giltrap (LCR). This proposal resulted in the offer of a PhD position at Massey University and involvement in the NZAGRC-funded denitrification research programme. \r\n\r\n\r\nNeha\'s PhD focussed on understanding denitrification processes in different types of soils. During her PhD study, Neha spent a significant amount of time out in those rolling NZ pastures collecting soil samples of differing types from different geographical locations, then investigating their chemical and physical properties and the microbial communities present back in the lab. Key findings were that different soils have differing denitrification potentials, primarily due to the microbes present and soil management history. The end goal of this research is to recognise the soil and environmental factors that have potential to enhance the activity of denitrifiers in reducing nitrous oxide to nitrogen gas. This is vital for the development of novel and effective nitrous oxide mitigation technologies. \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Jha is currently completing a one-year postdoctoral position at Landcare Research, still working alongside Surinder Saggar. Her interests in soil, microbiology and greenhouse gases remain high and she is keen to continue publishing and working towards becoming a renowned and respected scientist. Her PhD has led to a number of presentations and she currently has two journal articles submitted for publication. Neha has enjoyed her time in NZ so far and, now that she feels she has conquered the kiwi accent and understands the culture, she is keen to remain here for the foreseeable future.', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-12', '2015-03-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '368', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(166, '', 'Reducing the GHG footprint of farming: demonstrating the impacts of steps available now', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nA core part of the NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is to develop new tools, technologies and practices to mitigate agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there are a number of steps that farmers can take right now to reduce their environmental footprint. The main goal of the recently re-contracted NZAGRC Integrated Farm Systems programme is to demonstrate to New Zealand farmers exactly what the impacts of using the existing mitigation tools are on typical NZ farms emissions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDr Robyn Dynes, Principal Investigator (AgResearch), explains. &quot;Whilst it&#39;s technically valuable to model the potential effects of changing one farming practice in isolation on GHG emissions, in practice there are many factors that can contribute to the total GHGs being emitted from a particular farm. In order to work out the best possible advice to give to our farmers about how to farm for low GHGs, we need to make real changes on real farms and measure what happens to the GHGs. At the same time, we need to understand the trade-offs between farming for low GHGs and other aspects such as productivity, profits and non-GHG environmental impacts. It&#39;s no good coming up with farming practices that really reduce GHGs, but render the farm less profitable or productive. No NZ farmers are ever going to implement those sorts of practices&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe NZAGRC programme is studying both dairy and sheep and beef farms and aligning with existing industry-funded trials to ensure that the results are relevant to farmers. For sheep and beef, the team is integrating with a new environment extension program within B+LNZ and will be working with their North and South Island based environment-focussed farms. NZAGRC funding will assist with the development of extension materials that enable S&#38;B farmers to understand which mitigation approaches are most effective and what their influence is on overall farm performance. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe dairy sector programme will assess the GHG emissions from dairy systems, demonstrating a range of practical mitigation options for management of environmental impacts. NZAGRC work will integrate with two existing programmes; measurement and modelling will be based on the P21-II farmlet sites, while integration with the SLMACC Practical GHG Measurement will enable multi-year measurement of GHGs. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&quot;We are excited to be linking up with these industry-funded trials&quot;, says Robyn. &quot;We have a lot of experience of working with the dairy sector, but the relationship with the S&#38;B environmentally-focussed farms is a new one. We have our views on which of the mitigation strategies are likely to be most successful on farm, based on previous modelling work. It will be valuble to see the strategies and practices being used in real life farming situations and to get a handle on what the impacts of strategies are. Our goal, after all our monitoring and modelling work in this programme, is to provide farmers with clear, practical guidelines for GHG-efficient farm systems&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n', 'A core part of the NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is to develop new tools, technologies and practices to mitigate agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there are a number of steps that farmers can take right now to reduce their environmental footprint. The main goal of the recently re-contracted NZAGRC Integrated Farm Systems programme is to demonstrate to New Zealand farmers exactly what the impacts of using the existing mitigation tools are on typical NZ farms emissions. \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Robyn Dynes, Principal Investigator (AgResearch), explains. &quot;Whilst it&#39;s technically valuable to model the potential effects of changing one farming practice in isolation on GHG emissions, in practice there are many factors that can contribute to the total GHGs being emitted from a particular farm. In order to work out the best possible advice to give to our farmers about how to farm for low GHGs, we need to make real changes on real farms and measure what happens to the GHGs. At the same time, we need to understand the trade-offs between farming for low GHGs and other aspects such as productivity, profits and non-GHG environmental impacts. It&#39;s no good coming up with farming practices that really reduce GHGs, but render the farm less profitable or productive. No NZ farmers are ever going to implement those sorts of practices&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe NZAGRC programme is studying both dairy and sheep and beef farms and aligning with existing industry-funded trials to ensure that the results are relevant to farmers. For sheep and beef, the team is integrating with a new environment extension program within B+LNZ and will be working with their North and South Island based environment-focussed farms. NZAGRC funding will assist with the development of extension materials that enable S&B farmers to understand which mitigation approaches are most effective and what their influence is on overall farm performance. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe dairy sector programme will assess the GHG emissions from dairy systems, demonstrating a range of practical mitigation options for management of environmental impacts. NZAGRC work will integrate with two existing programmes; measurement and modelling will be based on the P21-II farmlet sites, while integration with the SLMACC Practical GHG Measurement will enable multi-year measurement of GHGs. \r\n\r\n\r\n&quot;We are excited to be linking up with these industry-funded trials&quot;, says Robyn. &quot;We have a lot of experience of working with the dairy sector, but the relationship with the S&B environmentally-focussed farms is a new one. We have our views on which of the mitigation strategies are likely to be most successful on farm, based on previous modelling work. It will be valuble to see the strategies and practices being used in real life farming situations and to get a handle on what the impacts of strategies are. Our goal, after all our monitoring and modelling work in this programme, is to provide farmers with clear, practical guidelines for GHG-efficient farm systems&quot;.', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-12', '2015-03-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '229', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(195, '', 'The Road to Paris: Preparing for COP21', 'NZAGRC Team', '', 'Countries have been working for years towards a new, legal agreement on climate change that includes obligations for all countries. A core part of the approach taken is that all countries should prepare &quot;Intended Nationally Determined Contributions&quot; (INDCs) towards the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with a long-term goal of limiting the rise in global temperatures to no more than 2 degrees relative to pre-industrial levels.\r\n<p>\r\nNew Zealand released its INDC on 7 July 2015, committing to reducing its economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. This equates to a reduction of about 11% below 1990 levels. The commitment is provisional pending confirmation of the approaches to be taken in accounting for the land sector, and confirmation of access to carbon markets. New Zealand has already committed unconditionally to reduce its emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2020, or take responsibility for any excess emissions using Kyoto Protocol mechanisms.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe INDC gives particular recognition to the challenges around reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions to achieve this overall reduction goal. It states: &quot;In order to achieve domestic reductions and to do so at an affordable cost, we have identified a need for cost-effective mitigation technology, and in particular that our continuing investment in agricultural research delivers results that can be commercialised within the time period covered by this contribution.&quot;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC is recognised specifically in the INDC as a key mechanism to meet emission reduction targets and to achieve more stringent emission reductions beyond 2030. The INDC states &quot;New Zealand has a long-standing commitment to providing leadership in research, innovation and technical solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, and sharing this knowledge internationally. The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre was established to deliver knowledge, technologies and practices to enable New Zealand to enhance agricultural productivity in a carbon constrained world. New Zealand was a founding member of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA). The GRA was established with the aim of increasing international cooperation, collaboration and investment in agricultural greenhouse gas research, to find ways to grow more food without growing greenhouse gas emissions. [...] New Zealand&#39;s long-term emission pathway anticipates accelerated emission reductions post 2030 once agricultural mitigation technology becomes more widely applied&quot;.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nRecent progress in the research by NZAGRC and Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium  (PGgRc), supported by investments in support of the GRA, indeed give some confidence that additional technologies for reducing emissions will become available in the future and can be widely applied. The PGgRc and NZAGRC have been working in close partnership to develop mitigation options.  The PGgRc has taken over the role of commercialising (including as appropriate with international partners) new technologies to reduce methane emissions developed by this collective effort.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>For New Zealand&#39;s post-2020 climate change target see <a href=\"http://www.mfe.govt.nz/node/20725\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.mfe.govt.nz/node/20725 ... - link will open in a new window\">www.mfe.govt.nz/node/20725&#160; </a></strong>\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Countries have been working for years towards a new, legal agreement on climate change that includes obligations for all countries. A core part of the approach taken is that all countries should prepare &quot;Intended Nationally Determined Contributions&quot; (INDCs) towards the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with a long-term goal of limiting the rise in global temperatures to no more than 2 degrees relative to pre-industrial levels.\r\n\r\nNew Zealand released its INDC on 7 July 2015, committing to reducing its economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. This equates to a reduction of about 11% below 1990 levels. The commitment is provisional pending confirmation of the approaches to be taken in accounting for the land sector, and confirmation of access to carbon markets. New Zealand has already committed unconditionally to reduce its emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2020, or take responsibility for any excess emissions using Kyoto Protocol mechanisms.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe INDC gives particular recognition to the challenges around reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions to achieve this overall reduction goal. It states: &quot;In order to achieve domestic reductions and to do so at an affordable cost, we have identified a need for cost-effective mitigation technology, and in particular that our continuing investment in agricultural research delivers results that can be commercialised within the time period covered by this contribution.&quot;\r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC is recognised specifically in the INDC as a key mechanism to meet emission reduction targets and to achieve more stringent emission reductions beyond 2030. The INDC states &quot;New Zealand has a long-standing commitment to providing leadership in research, innovation and technical solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, and sharing this knowledge internationally. The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre was established to deliver knowledge, technologies and practices to enable New Zealand to enhance agricultural productivity in a carbon constrained world. New Zealand was a founding member of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA). The GRA was established with the aim of increasing international cooperation, collaboration and investment in agricultural greenhouse gas research, to find ways to grow more food without growing greenhouse gas emissions. [...] New Zealand&#39;s long-term emission pathway anticipates accelerated emission reductions post 2030 once agricultural mitigation technology becomes more widely applied&quot;.\r\n\r\n\r\nRecent progress in the research by NZAGRC and Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium  (PGgRc), supported by investments in support of the GRA, indeed give some confidence that additional technologies for reducing emissions will become available in the future and can be widely applied. The PGgRc and NZAGRC have been working in close partnership to develop mitigation options.  The PGgRc has taken over the role of commercialising (including as appropriate with international partners) new technologies to reduce methane emissions developed by this collective effort.\r\n\r\n\r\nFor New Zealand&#39;s post-2020 climate change target see www.mfe.govt.nz/node/20725', '', '', '', '', '2015-09-14', '2015-09-14', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '229', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(176, '', 'Reducing New Zealand\'s agricultural emissions: How we measure emissions (edition 2)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>This publication provides an overview of the particular measurement techniques used to provide us with more information on New Zealand\'s GHG emissions.<a title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/fact-sheets,listing,176,r... - link will open in a new window\" href=\"fact-sheets,listing,176,reducing-new-zealands-agricultural-emissions-how-we-measure-emissions.html\" target=\"_blank\"><br /><br /></a></p>\r\n<p>For latest New Zealand\'s Greenhouse Gas Inventory data 1990-2016, go to:&nbsp;http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate-change/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inventory-1990%E2%80%932016-snapshot</p>', 'This publication provides an overview of the particular measurement techniques used to provide us with more information on New Zealand\'s GHG emissions.\r\nFor latest New Zealand\'s Greenhouse Gas Inventory data 1990-2016, go to: http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate-change/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inventory-1990%E2%80%932016-snapshot', '', '', '', '', '2015-04-28', '2015-04-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '328', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(167, '', 'NZAGRC nitrous oxide programme focussing on the bigger picture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nIt&#39;s been said that in order to see the whole picture, you need to step out of the frame. That&#39;s the approach that the Principal Investigators of the NZAGRC nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) programme and their team took whilst planning the work out to mid-2017. PIs Dr Cecile de Klein (AgResearch) and Professor Hong Di (Lincoln University) have ensured that the updated NZAGRC N<sub>2</sub>O research complements and is well coordinated with the broader nitrogen cycle and water quality related work being conducted in NZ.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&quot;When investigating options for reducing N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, we must remember that any potential mitigation strategy is likely to have other environmental impacts&quot;, says Cecile. &quot;Additionally, researchers that are trying to reduce nitrogen leaching, for example, need to ensure that their changes to the system aren&#39;t unintentionally increasing GHGs. Ideally, by aligning our research programmes, we can come up with win:win strategies that reduce on-farm GHGs whilst also minimising leaching and improving water quality&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nIn order to investigate the effect of forage species on N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, the NZAGRC-funded team is working closely with the &quot;Forages for Reduced Nitrate Leaching&quot; (FRNL) programme. This will allow the effects of a range of forage species on both leaching and emissions to be measured in the same trials. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFRNL is a six year Dairy-NZ led programme being conducted in partnership with AgResearch, Foundation for Arable Research, Landcare Research, Lincoln University and Plant &#38; Food Research. The principal funder is the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment with all partners providing co-funding to the programme. The key aim is to reduce nitrate leaching losses by 20 percent by delivering proven, adoptable and profitable pasture and forage crop options. Dairy, arable (crop) and sheep and beef farms are involved in the cross-sector project which is focusing on three areas - alternative pasture species, crops and farm systems.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nExperimental work involves investigating agronomically viable feeds that have a lower N content and feeds that have the ability to change the partitioning between urine and dung, and urine composition, such that both leaching and nitrous oxide emissions are reduced. Also, research is being conducted into the presence and role of natural nitrification inhibitors produced by the plants themselves. By sharing results with FRNL and the NZAGRC-PGgRc funded methane feeds programmes, the NZAGRC N<sub>2</sub>O team can gain a comprehensive insight into the effect of NZ based feeds and forages on N partitioning, and urinary output and composition. The overall goal is to develop feed management options for mitigating N2O emissions from NZ systems, where all major intended and unintended consequences of alternative species are well quantified.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&quot;Working together does occasionally raise challenges, as the different groups all need to be on the same page regarding common approaches and methodologies before trials get underway&quot;, says Cecile. &quot;On-farm trials generally need to be conducted at a specific time of year. Miss the right time, and the trial is delayed until the following year. So we don&#39;t always have as much time as we&#39;d like to plan. However, overall there are great benefits from a scientific perspective to working collaboratively and we are much more likely to reach our goal of reducing on-farm GHGs&quot;.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'It&#39;s been said that in order to see the whole picture, you need to step out of the frame. That&#39;s the approach that the Principal Investigators of the NZAGRC nitrous oxide (N2O) programme and their team took whilst planning the work out to mid-2017. PIs Dr Cecile de Klein (AgResearch) and Professor Hong Di (Lincoln University) have ensured that the updated NZAGRC N2O research complements and is well coordinated with the broader nitrogen cycle and water quality related work being conducted in NZ.\r\n\r\n\r\n&quot;When investigating options for reducing N2O emissions, we must remember that any potential mitigation strategy is likely to have other environmental impacts&quot;, says Cecile. &quot;Additionally, researchers that are trying to reduce nitrogen leaching, for example, need to ensure that their changes to the system aren&#39;t unintentionally increasing GHGs. Ideally, by aligning our research programmes, we can come up with win:win strategies that reduce on-farm GHGs whilst also minimising leaching and improving water quality&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nIn order to investigate the effect of forage species on N2O emissions, the NZAGRC-funded team is working closely with the &quot;Forages for Reduced Nitrate Leaching&quot; (FRNL) programme. This will allow the effects of a range of forage species on both leaching and emissions to be measured in the same trials. \r\n\r\n\r\nFRNL is a six year Dairy-NZ led programme being conducted in partnership with AgResearch, Foundation for Arable Research, Landcare Research, Lincoln University and Plant & Food Research. The principal funder is the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment with all partners providing co-funding to the programme. The key aim is to reduce nitrate leaching losses by 20 percent by delivering proven, adoptable and profitable pasture and forage crop options. Dairy, arable (crop) and sheep and beef farms are involved in the cross-sector project which is focusing on three areas - alternative pasture species, crops and farm systems.\r\n\r\n\r\nExperimental work involves investigating agronomically viable feeds that have a lower N content and feeds that have the ability to change the partitioning between urine and dung, and urine composition, such that both leaching and nitrous oxide emissions are reduced. Also, research is being conducted into the presence and role of natural nitrification inhibitors produced by the plants themselves. By sharing results with FRNL and the NZAGRC-PGgRc funded methane feeds programmes, the NZAGRC N2O team can gain a comprehensive insight into the effect of NZ based feeds and forages on N partitioning, and urinary output and composition. The overall goal is to develop feed management options for mitigating N2O emissions from NZ systems, where all major intended and unintended consequences of alternative species are well quantified.\r\n\r\n\r\n&quot;Working together does occasionally raise challenges, as the different groups all need to be on the same page regarding common approaches and methodologies before trials get underway&quot;, says Cecile. &quot;On-farm trials generally need to be conducted at a specific time of year. Miss the right time, and the trial is delayed until the following year. So we don&#39;t always have as much time as we&#39;d like to plan. However, overall there are great benefits from a scientific perspective to working collaboratively and we are much more likely to reach our goal of reducing on-farm GHGs&quot;.', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-12', '2015-03-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '287', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(168, '', 'Measuring, modelling and managing soil carbon for future farming', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nIncreasing the quantity and stability of carbon stored in agricultural soils has real potential to offset greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is not as straightforward as it might first appear. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFirstly, soil carbon stocks are notoriously difficult to measure. Agricultural soil carbon stocks vary according to a number of factors including soil type, climate, geographical location and current and previous management practices, there is a lot of spatial variability and changes with time are slow. It just isn&#39;t possible to measure the carbon stored in every tiny bit of soil in every hectare of pasture. So measurements of soil carbon are taken at representative point locations, then estimates of soil carbon need to be made for all of the space in between those points. Consider that there are 11 million hectares of grassland in NZ and you can see why understanding of soil carbon crucially relies not only on measurements but also models that help interpolate between measurements and understand changes over time. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nGiven the challenges in accurately determining current soil carbon stocks, working out the impacts a certain farm management practice has on soil carbon stocks is also incredibly challenging. The complicated dynamics of soil carbon, that is how long the carbon actually stays in the soil is a specific form, adds another layer of complexity. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nTaking into account these challenges, previous NZAGRC-funded work has used data mining and modelling to quantify current levels of soil carbon and determine the maximum amount that could be stored. In many places NZ grassland soil carbon levels were shown to be relatively high, due to the short time since forested sites were converted to pasture. Whilst this is good news, it means that the potential to increase stocks may be limited and it is very important to ensure that farming practices do not deplete the stocks that we already have over time. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Principal Investigators Dr David Whitehead (Landcare Research) and Prof Frank Kelliher (AgResearch/Lincoln University) have taken all of this into account whilst planning the NZAGRC soil carbon programme out to 2017. &quot;The focus of the programme to date has been to use experimental measurements and modelling to test the ability of potential management practices to manipulate the rates of input, incorporation and stabilisation of carbon in soils&quot;, says David. &quot;We need to continue to develop opportunities that will provide farmers with practices that can minimise soil carbon losses and increase gains&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe team note that strategies need to be both practical and cost effective to be adopted. With this in mind, a key focus of the updated programme in on two experimental farm sites in the Waikato and Canterbury. &quot;We are really excited to bring our expertise to work on these farms&quot;, says David. &quot;The sites are set up to be able to continuously measure a wide range of factors. We can carefully manipulate the system by, for example, planting different pasture species or irrigating or adding nitrogen fertiliser and then see how the change affects the whole farm carbon balance.&quot; The large amount of data generated can then be used to estimate conversion of carbon inputs into soil carbon stocks. Additionally, modelling can be used to forecast what the combined effects of different management strategies are likely to be on soil carbon. The end goal is to be able to provide farmers with practical, meaningful advice on how to best manage their farms to maximise soil carbon stocks. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&quot;We can&#39;t forget the measurement problem though&quot;, adds Frank. &quot;In order to really understand how soil properties and management practices affect long-term storage of soil carbon, we need the best tools possible, and this means next-generation computer models. Changing practices can have long lasting impacts on soil. With the best will in the world, it&#39;s difficult to take experimental measurements on the same site over decades. Even if we could, understanding the sheer volume of data generated in light of all of changes over that time period would be daunting&quot;. The goal of Frank and his team&#39;s work on developing new tools is to identify the soil properties and grassland management practices that most affect soil carbon stabilisation and vulnerability to loss over the short and long term. The overall aim of the NZAGRC programme is to increase stabilised soil carbon stocks as our farmers head into the future.<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Increasing the quantity and stability of carbon stored in agricultural soils has real potential to offset greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is not as straightforward as it might first appear. \r\n\r\n\r\nFirstly, soil carbon stocks are notoriously difficult to measure. Agricultural soil carbon stocks vary according to a number of factors including soil type, climate, geographical location and current and previous management practices, there is a lot of spatial variability and changes with time are slow. It just isn&#39;t possible to measure the carbon stored in every tiny bit of soil in every hectare of pasture. So measurements of soil carbon are taken at representative point locations, then estimates of soil carbon need to be made for all of the space in between those points. Consider that there are 11 million hectares of grassland in NZ and you can see why understanding of soil carbon crucially relies not only on measurements but also models that help interpolate between measurements and understand changes over time. \r\n\r\n\r\nGiven the challenges in accurately determining current soil carbon stocks, working out the impacts a certain farm management practice has on soil carbon stocks is also incredibly challenging. The complicated dynamics of soil carbon, that is how long the carbon actually stays in the soil is a specific form, adds another layer of complexity. \r\n\r\n\r\nTaking into account these challenges, previous NZAGRC-funded work has used data mining and modelling to quantify current levels of soil carbon and determine the maximum amount that could be stored. In many places NZ grassland soil carbon levels were shown to be relatively high, due to the short time since forested sites were converted to pasture. Whilst this is good news, it means that the potential to increase stocks may be limited and it is very important to ensure that farming practices do not deplete the stocks that we already have over time. \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Principal Investigators Dr David Whitehead (Landcare Research) and Prof Frank Kelliher (AgResearch/Lincoln University) have taken all of this into account whilst planning the NZAGRC soil carbon programme out to 2017. &quot;The focus of the programme to date has been to use experimental measurements and modelling to test the ability of potential management practices to manipulate the rates of input, incorporation and stabilisation of carbon in soils&quot;, says David. &quot;We need to continue to develop opportunities that will provide farmers with practices that can minimise soil carbon losses and increase gains&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe team note that strategies need to be both practical and cost effective to be adopted. With this in mind, a key focus of the updated programme in on two experimental farm sites in the Waikato and Canterbury. &quot;We are really excited to bring our expertise to work on these farms&quot;, says David. &quot;The sites are set up to be able to continuously measure a wide range of factors. We can carefully manipulate the system by, for example, planting different pasture species or irrigating or adding nitrogen fertiliser and then see how the change affects the whole farm carbon balance.&quot; The large amount of data generated can then be used to estimate conversion of carbon inputs into soil carbon stocks. Additionally, modelling can be used to forecast what the combined effects of different management strategies are likely to be on soil carbon. The end goal is to be able to provide farmers with practical, meaningful advice on how to best manage their farms to maximise soil carbon stocks. \r\n\r\n\r\n&quot;We can&#39;t forget the measurement problem though&quot;, adds Frank. &quot;In order to really understand how soil properties and management practices affect long-term storage of soil carbon, we need the best tools possible, and this means next-generation computer models. Changing practices can have long lasting impacts on soil. With the best will in the world, it&#39;s difficult to take experimental measurements on the same site over decades. Even if we could, understanding the sheer volume of data generated in light of all of changes over that time period would be daunting&quot;. The goal of Frank and his team&#39;s work on developing new tools is to identify the soil properties and grassland management practices that most affect soil carbon stabilisation and vulnerability to loss over the short and long term. The overall aim of the NZAGRC programme is to increase stabilised soil carbon stocks as our farmers head into the future.', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-12', '2015-03-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '228', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(169, '', 'NZ Ag GHG Conference: Programme Available', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nFor those of you waiting for a confirmed programme before registering your attendance at the 2015 New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Conference, it&#39;s now time!\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nVisit <a href=\"http://www.nzagrc.org/conference\">www.nzagrc.org/conference</a> for information on the programme and speakers.&#160; More information will be added as it&#39;s available.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nInterested media should contact Kate Parlane, 06 351 8336 or <a href=\"mailto:kate.parlane@nzagrc.org.nz\">kate.parlane@nzagrc.org.nz</a> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'For those of you waiting for a confirmed programme before registering your attendance at the 2015 New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Conference, it&#39;s now time!\r\n\r\n\r\nVisit www.nzagrc.org/conference for information on the programme and speakers.  More information will be added as it&#39;s available.\r\n\r\n\r\nInterested media should contact Kate Parlane, 06 351 8336 or kate.parlane@nzagrc.org.nz', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-12', '2015-03-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '363', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N');
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(170, '', 'New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre wins international contract', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nThe NZAGRC, in partnership with the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), has been successful in obtaining funding from the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) for a project to reduce methane emissions from enteric fermentation in several world regions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe CCAC is an initiative of the United Nations Environment Programme to reduce so-called &#8216;short-lived&#39; climate pollutants, including black carbon and methane from industrial and agricultural sources. The project will seek to identify options and demonstrate ways of reducing methane emissions intensity through practice change in ruminant livestock production systems in Asia, East Africa and Latin America. It builds on an existing project funded by the New Zealand Government in support of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) and will extend this work into more regions of the world and take this knowledge to the farm level. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe project will examine packages of actions that improve resource use efficiency and will implement them in selected pilot sites to reduce emissions of enteric methane per unit of product. Flow on effects will include increased livestock productivity and food security, and realisation of broader social, economic and other environmental goals. The project received $1m for the first phase of the project which will take approximately 9 months. A further $2m of funding is contingent upon satisfactory progress in the first phase. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nTwenty one organisations and alliances from throughout the world will collaborate to achieve these goals over the next 2-3 years. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe two stage workplan comprises:&#160; \r\n</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>&#160;identifying and prioritising opportunities for mitigation using a comprehensive life cycle analysis model and locally sourced data in South Asia, East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and South America.&#160;</li>\r\n	<li>mobilising resources for testing and demonstration of prioritised technology and policy actions for efficiency gains and mitigation at selected sites within regions;</li>\r\n	<li>evaluating the success of the applied interventions against social, economic and environmental goals;</li>\r\n	<li>identifying barriers to adoption and building capacity to aid implementation; and&#160;</li>\r\n	<li>harnessing stakeholder support for wider adoption, knowledge generation and transfer. </li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p>\r\nNew Zealand will provide scientific input and play a role in the oversight and implementation of the project, with contributions from international and local Implementation Partners. Victoria Hatton, who is the Operations Manager (International) of the NZAGRC, has been seconded to the FAO to act as central coordinator for the initial parts of this project. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>About the CCAC Agriculture Initiative</strong><br />\r\nLead Partners: Bangladesh, Canada, the European Commission, Ghana, Japan, New Zealand, Nigeria, the United States, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. (FAO), and the World Bank. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe CCAC Agriculture Initiative (known as &quot;Addressing SLCP Emissions from Agriculture) was approved by the CCAC Working Group in July 2013. It aims to share and implement best practices for minimizing emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) from agriculture in a manner that is consistent with broader climate change objectives and that also enhances food security and livelihoods. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nSee more at: <a href=\"http://unep.org/ccac/Initiatives/AddressingSLCPsfromAgriculture/tabid/131773/language/en-US/Default.aspx#sthash.7mtPR2cg.dpuf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://unep.org/ccac/Initiatives/AddressingSLCPsfr... - link will open in a new window\">unep.org/ccac/Initiatives/AddressingSLCPsfromAgriculture/tabid/131773/language/en-US/Default.aspx#sthash.7mtPR2cg.dpuf <br />\r\n</a>\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The NZAGRC, in partnership with the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), has been successful in obtaining funding from the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) for a project to reduce methane emissions from enteric fermentation in several world regions. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe CCAC is an initiative of the United Nations Environment Programme to reduce so-called ‘short-lived&#39; climate pollutants, including black carbon and methane from industrial and agricultural sources. The project will seek to identify options and demonstrate ways of reducing methane emissions intensity through practice change in ruminant livestock production systems in Asia, East Africa and Latin America. It builds on an existing project funded by the New Zealand Government in support of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) and will extend this work into more regions of the world and take this knowledge to the farm level. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe project will examine packages of actions that improve resource use efficiency and will implement them in selected pilot sites to reduce emissions of enteric methane per unit of product. Flow on effects will include increased livestock productivity and food security, and realisation of broader social, economic and other environmental goals. The project received $1m for the first phase of the project which will take approximately 9 months. A further $2m of funding is contingent upon satisfactory progress in the first phase. \r\n\r\n\r\nTwenty one organisations and alliances from throughout the world will collaborate to achieve these goals over the next 2-3 years. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe two stage workplan comprises:  \r\n\r\n\r\n	 identifying and prioritising opportunities for mitigation using a comprehensive life cycle analysis model and locally sourced data in South Asia, East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and South America. \r\n	mobilising resources for testing and demonstration of prioritised technology and policy actions for efficiency gains and mitigation at selected sites within regions;\r\n	evaluating the success of the applied interventions against social, economic and environmental goals;\r\n	identifying barriers to adoption and building capacity to aid implementation; and \r\n	harnessing stakeholder support for wider adoption, knowledge generation and transfer. \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand will provide scientific input and play a role in the oversight and implementation of the project, with contributions from international and local Implementation Partners. Victoria Hatton, who is the Operations Manager (International) of the NZAGRC, has been seconded to the FAO to act as central coordinator for the initial parts of this project. \r\n\r\n\r\nAbout the CCAC Agriculture Initiative\r\nLead Partners: Bangladesh, Canada, the European Commission, Ghana, Japan, New Zealand, Nigeria, the United States, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. (FAO), and the World Bank. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe CCAC Agriculture Initiative (known as &quot;Addressing SLCP Emissions from Agriculture) was approved by the CCAC Working Group in July 2013. It aims to share and implement best practices for minimizing emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) from agriculture in a manner that is consistent with broader climate change objectives and that also enhances food security and livelihoods. \r\n\r\n\r\nSee more at: unep.org/ccac/Initiatives/AddressingSLCPsfromAgriculture/tabid/131773/language/en-US/Default.aspx#sthash.7mtPR2cg.dpuf', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-12', '2015-03-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '371', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(171, '', 'The NZAGRC-PGgRc team: who we are', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nFor some of you, your interactions with the NZAGRC and PGgRc are often. Others have less frequent contact with us. We thought it was a good opportunity to let you know what we are up to. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nYou&#39;ll all be fairly familiar with the NZAGRC Director. Hailing from UK (but a fully fledged Kiwi), <strong>Dr Harry Clark MNZM</strong> oversees NZAGRC&#39;s science, government advice, and strategic, research and governmental relationships. He is actively involved in international research through his various (and numerous!) roles on science advisory boards and committees throughout New Zealand, Australia, UK and Europe. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Mark Aspin</strong>, originally of New Zealand dairy farm blood, is based at Beef+Lamb NZ in Wellington and is the PGgRc Consortium Manager. Mark maintains active engagement with the scientists within the New Zealand research community, particularly in the methane mitigation research area. Mark takes the lead on the NZAGRC-PGgRc commercialisation ventures, in particular, the advancements of inhibitor and vaccine technologies. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Dr Andy Reisinger</strong> provides a solid, policy and climate science background and is responsible for leading New Zealand&#39;s science input into the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases. Andy can be found in Wellington and his most recent accolade (one of a few) is his involvement in coordinating the Australasian chapter of the IPCC AR5 adaptation working group report. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Dr Heather Went</strong> provides the NZAGRC with a meticulous eye for detail where contracts, intellectual property and science progress are concerned. Heather is responsible for the NZAGRC&#39;s science programme, which covers methane and nitrous oxide mitigation research, investigating practices to maximise soil carbon sinks and identifying practical mitigation options to reduce GHG emissions from NZ farming systems. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Dr Victoria Hatton</strong> is still a part of the NZAGRC machine, despite her recent departure to Rome. While in Rome, Victoria will assist FAO with the coordination of the CCAC enteric fermentation project and the aligned GLEAM modelling project (you can&#39;t have one with out the other!). In addition, Victoria will continue to manage the New Zealand GRA capability building programme and GRA science contracts (GPLER, FtRG, FACCE-JPI and other targeted research projects). \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Kate Parlane</strong> works alongside both the domestic and international teams to provide advice, support and analysis for all the contracts managed by the NZAGRC. If you can&#39;t get hold of Andy, Victoria or Heather - contact Kate - she will probably have an answer (or provide you with information on the elusive staff members&#39; whereabouts). \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nIf you have a question and not sure who to contact: <a href=\"nzagrc-staff.html\">here is a list</a> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'For some of you, your interactions with the NZAGRC and PGgRc are often. Others have less frequent contact with us. We thought it was a good opportunity to let you know what we are up to. \r\n\r\n\r\nYou&#39;ll all be fairly familiar with the NZAGRC Director. Hailing from UK (but a fully fledged Kiwi), Dr Harry Clark MNZM oversees NZAGRC&#39;s science, government advice, and strategic, research and governmental relationships. He is actively involved in international research through his various (and numerous!) roles on science advisory boards and committees throughout New Zealand, Australia, UK and Europe. \r\n\r\n\r\nMark Aspin, originally of New Zealand dairy farm blood, is based at Beef+Lamb NZ in Wellington and is the PGgRc Consortium Manager. Mark maintains active engagement with the scientists within the New Zealand research community, particularly in the methane mitigation research area. Mark takes the lead on the NZAGRC-PGgRc commercialisation ventures, in particular, the advancements of inhibitor and vaccine technologies. \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Andy Reisinger provides a solid, policy and climate science background and is responsible for leading New Zealand&#39;s science input into the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases. Andy can be found in Wellington and his most recent accolade (one of a few) is his involvement in coordinating the Australasian chapter of the IPCC AR5 adaptation working group report. \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Heather Went provides the NZAGRC with a meticulous eye for detail where contracts, intellectual property and science progress are concerned. Heather is responsible for the NZAGRC&#39;s science programme, which covers methane and nitrous oxide mitigation research, investigating practices to maximise soil carbon sinks and identifying practical mitigation options to reduce GHG emissions from NZ farming systems. \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Victoria Hatton is still a part of the NZAGRC machine, despite her recent departure to Rome. While in Rome, Victoria will assist FAO with the coordination of the CCAC enteric fermentation project and the aligned GLEAM modelling project (you can&#39;t have one with out the other!). In addition, Victoria will continue to manage the New Zealand GRA capability building programme and GRA science contracts (GPLER, FtRG, FACCE-JPI and other targeted research projects). \r\n\r\n\r\nKate Parlane works alongside both the domestic and international teams to provide advice, support and analysis for all the contracts managed by the NZAGRC. If you can&#39;t get hold of Andy, Victoria or Heather - contact Kate - she will probably have an answer (or provide you with information on the elusive staff members&#39; whereabouts). \r\n\r\n\r\nIf you have a question and not sure who to contact: here is a list', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-24', '2015-03-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '328', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(175, '', 'NZAGRC-PGgRc Newsletter: edition 2', '', '', '<p>\r\nEdition 2 of the NZAGRC-PGgRc newsletter is available now.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"http://eepurl.com/biChzz\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://eepurl.com/biChzz ... - link will open in a new window\">Click here to read</a>\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Edition 2 of the NZAGRC-PGgRc newsletter is available now.\r\n\r\n\r\nClick here to read', '', '', '', '', '2015-04-02', '2015-04-02', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '328', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(172, '', 'Assessment of the application of gibberellins to increase productivity and reduce nitrous oxide emissions in grazed grassland', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Emissions of nitrous oxide from grassland systems are attributable largely to the use of nitrogen fertilisers and the excreta deposited by grazing animals.</p>\r\n<p>There is increasing interest in using gibberellins as a naturally-occurring growth promotant of herbage to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilisers while leading to similar or greater increases in dry matter.</p>\r\n<p>In a study commissioned by the NZAGRC and carried out by Landcare Research, the conslusion reached is that the use of gibberellins with reduced addition of nitrogen fertiliser has the potential to reduce nitrous emissions from grazed grassland. However, acceptance of widespread use of gibberellins will be dependent on cost benefit analysis for farmers.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"user/file/821/NZAGRC_LCR_Gibberellins%20Review%202015.pdf\"><strong>Download the In Press publication</strong></a></p>', 'Emissions of nitrous oxide from grassland systems are attributable largely to the use of nitrogen fertilisers and the excreta deposited by grazing animals.\r\nThere is increasing interest in using gibberellins as a naturally-occurring growth promotant of herbage to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilisers while leading to similar or greater increases in dry matter.\r\nIn a study commissioned by the NZAGRC and carried out by Landcare Research, the conslusion reached is that the use of gibberellins with reduced addition of nitrogen fertiliser has the potential to reduce nitrous emissions from grazed grassland. However, acceptance of widespread use of gibberellins will be dependent on cost benefit analysis for farmers.\r\nDownload the In Press publication', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-25', '2015-03-25', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '101', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(173, '', 'Annual Report 2013 (V2)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><a title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/release,listing,173,annua... - link will open in a new window\" href=\"annualreport,listing,173,annual-report-2013.html\" target=\"_blank\">More information</a></p>', 'More information', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-27', '2015-03-27', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '372', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
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(204, '', 'COP21 Agricultural Events', '', '', '<span class=\"h6\">Overview of thematic events including agriculture and forestry:</span><br />\r\n<p>\r\n<strong style=\"color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n</strong><a style=\"color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\" href=\"http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/501938/lpaa_program.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/501938/lpaa_progr... - link will open in a new window\">http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/501938/lpaa_program.pdf</a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<strong>Tuesday 1 December \r\n</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>\r\n<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>\r\n<o:AllowPNG/>\r\n</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>\r\n</xml><![endif]-->\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; 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SemiHidden=\"true\"\r\nUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\r\nUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 4\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\r\nUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 5\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\r\nUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 6\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\r\nUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 7\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\r\nUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 8\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\r\nUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"toc 9\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Normal Indent\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"footnote text\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"annotation text\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"header\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"footer\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"index heading\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"35\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\r\nUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"caption\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"table of figures\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"envelope address\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"envelope return\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"footnote reference\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"0\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\r\nUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"annotation reference\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"line number\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"page number\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"endnote reference\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"endnote text\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"table of authorities\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"macro\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"toa heading\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Bullet\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Number\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List 4\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List 5\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Bullet 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Bullet 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Bullet 4\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Bullet 5\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Number 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Number 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Number 4\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Number 5\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"10\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Title\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Closing\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Signature\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"1\" SemiHidden=\"true\"\r\nUnhideWhenUsed=\"true\" Name=\"Default Paragraph Font\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Body Text\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Body Text Indent\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Continue\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Continue 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Continue 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Continue 4\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Continue 5\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Message Header\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"11\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Subtitle\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Salutation\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Date\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Body Text First Indent\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Body Text First Indent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Note Heading\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Body Text 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Body Text 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Body Text Indent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Body Text Indent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Block Text\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Hyperlink\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"FollowedHyperlink\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"22\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Strong\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"20\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Emphasis\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Document Map\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Plain Text\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"E-mail Signature\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Top of Form\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Bottom of Form\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Normal (Web)\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Acronym\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Address\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Cite\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Code\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Definition\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Keyboard\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Preformatted\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Sample\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Typewriter\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"HTML Variable\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Normal Table\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"annotation subject\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"No List\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Outline List 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Outline List 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Outline List 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Simple 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Simple 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Simple 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Classic 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Classic 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Classic 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Classic 4\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Colorful 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Colorful 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Colorful 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Columns 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Columns 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Columns 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Columns 4\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Columns 5\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Grid 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Grid 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Grid 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Grid 4\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Grid 5\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Grid 6\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Grid 7\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Grid 8\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table List 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table List 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table List 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table List 4\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table List 5\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table List 6\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table List 7\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table List 8\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table 3D effects 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table 3D effects 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table 3D effects 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Contemporary\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Elegant\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Professional\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Subtle 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Subtle 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Web 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Web 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Web 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Balloon Text\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" Name=\"Table Grid\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Table Theme\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" Name=\"Placeholder Text\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"1\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"No Spacing\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" Name=\"Revision\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"34\" QFormat=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Paragraph\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"29\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Quote\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"30\" QFormat=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Intense Quote\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 2\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 3\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 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5.4pt;\r\nmso-para-margin-top:0cm;\r\nmso-para-margin-right:0cm;\r\nmso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;\r\nmso-para-margin-left:0cm;\r\nline-height:107%;\r\nmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\nfont-size:11.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;\r\nmso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-US;}\r\n</style>\r\n<![endif]-->\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 11.15pt\" class=\"MsoNormal\">\r\nThe LPAA &quot;Focus on Agriculture&quot; (<a href=\"http://newsroom.unfccc.int/lpaa/agriculture\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://newsroom.unfccc.int/lpaa/agriculture ... - link will open in a new window\">learn more</a>) at COP21 aims to show that the transition to a climate-resilient and low-GHG agriculture is feasible and already underway by showcasing existing solutions. Parties, organisations, and businesses will announce concrete, ambitious, multi-stakeholder initiatives to be included in the LPAA <a href=\"http://newsroom.unfccc.int/lpaa/agriculture/showcase-lpaa-initiatives-on-agriculture-call-for-expression-of-interest/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://newsroom.unfccc.int/lpaa/agriculture/showca... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more</a>  \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 11.15pt\" class=\"MsoNormal\">\r\nOne of the highlights will be the launch of<em> &quot;4/1000 Initiative: Soils for Food Security and Climate&quot;</em> <a href=\"http://newsroom.unfccc.int/lpaa/agriculture/join-the-41000-initiative-soils-for-food-security-and-climate\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://newsroom.unfccc.int/lpaa/agriculture/join-t... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more&#160;</a>   \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\nJRC and CEPI/ICFPA Event<em>:&quot;Assessing transparency and ambition in the land use sector&quot; </em><a style=\"color: #282829; text-decoration: none\" href=\"http://www.i4ce.org/assessing-transparency-and-ambition-in-the-land-use-sector-2/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.i4ce.org/assessing-transparency-and-amb... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more</a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<strong>Wednesday 2 December</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\nFarmers Day<a style=\"color: #282829; text-decoration: none\" href=\"https://ccafs.cgiar.org/farmers-day-cop21\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"https://ccafs.cgiar.org/farmers-day-cop21 ... - link will open in a new window\"> Learn more</a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<em>&quot;Colombia&#39;s climate strategies: mitigation, adaptation, Amazon Vision and linkages with agriculture</em>&quot; <a href=\"https://ccafs.cgiar.org/cop21-side-event-colombias-climate-strategies\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"https://ccafs.cgiar.org/cop21-side-event-colombias... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more</a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<strong>Friday 4 December</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\nShort-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP) Focus Day <a href=\"http://new.ccacoalition.org/en/events/21st-conference-parties-cop21cmp11\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://new.ccacoalition.org/en/events/21st-confere... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more</a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<strong>\r\nSaturday 5 December and Sunday 6 December\r\n</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\nGlobal Landscapes Forum <a href=\"http://www.landscapes.org/glf-2015/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.landscapes.org/glf-2015/ ... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more</a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\nThis includes: \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<em>&quot;Shaping sustainable supply chains of the future: How to create links between smallholder farmers, companies sourcing raw materials, and the environment&quot;</em> <a href=\"http://www.landscapes.org/glf-2015/agenda-item/day-1-saturday-5-december-2/6-parallel-discussion-forums/sustainable-supply-chains-of-the-future-how-to-create-links-between-smallholder-farmers-companies-sourcing-raw-materials-and-the-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.landscapes.org/glf-2015/agenda-item/day... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more</a><br />\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<em>&quot;Side event: From farmers&#39; fields to landscapes: Food security in a new climate regime?&quot;</em> <a href=\"http://www.landscapes.org/glf-2015/agenda-item/2015-glf-day-2-sunday-6-december-2/from-farmers-fields-to-landscapes-food-security-in-a-new-climate-regime-part-1/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.landscapes.org/glf-2015/agenda-item/201... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<strong>Monday 7 December </strong><br />\r\n<em>&quot;Metrics of progress towards net zero and the two degree goal: science for a safe climate&quot;</em> <a href=\"http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/event/2241\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/event/2241 ... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<strong>Tuesday 8 December </strong><br />\r\nCCAC High Level Assembly <a href=\"http://climate-l.iisd.org/events/ccac-high-level-assembly-3/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://climate-l.iisd.org/events/ccac-high-level-a... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more \r\n</a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<strong>Wednesday 9 December </strong><br />\r\n<em>&quot;Agriculture in a Post-Kyoto Terrain&quot;</em> <a href=\"http://www.wfo-oma.com/news/agriculture-in-a-post-kyoto-terrain-wfo-and-oie.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.wfo-oma.com/news/agriculture-in-a-post-... - link will open in a new window\">Learn more</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; color: #58595b; font-family: Verdana,Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.85px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px\">\r\n<strong>Thursday 10 December</strong><br />\r\n<em>&quot;Carbon sequestration and agriculture&quot;</em> <a href=\"https://ccafs.cgiar.org/es/cop21-side-event-carbon-sequestration-and-agriculture#.VlZjFJvou70\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"https://ccafs.cgiar.org/es/cop21-side-event-carbon... - link will open 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Shading Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" Name=\"Light List Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 1\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" SemiHidden=\"true\" Name=\"Revision\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"34\" QFormat=\"true\"\r\nName=\"List Paragraph\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"29\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Quote\"/>\r\n<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"30\" QFormat=\"true\"\r\nName=\"Intense Quote\"/>\r\n<w:Lsd', 'Overview of thematic events including agriculture and forestry:\r\n\r\n\r\nhttp://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/501938/lpaa_program.pdf\r\n\r\n\r\nTuesday 1 December \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe LPAA &quot;Focus on Agriculture&quot; (learn more) at COP21 aims to show that the transition to a climate-resilient and low-GHG agriculture is feasible and already underway by showcasing existing solutions. Parties, organisations, and businesses will announce concrete, ambitious, multi-stakeholder initiatives to be included in the LPAA Learn more  \r\n\r\n\r\nOne of the highlights will be the launch of &quot;4/1000 Initiative: Soils for Food Security and Climate&quot; Learn more    \r\n\r\n\r\nJRC and CEPI/ICFPA Event:&quot;Assessing transparency and ambition in the land use sector&quot; Learn more\r\n\r\n\r\nWednesday 2 December\r\n\r\n\r\nFarmers Day Learn more\r\n\r\n\r\n&quot;Colombia&#39;s climate strategies: mitigation, adaptation, Amazon Vision and linkages with agriculture&quot; Learn more\r\n\r\n\r\nFriday 4 December\r\n\r\n\r\nShort-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP) Focus Day Learn more\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSaturday 5 December and Sunday 6 December\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGlobal Landscapes Forum Learn more\r\n\r\n\r\nThis includes: \r\n\r\n\r\n&quot;Shaping sustainable supply chains of the future: How to create links between smallholder farmers, companies sourcing raw materials, and the environment&quot; Learn more\r\n\r\n\r\n&quot;Side event: From farmers&#39; fields to landscapes: Food security in a new climate regime?&quot; Learn more \r\n\r\n\r\nMonday 7 December \r\n&quot;Metrics of progress towards net zero and the two degree goal: science for a safe climate&quot; Learn more \r\n\r\n\r\nTuesday 8 December \r\nCCAC High Level Assembly Learn more \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWednesday 9 December \r\n&quot;Agriculture in a Post-Kyoto Terrain&quot; Learn more \r\n\r\n\r\nThursday 10 December\r\n&quot;Carbon sequestration and agriculture&quot; Learn more', '', '', '', '', '2015-11-30', '2015-12-11', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N');
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(205, '', 'Andy Reisinger appointed to IPCC Bureau', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml>\r\n<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>\r\n<o:AllowPNG/>\r\n</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>\r\n</xml><![endif]-->\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Dr Andy Reisinger, Deputy Director (International) has been appointed as a member of the IPCC Bureau to provide guidance to the 195 country governments represented in the IPCC on scientific aspects and process for delivering a sixth assessment report (AR6) and a series of Special Reports over the next 7 years.</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\">This appointment is the natural next step for Andy, who has been heavily involved in the IPCC since his appointment as New Zealand government representative to the Panel in 2000.&nbsp; Andy stepped away from this role in 2006 when he headed the Technical Support Unit (TSU) for AR4 Synthesis Report, a position that took him to the UK and India (New Delhi) for two years. The IPCC was the recipient of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\">In the most recent assessment report (AR5), released in 2014, Andy coordinated the IPCC chapter on impacts and adaptation options for Australasia, co-authored the Summary for Policymakers for the full WGII report on impacts and adaptation, and coordinated a major part of the concluding Synthesis Report. All IPCC reports are available at <a href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch\">www.ipcc.ch</a></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\">In his Bureau appointment, Andy will represent Region 5 (South-west Pacific) and Working Group 3: Mitigation (WGIII) for the duration of the AR6 and associated Special Reports, expected to take 5-7 years.&nbsp; Tasks will include supporting the Panel, IPCC Chair and co-chairs of WGIII to deliver its AR6 by providing scientific advice on the scope of reports, nomination and selection of authors and other scientific and procedural advice.</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Dr Harry Clark, NZAGRC Director notes that Andy&rsquo;s involvement as representative for the region, which includes Asian rim and Pacific nations, is an accolade of Andy&rsquo;s personal commitment and knowledge of greenhouse gases mitigation and adaptation research and policy. His continued involvement in the IPCC Assessment Reports provides a continuity of focus and commitment to increasing knowledge and awareness of the potential impacts of climate change.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"ipcc.html\">About the IPCC</a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"ipccbureau.html\">About the IPCC Bureau </a></p>', 'Dr Andy Reisinger, Deputy Director (International) has been appointed as a member of the IPCC Bureau to provide guidance to the 195 country governments represented in the IPCC on scientific aspects and process for delivering a sixth assessment report (AR6) and a series of Special Reports over the next 7 years.\r\nThis appointment is the natural next step for Andy, who has been heavily involved in the IPCC since his appointment as New Zealand government representative to the Panel in 2000.  Andy stepped away from this role in 2006 when he headed the Technical Support Unit (TSU) for AR4 Synthesis Report, a position that took him to the UK and India (New Delhi) for two years. The IPCC was the recipient of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.\r\nIn the most recent assessment report (AR5), released in 2014, Andy coordinated the IPCC chapter on impacts and adaptation options for Australasia, co-authored the Summary for Policymakers for the full WGII report on impacts and adaptation, and coordinated a major part of the concluding Synthesis Report. All IPCC reports are available at www.ipcc.ch\r\nIn his Bureau appointment, Andy will represent Region 5 (South-west Pacific) and Working Group 3: Mitigation (WGIII) for the duration of the AR6 and associated Special Reports, expected to take 5-7 years.  Tasks will include supporting the Panel, IPCC Chair and co-chairs of WGIII to deliver its AR6 by providing scientific advice on the scope of reports, nomination and selection of authors and other scientific and procedural advice.\r\nDr Harry Clark, NZAGRC Director notes that Andy’s involvement as representative for the region, which includes Asian rim and Pacific nations, is an accolade of Andy’s personal commitment and knowledge of greenhouse gases mitigation and adaptation research and policy. His continued involvement in the IPCC Assessment Reports provides a continuity of focus and commitment to increasing knowledge and awareness of the potential impacts of climate change.\r\nAbout the IPCC\r\nAbout the IPCC Bureau', '', '', '', '', '2015-11-24', '2015-11-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '109', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(174, '', 'Annual Report 2014', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><a href=\"http://http//www.nzagrc.org.nz/annualreport,listing,174,annual-report-2014.html\"><span class=\"mix_file\">More information</span></a></p>', 'More information', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-27', '2015-03-27', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '373', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(291, '', 'Sheep & Beef work to identifying strategies to reduce GHGs', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC team are working with two B+LNZ monitor farms. The farms now have substantial, robust data and baseline farm systems models which demonstrate the extent to which the key management decisions and efficiency drivers impact on current emissions intensity. The farms are at very different points in development cycle, so provide useful perspectives for informing the wider industry.</p>\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\">Practice-change scenarios have been modelled to predict emissions intensity for Onetai station, a coastal sheep and beef farm in the King country. Scenarios incorporating increased fertiliser use and finishing more stock on farm have predicted a 20 to 38% improvement in emissions intensity is possible.</p>\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\">Scenarios modelled for Highlands (South Canterbury) monitor farm demonstrate the potential for a win-win solution when the area sown in Lucerne and Tall Fescue is increased. This enables more lambs to be finished earlier and results in a large a large effect on lowering emissions intensity. This scenario is assessed as being readily adoptable by farmers.</p>\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><a href=\"sheep-beef-farm-emissions.html\">Read more about this work</a></p>', 'The NZAGRC team are working with two B+LNZ monitor farms. The farms now have substantial, robust data and baseline farm systems models which demonstrate the extent to which the key management decisions and efficiency drivers impact on current emissions intensity. The farms are at very different points in development cycle, so provide useful perspectives for informing the wider industry.\r\nPractice-change scenarios have been modelled to predict emissions intensity for Onetai station, a coastal sheep and beef farm in the King country. Scenarios incorporating increased fertiliser use and finishing more stock on farm have predicted a 20 to 38% improvement in emissions intensity is possible.\r\nScenarios modelled for Highlands (South Canterbury) monitor farm demonstrate the potential for a win-win solution when the area sown in Lucerne and Tall Fescue is increased. This enables more lambs to be finished earlier and results in a large a large effect on lowering emissions intensity. This scenario is assessed as being readily adoptable by farmers.\r\nRead more about this work', '', '', '', '', '2016-09-01', '2017-05-18', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '287', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(177, '', 'Reducing New Zealand\'s agricultural emissions: What we are doing (Edition 2)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>This publication provides an overview of the GHG mitigation work been undertaken in New Zealand.</p>', 'This publication provides an overview of the GHG mitigation work been undertaken in New Zealand.', '', '', '', '', '2015-04-28', '2015-04-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '328', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(178, '', 'Media Release: 27 April 2015', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nNew Zealand scientists have identified animal-safe compounds that can reduce methane emissions from sheep &#38; cattle by up to 90 per cent. The announcement was made today by Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGgRc) Chairman and New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) Steering Group member Rick Pridmore.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;<span class=\"mix_file\"><a href=\"user/file/844/NZAGRC-PGgRc_MR_150427.pdf\" title=\"Read more\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" border=\"0\" alt=\"pdf\" vspace=\"1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absMiddle\" /> Read more</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%\">(0.28MB)</span></span>&#160;<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'New Zealand scientists have identified animal-safe compounds that can reduce methane emissions from sheep & cattle by up to 90 per cent. The announcement was made today by Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGgRc) Chairman and New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) Steering Group member Rick Pridmore.\r\n\r\n\r\n  Read more (0.28MB)', '', '', '', '', '2015-04-27', '2015-04-29', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '328', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(179, '', 'Professor Sir Peter Gluckman addresses conference', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nThe PMCSA addressed the NZ Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Conference in Palmerston North on 28 April 2015. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Sir Peter Gluckman provided an introductory session&#160;to the conference which included presentations covering domestic policy, international climate change and mitigation response and overviews of New Zealand&#39;s science programme. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNote: where PGGRC is noted in the speech notes, this should be read to include NZAGRC-PGgRc, as joint programme lead organisations. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"http://www.pmcsa.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZ-Agri_Greenhouse-Gas_April-28-2015.pdf\">http://www.pmcsa.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZ-Agri_Greenhouse-Gas_April-28-2015.pdf</a>\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The PMCSA addressed the NZ Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Conference in Palmerston North on 28 April 2015. \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Sir Peter Gluckman provided an introductory session to the conference which included presentations covering domestic policy, international climate change and mitigation response and overviews of New Zealand&#39;s science programme. \r\n\r\n\r\nNote: where PGGRC is noted in the speech notes, this should be read to include NZAGRC-PGgRc, as joint programme lead organisations. \r\n\r\n\r\nhttp://www.pmcsa.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZ-Agri_Greenhouse-Gas_April-28-2015.pdf', '', '', '', '', '2015-04-29', '2015-04-29', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '374', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(180, '', '1615 Robyn Dynes, Principal Scientist (AgResearch) ', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nFollowing on from earlier conclusions that we shouldn&#39;t look at different aspects of a system in isolation, Robyn outlined her team&#39;s plans for studying the &quot;business unit of New Zealand farming&quot; - the whole farm. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe programme will build onto existing initiatives in the dairy and sheep and beef sectors to understand the impact of current practices on emissions intensity and to identify the win:wins.  \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nA lot of modelling has been done in the past and now is the time to translate this into on-farm measurement and dialogue with the farmers involved. Previous work has demonstrated that there are some farmers that have significantly lower GHG emissions intensities (and sometimes even absolute emissions) than others.  \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe efficient farms also tend to have higher profit margins.  \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe challenge is to see whether theory and practice align, and if not, why not? The team has just started taking measurements, is enthusiastic about the new programme and looks forward to sharing its findings in the future. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"user/file/859/13_Dynes_1615_revised.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/file/859/13_Dynes_16... - link will open in a new window\">Download presentation</a>&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Following on from earlier conclusions that we shouldn&#39;t look at different aspects of a system in isolation, Robyn outlined her team&#39;s plans for studying the &quot;business unit of New Zealand farming&quot; - the whole farm. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe programme will build onto existing initiatives in the dairy and sheep and beef sectors to understand the impact of current practices on emissions intensity and to identify the win:wins.  \r\n\r\n\r\nA lot of modelling has been done in the past and now is the time to translate this into on-farm measurement and dialogue with the farmers involved. Previous work has demonstrated that there are some farmers that have significantly lower GHG emissions intensities (and sometimes even absolute emissions) than others.  \r\n\r\n\r\nThe efficient farms also tend to have higher profit margins.  \r\n\r\n\r\nThe challenge is to see whether theory and practice align, and if not, why not? The team has just started taking measurements, is enthusiastic about the new programme and looks forward to sharing its findings in the future. \r\n\r\n\r\nDownload presentation', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '375', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(182, '', '1525 Frank Kelliher, Principal Scientist (AgResearch) & Professor (Lincoln University)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nFrank&#39;s presentation covered the New Zealand work on soil carbon. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nHe explained the concept that, like planting trees, increasing soil carbon stocks can &#8220;offset&#8221; greenhouse gas emissions and that if New Zealand could increase soil carbon stocks by 1 tonne of carbon per hectare over 1 million hectares, this could offset the rise in greenhouse gases since 1990. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFrank also pointed out that, like trees, soil carbon can take decades to accumulate but this gain can be reversed quickly if land-management practices change again. Additionally it is difficult to measure and often &#8220;you don&#8217;t know what you&#8217;ve got until it&#8217;s gone&#8221;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nResearch into the New Zealand soil carbon situation has shown that although soil carbon stocks are high in many areas of New Zealand, there is strong evidence that more soil carbon could be stored.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nHow can this be achieved? \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe team is running a major field trial at Troughton farm that is looking at farm management practices and determining the effects on soil carbon. Preliminary data suggests that pasture renewal depletes soil carbon, but that the lost soil carbon is &#8216;restored&#8217; within about a year. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPasture diversity also appears to increase soil carbon levels. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAdditionally, modelling indicates that supplementary feeding may increase soil carbon levels as more carbon is being applied to the soil via excreta. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe effects of irrigation on soil carbon stocks are uncertain currently.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"user/file/850/11_KelliherSoilC28April2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/file/850/11_Kelliher... - link will open in a new window\">Download presentation</a>&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Frank&#39;s presentation covered the New Zealand work on soil carbon. \r\n\r\n\r\nHe explained the concept that, like planting trees, increasing soil carbon stocks can “offset” greenhouse gas emissions and that if New Zealand could increase soil carbon stocks by 1 tonne of carbon per hectare over 1 million hectares, this could offset the rise in greenhouse gases since 1990. \r\n\r\n\r\nFrank also pointed out that, like trees, soil carbon can take decades to accumulate but this gain can be reversed quickly if land-management practices change again. Additionally it is difficult to measure and often “you don’t know what you’ve got until it’s gone”. \r\n\r\n\r\nResearch into the New Zealand soil carbon situation has shown that although soil carbon stocks are high in many areas of New Zealand, there is strong evidence that more soil carbon could be stored.\r\n\r\n\r\nHow can this be achieved? \r\n\r\n\r\nThe team is running a major field trial at Troughton farm that is looking at farm management practices and determining the effects on soil carbon. Preliminary data suggests that pasture renewal depletes soil carbon, but that the lost soil carbon is ‘restored’ within about a year. \r\n\r\n\r\nPasture diversity also appears to increase soil carbon levels. \r\n\r\n\r\nAdditionally, modelling indicates that supplementary feeding may increase soil carbon levels as more carbon is being applied to the soil via excreta. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe effects of irrigation on soil carbon stocks are uncertain currently.\r\n\r\n\r\nDownload presentation', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '377', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(181, '', '1550 Keith Goulding (Rothamsted Research, UK)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nKeith provided an international perspective on nitrous oxide and soil&#160;carbon research. With respect to N2O, he highlighted work on investigating the genes related to&#160;nitrous oxide&#160;emissions and noted that there is one clear message for reducing nitrous oxide, avoid excess nitrogen. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe IPCC has recently indicated that biochar may have a part to play in reducing agricultural GHGs and a number of research groups are searching for natural nitrification inhibitors. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nKeith indicated that soil&#160;carbon needs to be considered carefully. Data were published that could be interpreted to imply that grasslands could continue to sequester carbon indefinitely. However, this has been refuted and there is agreement that for a specific system there is an upper limit for carbon, and he noted the interesting work in New Zealand&#160;in this area. t been proven yet, but it appears that the deeper roots also reduce run off significantly and thus could offer multiple benefits. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nKeith concluded with a warning that too much emphasis on soil&#160;carbon sequestration could risk taking our eyes off more important climate change threats, such as land clearance and wetland drainage. He also stressed that our priorities should be promotion of good land stewardship and integrated solutions that consider the whole system and do not merely &#8220;pollution swap&#8221;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"user/file/849/12_Goulding_1550_International%20perspectives.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/file/849/12_Goulding... - link will open in a new window\">Download presentation</a>&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Keith provided an international perspective on nitrous oxide and soil carbon research. With respect to N2O, he highlighted work on investigating the genes related to nitrous oxide emissions and noted that there is one clear message for reducing nitrous oxide, avoid excess nitrogen. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe IPCC has recently indicated that biochar may have a part to play in reducing agricultural GHGs and a number of research groups are searching for natural nitrification inhibitors. \r\n\r\n\r\nKeith indicated that soil carbon needs to be considered carefully. Data were published that could be interpreted to imply that grasslands could continue to sequester carbon indefinitely. However, this has been refuted and there is agreement that for a specific system there is an upper limit for carbon, and he noted the interesting work in New Zealand in this area. t been proven yet, but it appears that the deeper roots also reduce run off significantly and thus could offer multiple benefits. \r\n\r\n\r\nKeith concluded with a warning that too much emphasis on soil carbon sequestration could risk taking our eyes off more important climate change threats, such as land clearance and wetland drainage. He also stressed that our priorities should be promotion of good land stewardship and integrated solutions that consider the whole system and do not merely “pollution swap”. \r\n\r\n\r\nDownload presentation', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '376', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(183, '', '1430 Cecile de Klein, Principal Scientist (AgResearch)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nCecile provided an overview of the nitrous oxide research being conducted in New Zealand, with a focus on plant and animal interventions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nCecile reminded the audience that animal urine is by far the largest source of nitrogen in the New Zealand farming system and that there are a number of key intervention points in the nitrogen cycle to target when trying to reduce nitrous oxide. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNitrate leaching is also a big issue, so any technology or intervention to reduce nitrous oxide emissions needs to be win:win with respect to leaching. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nCecile outlined three options for reducing nitrous oxide: \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n1) reduce nitrogen excretion;<br />\r\n2) increase nitrogen uptake by plants; and <br />\r\n3) influence the plant effects on soil nitrogen processes. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nStarting with number three, New Zealand researchers are investigating the effects of pasture species and cultivars on nitrous oxide emissions. They have shown variability in pot trials and larger field trials are now underway. Researchers are also studying the effects of brassicas on nitrous oxide emissions and effects of diet on animal urine composition. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFor number 2, it appears that planting Italian Ryegrass, which continues to grow in the colder months of the year may have some benefits.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nWhen looking at reducing nitrogen excretion per urination, it appears that the quantity of nitrogen applied seems to be more important that the species that it is being applied to. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe knowledge that we already have about &quot;high risk&quot; times for nitrous oxide emissions, urine being deposited under wet weather conditions with high pasture damage, is being incorporated into on-farm decision management tools. These may be helpful to farmers, but they will need to be able to assess the state of their paddocks easily. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nWith respect to irrigation, it appears that if grazing is delayed until 6 days after irrigation, nitrous oxide emissions can be reduced by ~40%. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nResearchers continue to investigate win:win solutions and are working closely across organisations and programmes to achieve this.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"user/file/851/10_DeKlein_1430_NZAGRC%20conference%202015_New%20Zealand%3Fs%20nitrous%20oxide%20research_for%20circulation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/file/851/10_DeKlein_... - link will open in a new window\">Download presentation</a>\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Cecile provided an overview of the nitrous oxide research being conducted in New Zealand, with a focus on plant and animal interventions. \r\n\r\n\r\nCecile reminded the audience that animal urine is by far the largest source of nitrogen in the New Zealand farming system and that there are a number of key intervention points in the nitrogen cycle to target when trying to reduce nitrous oxide. \r\n\r\n\r\nNitrate leaching is also a big issue, so any technology or intervention to reduce nitrous oxide emissions needs to be win:win with respect to leaching. \r\n\r\n\r\nCecile outlined three options for reducing nitrous oxide: \r\n\r\n\r\n1) reduce nitrogen excretion;\r\n2) increase nitrogen uptake by plants; and \r\n3) influence the plant effects on soil nitrogen processes. \r\n\r\n\r\nStarting with number three, New Zealand researchers are investigating the effects of pasture species and cultivars on nitrous oxide emissions. They have shown variability in pot trials and larger field trials are now underway. Researchers are also studying the effects of brassicas on nitrous oxide emissions and effects of diet on animal urine composition. \r\n\r\n\r\nFor number 2, it appears that planting Italian Ryegrass, which continues to grow in the colder months of the year may have some benefits.\r\n\r\n\r\nWhen looking at reducing nitrogen excretion per urination, it appears that the quantity of nitrogen applied seems to be more important that the species that it is being applied to. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe knowledge that we already have about &quot;high risk&quot; times for nitrous oxide emissions, urine being deposited under wet weather conditions with high pasture damage, is being incorporated into on-farm decision management tools. These may be helpful to farmers, but they will need to be able to assess the state of their paddocks easily. \r\n\r\n\r\nWith respect to irrigation, it appears that if grazing is delayed until 6 days after irrigation, nitrous oxide emissions can be reduced by ~40%. \r\n\r\n\r\nResearchers continue to investigate win:win solutions and are working closely across organisations and programmes to achieve this.\r\n\r\n\r\nDownload presentation', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '378', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(184, '', '1405 Tim McAllister, Principal Scientist at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nTim presented an international perspective on the methane research being conducted globally.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThere is research being conducted to investigate both:\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n(i) technologies to reduce emissions and<br />\r\nii) ways to increase efficiency across the globe. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nIt appears that New Zealand has one of the most focused and coordinated programmes.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nTim then focused on a couple of the more promising strategies including the methane inhibitor, 3-NOP, being developed by DSM Nutritional Products in Switzerland. This feed additive has shown a 60% reduction in methane when mixed with feed, but has to be fed continuously to achieve this reduction. The company are currently looking for any associated productivity changes that may be attractive to farmers. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNitrate is also being investigated as a feed additive. This has the potential to be toxic if fed in high quantities, therefore scientists are looking into possible encapsulated formulations to ensure slow release of the product. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProbiotics are also an interesting area of research, with more studies required. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nTim concluded his talk by indicating that there is still a lot to learn about the microbes in the rumen and what they are actually doing. Maybe we need to rewrite some of the textbooks based on new data that is emerging? \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nHe also proposed a suitable definition for sustainability: \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<em>Sustainability: when everyone is happy.</em>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nGreenhouse gas emissions are just one part of the whole picture of environmental, social and economic factors when it comes to &#8220;sustainable&#8221; future agriculture.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"user/file/852/09_McAllister_1405_revised.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/file/852/09_McAllist... - link will open in a new window\">Download presentation</a>&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Tim presented an international perspective on the methane research being conducted globally.\r\n\r\n\r\nThere is research being conducted to investigate both:\r\n\r\n\r\n(i) technologies to reduce emissions and\r\nii) ways to increase efficiency across the globe. \r\n\r\n\r\nIt appears that New Zealand has one of the most focused and coordinated programmes.\r\n\r\n\r\nTim then focused on a couple of the more promising strategies including the methane inhibitor, 3-NOP, being developed by DSM Nutritional Products in Switzerland. This feed additive has shown a 60% reduction in methane when mixed with feed, but has to be fed continuously to achieve this reduction. The company are currently looking for any associated productivity changes that may be attractive to farmers. \r\n\r\n\r\nNitrate is also being investigated as a feed additive. This has the potential to be toxic if fed in high quantities, therefore scientists are looking into possible encapsulated formulations to ensure slow release of the product. \r\n\r\n\r\nProbiotics are also an interesting area of research, with more studies required. \r\n\r\n\r\nTim concluded his talk by indicating that there is still a lot to learn about the microbes in the rumen and what they are actually doing. Maybe we need to rewrite some of the textbooks based on new data that is emerging? \r\n\r\n\r\nHe also proposed a suitable definition for sustainability: \r\n\r\n\r\nSustainability: when everyone is happy.\r\n\r\n\r\nGreenhouse gas emissions are just one part of the whole picture of environmental, social and economic factors when it comes to “sustainable” future agriculture.\r\n\r\n\r\nDownload presentation', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '379', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(185, '', '1340 John McEwan, Principal Scientist (AgResearch)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nJohn provided further detail about the low methane emitting sheep breeding programme. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThere is excellent rationale for this strategy given that for most farmed species (plants and animals) genetics contributes around 50% of the farm system economic improvement. Genetic change is also extremely low cost, permanent and cumulative. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe programme has established low and high emitting sheep lines and studied them intensely. The data shows that methane emissions from the low emitters are heritable and repeatable, with the low emitting sheep having similar or higher productivity, smaller rumens, different rumen microbial communities and lower VFA concentrations in the rumen. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe programme has also investigated different options for measuring animal methane emissions, given than the respiration chamber method is time consuming and expensive. Alternative cheaper and more flexible options have been identified.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe next step for this work is to investigate how best to incorporate the low greenhouse gas trait into the New Zealand sheep industry breeding programmes. The science team will then work on transferring their learnings to dairy cattle and deer.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"user/file/853/08_McEwan_1340%20edited.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/file/853/08_McEwan_1... - link will open in a new window\">Download presentation</a>&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'John provided further detail about the low methane emitting sheep breeding programme. \r\n\r\n\r\nThere is excellent rationale for this strategy given that for most farmed species (plants and animals) genetics contributes around 50% of the farm system economic improvement. Genetic change is also extremely low cost, permanent and cumulative. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe programme has established low and high emitting sheep lines and studied them intensely. The data shows that methane emissions from the low emitters are heritable and repeatable, with the low emitting sheep having similar or higher productivity, smaller rumens, different rumen microbial communities and lower VFA concentrations in the rumen. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe programme has also investigated different options for measuring animal methane emissions, given than the respiration chamber method is time consuming and expensive. Alternative cheaper and more flexible options have been identified.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe next step for this work is to investigate how best to incorporate the low greenhouse gas trait into the New Zealand sheep industry breeding programmes. The science team will then work on transferring their learnings to dairy cattle and deer.\r\n\r\n\r\nDownload presentation', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '381', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(186, '', '1315 Peter Janssen, Principal Scientist (AgResearch)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nPeter gave an interesting overview of how ruminants produce methane and the strategies that are being investigated for reducing, or even eliminating, this methane. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFeeds which lead to reduced methane production have been studied and the science team now have a fairly good understanding of why feeding brassicas lowers methane emissions. It is due to changes in the rumen bacterial community. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nBreeding for low methane animals is also progressing well and a number of reasons for the differences in emissions have been discovered. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nVaccine and inhibitor development involves in-depth knowledge of the rumen methanogens in order to decide how to target and knock them out. Genomic studies have aided this work and also investigating rumen contents from around the world has helped to identify the prime candidates. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe vaccine and inhibitor programmes are currently in the midst of animal trials and, given recent positive results, the teams are hopeful that proof of concept will be established very soon.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"media.html\">See more about the&#160;progress in the inhibitors programme</a>&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Peter gave an interesting overview of how ruminants produce methane and the strategies that are being investigated for reducing, or even eliminating, this methane. \r\n\r\n\r\nFeeds which lead to reduced methane production have been studied and the science team now have a fairly good understanding of why feeding brassicas lowers methane emissions. It is due to changes in the rumen bacterial community. \r\n\r\n\r\nBreeding for low methane animals is also progressing well and a number of reasons for the differences in emissions have been discovered. \r\n\r\n\r\nVaccine and inhibitor development involves in-depth knowledge of the rumen methanogens in order to decide how to target and knock them out. Genomic studies have aided this work and also investigating rumen contents from around the world has helped to identify the prime candidates. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe vaccine and inhibitor programmes are currently in the midst of animal trials and, given recent positive results, the teams are hopeful that proof of concept will be established very soon.\r\n\r\n\r\nSee more about the progress in the inhibitors programme', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '382', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(187, '', '1150 Pete Smith, Professor of Soils & Global Change (Aberdeen University, UK)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nPete spoke on managing the demand for food in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nHe demonstrated that despite policies and global agreements, greenhouse gas emissions are still increasing and that agriculture, forestry and other land-use accounts for about a quarter of these. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nOver the past decade, agricultural emissions have increased but emissions intensity has decreased, primarily as Pete states because &#8220;we are getting better at doing agriculture&#8221;. However, the data shows clearly that there are big differences in the greenhouse gas intensities related to the production of different foods. The emissions from the production of meat, and growing vegetables out of season in glasshouses, are significantly higher than those from producing pulses for example. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nConsidering the demand side of the equation, and modelling what would happen to total agricultural greenhouse gas emissions if there were significant dietary changes, is a growing area of research with a number of recent high profile papers. These all indicate that fewer animal products in global diets would allow everyone to be fed, and leave more land available for energy and nature conservation. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPete indicated that current practices need reform and relying exclusively on sustainable intensification will still not reduce greenhouse gases to the extent required. It will not be easy to encourage demand side changes for a whole raft of reasons, but it is something which is becoming a more mainstream issue. It&#8217;s important to remember that social norms have changed significantly in living memory and that they can change again. It is possible that New Zealand has an opportunity to provide high-quality, grass fed meat to fill a niche for a future society which eats meat as a more occasional, luxury, high premium treat.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPete&#39;s presentation gave much food for thought...\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"user/file/854/06_Smith_1150.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/file/854/06_Smith_11... - link will open in a new window\">Download presentation</a>&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Pete spoke on managing the demand for food in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n\r\n\r\nHe demonstrated that despite policies and global agreements, greenhouse gas emissions are still increasing and that agriculture, forestry and other land-use accounts for about a quarter of these. \r\n\r\n\r\nOver the past decade, agricultural emissions have increased but emissions intensity has decreased, primarily as Pete states because “we are getting better at doing agriculture”. However, the data shows clearly that there are big differences in the greenhouse gas intensities related to the production of different foods. The emissions from the production of meat, and growing vegetables out of season in glasshouses, are significantly higher than those from producing pulses for example. \r\n\r\n\r\nConsidering the demand side of the equation, and modelling what would happen to total agricultural greenhouse gas emissions if there were significant dietary changes, is a growing area of research with a number of recent high profile papers. These all indicate that fewer animal products in global diets would allow everyone to be fed, and leave more land available for energy and nature conservation. \r\n\r\n\r\nPete indicated that current practices need reform and relying exclusively on sustainable intensification will still not reduce greenhouse gases to the extent required. It will not be easy to encourage demand side changes for a whole raft of reasons, but it is something which is becoming a more mainstream issue. It’s important to remember that social norms have changed significantly in living memory and that they can change again. It is possible that New Zealand has an opportunity to provide high-quality, grass fed meat to fill a niche for a future society which eats meat as a more occasional, luxury, high premium treat.\r\n\r\n\r\nPete&#39;s presentation gave much food for thought...\r\n\r\n\r\nDownload presentation', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '383', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(188, '', '1115 Rick Pridmore, Strategy and Investment Leader for Sustainability (DairyNZ)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Rick provided the conference delegates with an overview of the New Zealand investment landscape for reducing agricultural greenhouse gases.</p>\r\n<p>He highlighted that New Zealand is putting in a great deal of effort into reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and conducting top class science, which in many areas is nearing proof of concept.</p>\r\n<p>Rick also emphasised that there are a significant number of funders in this area covering government, industry, the universities and CRIs.</p>\r\n<p>At the research end, the plans and investment are fairly coordinated, mainly due to the actions of the NZAGRC and PGgRc, however at the applied end there is room for improvement. This is primarily due to the fact that there are many issues to be considered on-farm and greenhouse gas emissions are just one of the factors in the mix.</p>\r\n<p>New Zealand farm greenhouse gas emissions intensity has been decreasing at approximately 1% per year due to increased efficiency and the goal is to keep this rate going into the future, but on top of that, reduce emissions intensity by a further 1.5% per year by additional technological options. This 1.5% may be achieved by step changes between 2020 and 2050, rather than a gradual decline.</p>\r\n<p>Rick outlined the four key research aims of the NZAGRC-PGgRc methane programme:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Animal Selection</li>\r\n<li>Low greenhouse gas Feeds</li>\r\n<li>Vaccine</li>\r\n<li>Inhibitors</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong> Breaking News: </strong>In the last four months, five lead inhibitor compounds have been shown to reduce methane emissions from animals by 30-90%, which is very exciting. Once proof of concept has been firmly established, commercial partners will be sought to take prototype vaccines and inhibitors through into the hands of the farming community. <a href=\"media.html\">See more about this</a>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Rick concluded by pointing out that 10 years ago, the task of reducing agriculture&rsquo;s greenhouse gas emissions seemed enormous, and that we should all be proud that we are nearly there.</p>\r\n<p><a title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/file/855/05_Pridmore... - link will open in a new window\" href=\"user/file/855/05_Pridmore_1125.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Download presentation</a>&nbsp;</p>', 'Rick provided the conference delegates with an overview of the New Zealand investment landscape for reducing agricultural greenhouse gases.\r\nHe highlighted that New Zealand is putting in a great deal of effort into reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and conducting top class science, which in many areas is nearing proof of concept.\r\nRick also emphasised that there are a significant number of funders in this area covering government, industry, the universities and CRIs.\r\nAt the research end, the plans and investment are fairly coordinated, mainly due to the actions of the NZAGRC and PGgRc, however at the applied end there is room for improvement. This is primarily due to the fact that there are many issues to be considered on-farm and greenhouse gas emissions are just one of the factors in the mix.\r\nNew Zealand farm greenhouse gas emissions intensity has been decreasing at approximately 1% per year due to increased efficiency and the goal is to keep this rate going into the future, but on top of that, reduce emissions intensity by a further 1.5% per year by additional technological options. This 1.5% may be achieved by step changes between 2020 and 2050, rather than a gradual decline.\r\nRick outlined the four key research aims of the NZAGRC-PGgRc methane programme:\r\n\r\nAnimal Selection\r\nLow greenhouse gas Feeds\r\nVaccine\r\nInhibitors\r\n\r\n Breaking News: In the last four months, five lead inhibitor compounds have been shown to reduce methane emissions from animals by 30-90%, which is very exciting. Once proof of concept has been firmly established, commercial partners will be sought to take prototype vaccines and inhibitors through into the hands of the farming community. See more about this \r\nRick concluded by pointing out that 10 years ago, the task of reducing agriculture’s greenhouse gas emissions seemed enormous, and that we should all be proud that we are nearly there.\r\nDownload presentation', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '384', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(285, '', 'Climate Change and Generation Zero', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Record global carbon dioxide levels, Generation Zero\'s hopes for a low carbon future and upcoming conference</p>\r\n<p><strong>Listen (external site)</strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Record global carbon dioxide levels, Generation Zero\'s hopes for a low carbon future and upcoming conference\r\nListen (external site)', '', '', '', '', '2017-05-12', '2017-05-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(189, '', '1055 Jo Tyndall, New Zealand\'s Climate Change Ambassador', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Jo provided a fascinating insight into the global political landscape in the GHG and climate change area.</p>\r\n<p>At the end of this year, 40,000 delegates are expected in France and the hope is that a new global agreement will be finalised.</p>\r\n<p>With respect to this new legal agreement, Jo expects that it will be fairly basic. There have been four years debate about the form of the agreement, and it looks as if it will be different from the Kyoto Protocol to ensure it includes all parties. There are likely to be a number of obligations around reporting, but few hard penalties, rather a &ldquo;name and shame&rdquo; approach will be adopted.</p>\r\n<p>It is unlikely that there will be an agriculture section in the agreement, as it is just not a prominent issue for the other developed countries and it is a very sensitive issue for many developing countries. However agriculture may be referenced in order to provide an opening for the future.</p>\r\n<p>At a country level, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) or reduction targets need to be tabled well before the Paris meeting. In many ways, this is being left up to individual countries who will be setting their targets before the &ldquo;rules of the legal game&rdquo; have been finalised. However, countries need to demonstrate that their new INDCs have progressed beyond their previous commitments and the US and China, who account for &gt;50% of global emissions, have already set ambitious targets, which is encouraging to others. There is growing pressure for the remaining big emitters to get their INDCs on the table and New Zealand is aiming to set its target by the mid-June deadline.</p>\r\n<p>Unfortunately, it is highly likely that the targets that are tabled will fall short of the 2&deg;C target. Therefore, there will be a need to set long term pathways. New technologies will be valuable tools in the medium to long term and adaptation planning is likely to become more mainstream.</p>\r\n<p>Overall, Jo concludes that she is optimistic that there will be a new global agreement by the end of 2015.</p>', 'Jo provided a fascinating insight into the global political landscape in the GHG and climate change area.\r\nAt the end of this year, 40,000 delegates are expected in France and the hope is that a new global agreement will be finalised.\r\nWith respect to this new legal agreement, Jo expects that it will be fairly basic. There have been four years debate about the form of the agreement, and it looks as if it will be different from the Kyoto Protocol to ensure it includes all parties. There are likely to be a number of obligations around reporting, but few hard penalties, rather a “name and shame” approach will be adopted.\r\nIt is unlikely that there will be an agriculture section in the agreement, as it is just not a prominent issue for the other developed countries and it is a very sensitive issue for many developing countries. However agriculture may be referenced in order to provide an opening for the future.\r\nAt a country level, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) or reduction targets need to be tabled well before the Paris meeting. In many ways, this is being left up to individual countries who will be setting their targets before the “rules of the legal game” have been finalised. However, countries need to demonstrate that their new INDCs have progressed beyond their previous commitments and the US and China, who account for >50% of global emissions, have already set ambitious targets, which is encouraging to others. There is growing pressure for the remaining big emitters to get their INDCs on the table and New Zealand is aiming to set its target by the mid-June deadline.\r\nUnfortunately, it is highly likely that the targets that are tabled will fall short of the 2°C target. Therefore, there will be a need to set long term pathways. New technologies will be valuable tools in the medium to long term and adaptation planning is likely to become more mainstream.\r\nOverall, Jo concludes that she is optimistic that there will be a new global agreement by the end of 2015.', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '385', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(190, '', '1035 Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director (International)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Andy began with a very clear message that the global community needs to take action now in order to limit warming to two degrees.</p>\r\n<p><em>&ldquo;If agriculture doesn&rsquo;t take any effective action, we would have to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere before 2050 to remain within the 2&deg;C limit.&rdquo;</em></p>\r\n<p>Taking mitigation from the agricultural sector seriously globally would allow just a little more space for global carbon dioxide emissions and keep the 2 degree goal feasible.</p>\r\n<p>Agriculture has already been reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by farming more efficiently, and if best practice were adopted by all farmers, this could make further significant reductions. More efficient farming also reduces emissions per unit of product, however this alone will not decrease total emissions.</p>\r\n<p>New agricultural technologies can be employed to drop emissions, and Andy indicated that these would be covered in later presentations.</p>\r\n<p>Additionally he noted that demand management will need to play a role in meeting the 2&deg;C goal. Reducing the current volume of global food waste (30-40%) and promoting dietary shifts towards grain from meat could provide potentially large gains. This was covered by <a title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/conference,listing,187,11... - link will open in a new window\" href=\"conference,listing,187,1150-pete-smith-professor-of-soils--global-change-aberdeen-university-uk.html\" target=\"_blank\">Professor Pete Smith</a>.</p>\r\n<p><a title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/file/856/03_Reisinge... - link will open in a new window\" href=\"user/file/856/03_Reisinger_1035_NZAGRC2015_template_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Download&nbsp;presentation</a>&nbsp;</p>', 'Andy began with a very clear message that the global community needs to take action now in order to limit warming to two degrees.\r\n“If agriculture doesn’t take any effective action, we would have to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere before 2050 to remain within the 2°C limit.”\r\nTaking mitigation from the agricultural sector seriously globally would allow just a little more space for global carbon dioxide emissions and keep the 2 degree goal feasible.\r\nAgriculture has already been reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by farming more efficiently, and if best practice were adopted by all farmers, this could make further significant reductions. More efficient farming also reduces emissions per unit of product, however this alone will not decrease total emissions.\r\nNew agricultural technologies can be employed to drop emissions, and Andy indicated that these would be covered in later presentations.\r\nAdditionally he noted that demand management will need to play a role in meeting the 2°C goal. Reducing the current volume of global food waste (30-40%) and promoting dietary shifts towards grain from meat could provide potentially large gains. This was covered by Professor Pete Smith.\r\nDownload presentation', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '386', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(191, '', '1015 David Wansbrough, Director Resource Policy (Ministry for Primary Industries) ', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nDavid presented an overview of New Zealand&#8217;s greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 and a breakdown of those from the agricultural sector. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nHe highlighted that the total greenhouse gases have been largely stable since 2005, mainly due to economic factors, and that whilst greenhouse gases have gone up by 21% since 1990, the economy has grown by ~80% in the same time period. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nA notable point is that New Zealand&#8217;s emission profile is significantly different to other Annex 1 countries.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNew Zealand&#8217;s domestic climate change policy is being looked at in 2015 with three objectives: \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n(i) to reduce global emissions;<br />\r\n(ii) encourage responsible economic growth; and<br />\r\n(iii) to adapt to climate and international actions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDavid also spoke about the need to encourage farmers to adopt current best practices and technologies to reduce their emissions and to think about shifting New Zealand agriculture from a production to a value focus.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"user/file/857/02_NZAGRC%20Powerpoint%20David.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/user/file/857/02_NZAGRC%2... - link will open in a new window\">Download presentation</a>&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'David presented an overview of New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 and a breakdown of those from the agricultural sector. \r\n\r\n\r\nHe highlighted that the total greenhouse gases have been largely stable since 2005, mainly due to economic factors, and that whilst greenhouse gases have gone up by 21% since 1990, the economy has grown by ~80% in the same time period. \r\n\r\n\r\nA notable point is that New Zealand’s emission profile is significantly different to other Annex 1 countries.\r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand’s domestic climate change policy is being looked at in 2015 with three objectives: \r\n\r\n\r\n(i) to reduce global emissions;\r\n(ii) encourage responsible economic growth; and\r\n(iii) to adapt to climate and international actions. \r\n\r\n\r\nDavid also spoke about the need to encourage farmers to adopt current best practices and technologies to reduce their emissions and to think about shifting New Zealand agriculture from a production to a value focus.\r\n\r\n\r\nDownload presentation', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '387', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N'),
(192, '', '1000 Sir Professor Peter Gluckman, Prime Minister?s Chief Science Advisor', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nSir Peter opened the conference with a stark reminder that &#8220;while many would prefer not to have to address the challenge of climate change, we do not have that luxury&#8221;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nHe highlighted that it&#8217;s clear that we need to take action and should not put our collective &#8220;heads in the sand&#8221;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nHe indicated that politicians and scientists need to work closely together, with science providing the knowledge required to understand future choices and trade-offs. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#8220;There will be hard choices and science and technology will play a critical role in how, in coming decades, society makes these choices and reaches the essential compromises that protect our social and economic well-being while ensuring that the planet that can support our great-grandchildren.&#8221;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nSee <a href=\"http://http//www.pmcsa.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/NZ-Agri_Greenhouse-Gas_April-28-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://http://www.pmcsa.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/... - link will open in a new window\">Sir Peter Gluckman&#39;s address to the NZ Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Conference</a> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'Sir Peter opened the conference with a stark reminder that “while many would prefer not to have to address the challenge of climate change, we do not have that luxury”. \r\n\r\n\r\nHe highlighted that it’s clear that we need to take action and should not put our collective “heads in the sand”. \r\n\r\n\r\nHe indicated that politicians and scientists need to work closely together, with science providing the knowledge required to understand future choices and trade-offs. \r\n\r\n\r\n“There will be hard choices and science and technology will play a critical role in how, in coming decades, society makes these choices and reaches the essential compromises that protect our social and economic well-being while ensuring that the planet that can support our great-grandchildren.”\r\n\r\n\r\nSee Sir Peter Gluckman&#39;s address to the NZ Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Conference', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '388', NULL, NULL, NULL, '', 4, 'N');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(193, '', 'Science and Policy converge to discuss reducing agriculture?s environmental footprint', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>\r\nOne hundred and thirty greenhouse gas (greenhouse gas) mitigation focussed scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Palmerston North Convention Centre to attend the first joint NZAGRC-PGgRc New Zealand Agricultural greenhouse gas Mitigation Conference. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe day proved an excellent opportunity to reflect on the roles that both science and politics play in the drive to reduce agriculture&#8217;s environmental footprint in the face of climate change, and the progress that we have made.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe day included 13 presentations from New Zealand policy makers, industry representatives, and both international and domestic scientists.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nSir Peter Gluckman, Chief Science Advisor to the Prime Minister of New Zealand, opened the conference with a stark reminder that &#8220;while many would prefer not to have to address the challenge of climate change, we do not have that luxury&#8221;. He highlighted that it&#8217;s clear that we need to take action and should not put our collective &#8220;heads in the sand&#8221;. He indicated that politicians and scientists need to work closely together, with science providing the knowledge required to understand future choices and trade-offs. &#8220;There will be hard choices and science and technology will play a critical role in how, in coming decades, society makes these choices and reaches the essential compromises that protect our social and economic well-being while ensuring that the planet that can support our great-grandchildren.&#8221;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDavid Wansbrough, Director Resource Policy (MPI), presented an overview of New Zealand&#8217;s greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 and a breakdown of those from the agricultural sector. He highlighted that the total greenhouse gasgreenhouse gases have been largely stable since 2005, mainly due to economic factors, and that whilst greenhouse gasgreenhouse gases have gone up by 21% since 1990, the economy has grown by ~80% in the same time period. A notable point is that New Zealand&#8217;s emission profile is significantly different to other Annex 1 countries.. New Zealand&#8217;s domestic climate change policy is being looked at in 2015 with three objectives: (i) to reduce global emissions; (ii) encourage responsible economic growth; and (iii) to adapt to climate and international actions. David also spoke about the need to encourage farmers to adopt current best practices and technologies to reduce their emissions and to think about shifting New Zealand agriculture from a production to a value focus. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nReiterating Sir Gluckman&#8217;s opening comments, Andy Reisinger, Deputy Director (NZAGRC), began with a very clear message that the global community needs to take action now in order to limit warming to two degrees. &#8220;If agriculture doesn&#8217;t take any effective action, we would have to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere before 2050 to remain within the 2&#176;C limit.&#8221; Taking mitigation from the agricultural sector seriously globally would allow just a little more space for global carbon dioxide emissions and keep the 2 degree goal feasible. Agriculture has already been reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by farming more efficiently, and if best practice were adopted by all farmers, this could make further significant reductions. More efficient farming also reduces emissions per unit of product, however this alone will not decrease total emissions. New agricultural technologies can be employed to drop emissions, and Andy indicated that these would be covered in later presentations. Additionally he noted that demand management will need to play a role in meeting the 2&#176;C goal. Reducing the current volume of global food waste (30-40%) and promoting dietary shifts towards grain from meat could provide potentially large gains. This was covered later by Professor Pete Smith.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nJo Tyndall, New Zealand&#8217;s Climate Change Ambassador, provided a fascinating insight into the global political landscape in this area. At the end of this year, 40,000 delegates are expected in France and the hope is that a new global agreement will be finalised. With respect to this new legal agreement, Jo expects that it will be fairly basic. There have been four years debate about the form of the agreement, and it looks as if it will be different from the Kyoto Protocol to ensure it includes all parties. There are likely to be a number of obligations around reporting, but few hard penalties, rather a &#8220;name and shame&#8221; approach will be adopted. It is unlikely that there will be an agriculture section in the agreement, as it is just not a prominent issue for the other developed countries and it is a very sensitive issue for many developing countries. However agriculture may be referenced in order to provide an opening for the future. At a country level, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) or reduction targets, need to be tabled well before the Paris meeting. In many ways, this is being left up to individual countries who will be setting their targets before the &#8220;rules of the legal game&#8221; have been finalised. However, countries need to demonstrate that their new INDCs have progressed beyond their previous commitments and the US and China, who account for &#62;50% of global emissions, have already set ambitious targets, which is encouraging to others. There is growing pressure for the remaining big emitters to get their INDCs on the table and New Zealand is aiming to set its target by the mid-June deadline. Unfortunately, it is highly likely that the targets that are tabled will fall short of the 2&#176;C target. Therefore, there will be a need to set long term pathways. New technologies will be valuable tools in the medium to long term and adaptation planning is likely to become more mainstream. Overall, Jo concludes that she is optimistic that there will be a new global agreement by the end of 2015.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nRick Pridmore, Strategy and Investment Leader for Sustainability (DairyNZ), provided the conference delegates with an overview of the New Zealand investment landscape for reducing agricultural greenhouse gasgreenhouse gases. He highlighted that New Zealand is putting in a great deal of effort into reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and conducting top class science, which in many areas is nearing proof of concept. Rick also emphasised that there are a significant number of funders in this area covering government, industry, the universities and CRIs. At the research end, the plans and investment are fairly coordinated, in main due to the actions of the NZAGRC and PGgRc, however at the applied end there is room for improvement. This is primarily due to the fact that there are many issues to be considered on-farm and greenhouse gas emissions are just one of the factors in the mix. New Zealand farm greenhouse gas emissions intensity has been decreasing at approximately 1% per year due to increased efficiency and the goal is to keep this rate going into the future, but on top of that, reduce emissions intensity by a further 1.5% per year by additional technological options. This 1.5% may be achieved by step changes between 2020 and 2050, rather than a gradual decline. Rick then outlined the four key research aims of the NZAGRC-PGgRc methane programme: Animal Selection; Low greenhouse gas Feeds; Vaccine; and Inhibitors. In the last four months, 5 lead inhibitor compounds have been shown to reduce methane emissions from animals by 30-90%, which is very exciting. Once proof of concept has been firmly established, commercial partners will be sought to take prototype vaccines and inhibitors through into the hands of the farming community. Rick concluded by pointing out that 10 years ago, the task of reducing agriculture&#8217;s greenhouse gas emissions seemed enormous, and that we should all be proud that we are nearly there. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPete Smith, Professor of Soils &#38; Global Change at Aberdeen University, then spoke on managing the demand for food in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. He clearly demonstrated that despite policies and global agreements, greenhouse gas emissions are still increasing and that agriculture, forestry and other land-use accounts for about a quarter of these. Over the past decade, agricultural emissions have increased but emissions intensity has decreased, primarily as Pete states because &#8220;we are getting better at doing agriculture&#8221;. However, the data shows clearly that there are big differences in the greenhouse gas intensities related to the production of different foods. The emissions from the production of meat, and growing vegetables out of season in glasshouses, are significantly higher than those from producing pulses for example. Considering the demand side of the equation, and modelling what would happen to total agricultural greenhouse gas emissions if there were significant dietary changes, is a growing area of research with a number of recent high profile papers. These all indicate that fewer animal products in global diets would allow everyone to be fed, and leave more land available for energy and nature conservation. Pete indicated that current practices need reform and relying exclusively on sustainable intensification will still not reduce greenhouse gases to the extent required. It will not be easy to encourage demand side changes for a whole raft of reasons, but it is something which is becoming a more mainstream issue. It&#8217;s important to remember that social norms have changed significantly in living memory and that they can change again. It is possible that New Zealand has an opportunity to provide high-quality, grass fed meat to fill a niche for a future society which eats meat as a more occasional, luxury, high premium treat.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPete&#8217;s talk gave much food for thought and the opportunity for many interesting discussions over the lunch break. Following the break, the presentations delved into the science currently underway in more detail.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nPeter Janssen, Principal Scientist (AgResearch), gave an interesting overview of how ruminants produce methane and the strategies that are being investigated for reducing, or even eliminating, this methane. Feeds which lead to reduced methane production have been studied and the science team now have a fairly good understanding of why feeding brassicas lowers methane emissions. It is due to changes in the rumen bacterial community. Breeding for low methane animals is also progressing well and a number of reasons for the differences in emissions have been discovered. Vaccine and inhibitor development involves in-depth knowledge of the rumen methanogens in order to decide how to target and knock them out. Genomic studies have aided this work and also investigating rumen contents from around the world has helped to identify the prime candidates. The vaccine and inhibitor programmes are currently in the midst of animal trials and, given recent positive results, the teams are hopeful that proof of concept will be established very soon.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nJohn McEwan, Principal Scientist (AgResearch), then provided further detail about the low methane emitting sheep breeding programme. There is excellent rationale for this strategy given that for most farmed species (plants and animals) genetics contributes around 50% of the farm system economic improvement. Genetic change is also extremely low cost, permanent and cumulative. The programme has established low and high emitting sheep lines and studied them intensely. The data shows that methane emissions from the low emitters are heritable and repeatable, with the low emitting sheep having similar or higher productivity, smaller rumens, different rumen microbial communities and lower VFA concentrations in the rumen. The programme has also investigated different options for measuring animal methane emissions, given than the respiration chamber method is time consuming and expensive. Alternative cheaper and more flexible options have been identified. The next step for this work is to investigate how best to incorporate the low greenhouse gas trait into the New Zealand sheep industry breeding programmes. The science team will then work on transferring their learnings to dairy cattle and deer.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nTim McAllister, Principal Scientist at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, presented an international perspective on the methane research being conducted globally. There is research being conducted to investigate both (i) technologies to reduce emissions and (ii) ways to increase efficiency across the globe. It appears that New Zealand has one of the most focused and coordinated programmes. Tim then focussed on a couple of the more promising strategies including the methane inhibitor, 3-NOP, being developed by DSM Nutritional Products in Switzerland. This feed additive has shown a 60% reduction in methane when mixed with feed, but has to be fed continuously to achieve this reduction. The company are currently looking for any associated productivity changes that may be attractive to farmers. Nitrate is also being investigated as a feed additive. This has the potential to be toxic if fed in high quantities, therefore scientists are looking into possible encapsulated formulations to ensure slow release of the product. Probiotics are also an interesting area of research, with more studies required. Tim concluded his talk by indicating that there is still a lot to learn about the microbes in the rumen and what they are actually doing. Maybe we need to rewrite some of the textbooks based on new data that is emerging. He also proposed a suitable definition for sustainability &#8211; &#8220;when everyone is happy&#8221;. Greenhouse gas emissions are just one part of the whole picture of environmental, social and economic factors when it comes to &#8220;sustainable&#8221; future agriculture.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nCecile de Klein, Principal Scientist (AgResearch), provided an overview of the nitrous oxide (nitrous oxide) research being conducted in New Zealand, with a focus on plant and animal interventions. She reminded the audience that animal urine is by far the largest source of nitrogen in the New Zealand farming system and that there are a number of key &#8220;intervention points&#8221; in the nitrogen cycle to target when trying to reduce nitrous oxide. Nitrate leaching is also a big issue, so any technology or intervention to reduce nitrous oxide emissions needs to be win:win with respect to leaching. Cecile outlined three options for reducing nitrous oxide: (1) reduce nitrogen excretion; (2) increase nitrogen uptake by plants; and (3) influence the plant effects on soil nitrogen processes. Starting with number three, New Zealand researchers are investigating the effects of pasture species and cultivars on nitrous oxide emissions. They have shown variability in pot trials and larger field trials are now underway. Researchers are also studying the effects of brassicas on nitrous oxide emissions and effects of diet on animal urine composition. For number 2, it appears that planting Italian Ryegrass, which continues to grow in the colder months of the year may have some benefits. When looking at reducing nitrogen excretion per urination, it appears that the quantity of nitrogen applied seems to be more important that the species that it is being applied to. The knowledge that we already have about &#8220;high risk&#8221; times for nitrous oxide emissions, urine being deposited under wet weather conditions with high pasture damage, is being incorporated into on-farm decision management tools. These may be helpful to farmers, but they will need to be able to assess the state of their paddocks easily. With respect to irrigation, it appears that if grazing is delayed until 6 days after irrigation, nitrous oxide emissions can be reduced by ~40%. Researchers continue to investigate win:win solutions and are working closely across organisations and programmes to achieve this.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nFrank Kelliher, Principal Scientist (AgResearch) and Professor (Lincoln University), covered the New Zealand work on soil carbon. He explained the concept that, like planting trees, increasing soil carbon stocks can &#8220;offset&#8221; greenhouse gas emissions and that if New Zealand could increase soil carbon stocks by 1 t of carbon/ha over 1 million ha, this could offset the rise in greenhouse gasgreenhouse gases since 1990. He also pointed out though, like trees, soil carbon can take decades to accumulate but this gain can be reversed quickly if land-management practices change again. Additionally it is difficult to measure and often &#8220;you don&#8217;t know what you&#8217;ve got until it&#8217;s gone&#8221;. Research into the New Zealand soil carbon situation has shown that although soil carbon stocks are high in many areas of New Zealand, there is strong evidence that more soil carbon could be stored. How can this be achieved? The team is running a major field trial at Troughton farm that is looking at farm management practices and determining the effects on soil carbon. Preliminary data suggests that pasture renewal depletes soil carbon, but that the lost soil carbon is &#8216;restored&#8217; within about a year. Pasture diversity also appears to increase soil carbon levels. Additionally, modelling indicates that supplementary feeding may increase soil carbon levels as more carbon is being applied to the soil via excreta. The effects of irrigation on soil carbon stocks are uncertain currently. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nKeith Goulding, Professor (Rothamsted Research, UK), provided an international perspective on nitrous oxide and soil carbon research. With respect to nitrous oxide, he highlighted work on investigating the genes related to nitrous oxide emissions and noted that there is one clear message for reducing nitrous oxide, avoid excess N. The IPCC has recently indicated that biochar may have a part to play in reducing agricultural greenhouse gases and a number of research groups are searching for natural nitrification inhibitors. Keith indicated that soil carbon needs to be considered carefully. Data were published that could be interpreted to imply that grasslands could continue to sequester carbon indefinitely. However, this has been refuted and there is agreement that for a specific system there is an upper limit for carbon, and he noted the interesting work in New Zealand in this area. Deeper rooting species are being investigated as a means of delivering carbon to a greater depth in the soil. This hasn&#8217;t been proven yet, but it appears that the deeper roots also reduce run off significantly and thus could offer multiple benefits. Keith concluded with a warning that too much emphasis on soil carbon sequestration could risk taking our eyes off more important climate change threats, such as land clearance and wetland drainage. He also stressed that our priorities should be promotion of good land stewardship and integrated solutions that consider the whole system and do not merely &#8220;pollution swop&#8221;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nRobyn Dynes, Principal Scientist (AgResearch), had the last speaking slot of the day. Following on from Keith&#8217;s conclusions that we shouldn&#8217;t look at different aspects of a system in isolation, Robyn outlined her team&#8217;s plans for studying the &#8220;business unit of New Zealand farming&#8221; &#8211; the whole farm. The programme will build onto existing initiatives in the dairy and sheep and beef sectors to understand the impact of current practices on emissions intensity and to identify the win:wins. A lot of modelling has been done in the past and now is the time to translate this into on-farm measurement and dialogue with the farmers involved. Previous work has demonstrated that there are some farmers that have significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions intensities (and sometimes even absolute emissions) than others. The efficient farms also tend to have higher profit margins. The challenge is to see whether theory and practice align, and if not, why not? The team has just started taking measurements, is enthusiastic about the new programme and looks forward to sharing its findings in the future.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nTim McAllister then returned to the stage to provide a few final comments. He noted that the world of science seemed to be moving towards &#8220;grand challenges&#8221; and, in his mind, there was no greater challenge than climate change and it is one that we will be facing for a long time to come. As Sir Gluckman stated at the start of the day, research is important to guiding and informing future choices. Tim also commented that the value of knowledge is often underestimated and the work being described today may have implications which range a long time into the future. He concluded the day by congratulating the agricultural greenhouse gas researchers for all their progress to date. \r\n</p>\r\n', 'One hundred and thirty greenhouse gas (greenhouse gas) mitigation focussed scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Palmerston North Convention Centre to attend the first joint NZAGRC-PGgRc New Zealand Agricultural greenhouse gas Mitigation Conference. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe day proved an excellent opportunity to reflect on the roles that both science and politics play in the drive to reduce agriculture’s environmental footprint in the face of climate change, and the progress that we have made.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe day included 13 presentations from New Zealand policy makers, industry representatives, and both international and domestic scientists.\r\n\r\n\r\nSir Peter Gluckman, Chief Science Advisor to the Prime Minister of New Zealand, opened the conference with a stark reminder that “while many would prefer not to have to address the challenge of climate change, we do not have that luxury”. He highlighted that it’s clear that we need to take action and should not put our collective “heads in the sand”. He indicated that politicians and scientists need to work closely together, with science providing the knowledge required to understand future choices and trade-offs. “There will be hard choices and science and technology will play a critical role in how, in coming decades, society makes these choices and reaches the essential compromises that protect our social and economic well-being while ensuring that the planet that can support our great-grandchildren.”\r\n\r\n\r\nDavid Wansbrough, Director Resource Policy (MPI), presented an overview of New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 and a breakdown of those from the agricultural sector. He highlighted that the total greenhouse gasgreenhouse gases have been largely stable since 2005, mainly due to economic factors, and that whilst greenhouse gasgreenhouse gases have gone up by 21% since 1990, the economy has grown by ~80% in the same time period. A notable point is that New Zealand’s emission profile is significantly different to other Annex 1 countries.. New Zealand’s domestic climate change policy is being looked at in 2015 with three objectives: (i) to reduce global emissions; (ii) encourage responsible economic growth; and (iii) to adapt to climate and international actions. David also spoke about the need to encourage farmers to adopt current best practices and technologies to reduce their emissions and to think about shifting New Zealand agriculture from a production to a value focus. \r\n\r\n\r\nReiterating Sir Gluckman’s opening comments, Andy Reisinger, Deputy Director (NZAGRC), began with a very clear message that the global community needs to take action now in order to limit warming to two degrees. “If agriculture doesn’t take any effective action, we would have to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere before 2050 to remain within the 2°C limit.” Taking mitigation from the agricultural sector seriously globally would allow just a little more space for global carbon dioxide emissions and keep the 2 degree goal feasible. Agriculture has already been reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by farming more efficiently, and if best practice were adopted by all farmers, this could make further significant reductions. More efficient farming also reduces emissions per unit of product, however this alone will not decrease total emissions. New agricultural technologies can be employed to drop emissions, and Andy indicated that these would be covered in later presentations. Additionally he noted that demand management will need to play a role in meeting the 2°C goal. Reducing the current volume of global food waste (30-40%) and promoting dietary shifts towards grain from meat could provide potentially large gains. This was covered later by Professor Pete Smith.\r\n\r\n\r\nJo Tyndall, New Zealand’s Climate Change Ambassador, provided a fascinating insight into the global political landscape in this area. At the end of this year, 40,000 delegates are expected in France and the hope is that a new global agreement will be finalised. With respect to this new legal agreement, Jo expects that it will be fairly basic. There have been four years debate about the form of the agreement, and it looks as if it will be different from the Kyoto Protocol to ensure it includes all parties. There are likely to be a number of obligations around reporting, but few hard penalties, rather a “name and shame” approach will be adopted. It is unlikely that there will be an agriculture section in the agreement, as it is just not a prominent issue for the other developed countries and it is a very sensitive issue for many developing countries. However agriculture may be referenced in order to provide an opening for the future. At a country level, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) or reduction targets, need to be tabled well before the Paris meeting. In many ways, this is being left up to individual countries who will be setting their targets before the “rules of the legal game” have been finalised. However, countries need to demonstrate that their new INDCs have progressed beyond their previous commitments and the US and China, who account for >50% of global emissions, have already set ambitious targets, which is encouraging to others. There is growing pressure for the remaining big emitters to get their INDCs on the table and New Zealand is aiming to set its target by the mid-June deadline. Unfortunately, it is highly likely that the targets that are tabled will fall short of the 2°C target. Therefore, there will be a need to set long term pathways. New technologies will be valuable tools in the medium to long term and adaptation planning is likely to become more mainstream. Overall, Jo concludes that she is optimistic that there will be a new global agreement by the end of 2015.\r\n\r\n\r\nRick Pridmore, Strategy and Investment Leader for Sustainability (DairyNZ), provided the conference delegates with an overview of the New Zealand investment landscape for reducing agricultural greenhouse gasgreenhouse gases. He highlighted that New Zealand is putting in a great deal of effort into reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and conducting top class science, which in many areas is nearing proof of concept. Rick also emphasised that there are a significant number of funders in this area covering government, industry, the universities and CRIs. At the research end, the plans and investment are fairly coordinated, in main due to the actions of the NZAGRC and PGgRc, however at the applied end there is room for improvement. This is primarily due to the fact that there are many issues to be considered on-farm and greenhouse gas emissions are just one of the factors in the mix. New Zealand farm greenhouse gas emissions intensity has been decreasing at approximately 1% per year due to increased efficiency and the goal is to keep this rate going into the future, but on top of that, reduce emissions intensity by a further 1.5% per year by additional technological options. This 1.5% may be achieved by step changes between 2020 and 2050, rather than a gradual decline. Rick then outlined the four key research aims of the NZAGRC-PGgRc methane programme: Animal Selection; Low greenhouse gas Feeds; Vaccine; and Inhibitors. In the last four months, 5 lead inhibitor compounds have been shown to reduce methane emissions from animals by 30-90%, which is very exciting. Once proof of concept has been firmly established, commercial partners will be sought to take prototype vaccines and inhibitors through into the hands of the farming community. Rick concluded by pointing out that 10 years ago, the task of reducing agriculture’s greenhouse gas emissions seemed enormous, and that we should all be proud that we are nearly there. \r\n\r\n\r\nPete Smith, Professor of Soils & Global Change at Aberdeen University, then spoke on managing the demand for food in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. He clearly demonstrated that despite policies and global agreements, greenhouse gas emissions are still increasing and that agriculture, forestry and other land-use accounts for about a quarter of these. Over the past decade, agricultural emissions have increased but emissions intensity has decreased, primarily as Pete states because “we are getting better at doing agriculture”. However, the data shows clearly that there are big differences in the greenhouse gas intensities related to the production of different foods. The emissions from the production of meat, and growing vegetables out of season in glasshouses, are significantly higher than those from producing pulses for example. Considering the demand side of the equation, and modelling what would happen to total agricultural greenhouse gas emissions if there were significant dietary changes, is a growing area of research with a number of recent high profile papers. These all indicate that fewer animal products in global diets would allow everyone to be fed, and leave more land available for energy and nature conservation. Pete indicated that current practices need reform and relying exclusively on sustainable intensification will still not reduce greenhouse gases to the extent required. It will not be easy to encourage demand side changes for a whole raft of reasons, but it is something which is becoming a more mainstream issue. It’s important to remember that social norms have changed significantly in living memory and that they can change again. It is possible that New Zealand has an opportunity to provide high-quality, grass fed meat to fill a niche for a future society which eats meat as a more occasional, luxury, high premium treat.\r\n\r\n\r\nPete’s talk gave much food for thought and the opportunity for many interesting discussions over the lunch break. Following the break, the presentations delved into the science currently underway in more detail.\r\n\r\n\r\nPeter Janssen, Principal Scientist (AgResearch), gave an interesting overview of how ruminants produce methane and the strategies that are being investigated for reducing, or even eliminating, this methane. Feeds which lead to reduced methane production have been studied and the science team now have a fairly good understanding of why feeding brassicas lowers methane emissions. It is due to changes in the rumen bacterial community. Breeding for low methane animals is also progressing well and a number of reasons for the differences in emissions have been discovered. Vaccine and inhibitor development involves in-depth knowledge of the rumen methanogens in order to decide how to target and knock them out. Genomic studies have aided this work and also investigating rumen contents from around the world has helped to identify the prime candidates. The vaccine and inhibitor programmes are currently in the midst of animal trials and, given recent positive results, the teams are hopeful that proof of concept will be established very soon.\r\n\r\n\r\nJohn McEwan, Principal Scientist (AgResearch), then provided further detail about the low methane emitting sheep breeding programme. There is excellent rationale for this strategy given that for most farmed species (plants and animals) genetics contributes around 50% of the farm system economic improvement. Genetic change is also extremely low cost, permanent and cumulative. The programme has established low and high emitting sheep lines and studied them intensely. The data shows that methane emissions from the low emitters are heritable and repeatable, with the low emitting sheep having similar or higher productivity, smaller rumens, different rumen microbial communities and lower VFA concentrations in the rumen. The programme has also investigated different options for measuring animal methane emissions, given than the respiration chamber method is time consuming and expensive. Alternative cheaper and more flexible options have been identified. The next step for this work is to investigate how best to incorporate the low greenhouse gas trait into the New Zealand sheep industry breeding programmes. The science team will then work on transferring their learnings to dairy cattle and deer.\r\n\r\n\r\nTim McAllister, Principal Scientist at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, presented an international perspective on the methane research being conducted globally. There is research being conducted to investigate both (i) technologies to reduce emissions and (ii) ways to increase efficiency across the globe. It appears that New Zealand has one of the most focused and coordinated programmes. Tim then focussed on a couple of the more promising strategies including the methane inhibitor, 3-NOP, being developed by DSM Nutritional Products in Switzerland. This feed additive has shown a 60% reduction in methane when mixed with feed, but has to be fed continuously to achieve this reduction. The company are currently looking for any associated productivity changes that may be attractive to farmers. Nitrate is also being investigated as a feed additive. This has the potential to be toxic if fed in high quantities, therefore scientists are looking into possible encapsulated formulations to ensure slow release of the product. Probiotics are also an interesting area of research, with more studies required. Tim concluded his talk by indicating that there is still a lot to learn about the microbes in the rumen and what they are actually doing. Maybe we need to rewrite some of the textbooks based on new data that is emerging. He also proposed a suitable definition for sustainability – “when everyone is happy”. Greenhouse gas emissions are just one part of the whole picture of environmental, social and economic factors when it comes to “sustainable” future agriculture.\r\n\r\n\r\nCecile de Klein, Principal Scientist (AgResearch), provided an overview of the nitrous oxide (nitrous oxide) research being conducted in New Zealand, with a focus on plant and animal interventions. She reminded the audience that animal urine is by far the largest source of nitrogen in the New Zealand farming system and that there are a number of key “intervention points” in the nitrogen cycle to target when trying to reduce nitrous oxide. Nitrate leaching is also a big issue, so any technology or intervention to reduce nitrous oxide emissions needs to be win:win with respect to leaching. Cecile outlined three options for reducing nitrous oxide: (1) reduce nitrogen excretion; (2) increase nitrogen uptake by plants; and (3) influence the plant effects on soil nitrogen processes. Starting with number three, New Zealand researchers are investigating the effects of pasture species and cultivars on nitrous oxide emissions. They have shown variability in pot trials and larger field trials are now underway. Researchers are also studying the effects of brassicas on nitrous oxide emissions and effects of diet on animal urine composition. For number 2, it appears that planting Italian Ryegrass, which continues to grow in the colder months of the year may have some benefits. When looking at reducing nitrogen excretion per urination, it appears that the quantity of nitrogen applied seems to be more important that the species that it is being applied to. The knowledge that we already have about “high risk” times for nitrous oxide emissions, urine being deposited under wet weather conditions with high pasture damage, is being incorporated into on-farm decision management tools. These may be helpful to farmers, but they will need to be able to assess the state of their paddocks easily. With respect to irrigation, it appears that if grazing is delayed until 6 days after irrigation, nitrous oxide emissions can be reduced by ~40%. Researchers continue to investigate win:win solutions and are working closely across organisations and programmes to achieve this.\r\n\r\n\r\nFrank Kelliher, Principal Scientist (AgResearch) and Professor (Lincoln University), covered the New Zealand work on soil carbon. He explained the concept that, like planting trees, increasing soil carbon stocks can “offset” greenhouse gas emissions and that if New Zealand could increase soil carbon stocks by 1 t of carbon/ha over 1 million ha, this could offset the rise in greenhouse gasgreenhouse gases since 1990. He also pointed out though, like trees, soil carbon can take decades to accumulate but this gain can be reversed quickly if land-management practices change again. Additionally it is difficult to measure and often “you don’t know what you’ve got until it’s gone”. Research into the New Zealand soil carbon situation has shown that although soil carbon stocks are high in many areas of New Zealand, there is strong evidence that more soil carbon could be stored. How can this be achieved? The team is running a major field trial at Troughton farm that is looking at farm management practices and determining the effects on soil carbon. Preliminary data suggests that pasture renewal depletes soil carbon, but that the lost soil carbon is ‘restored’ within about a year. Pasture diversity also appears to increase soil carbon levels. Additionally, modelling indicates that supplementary feeding may increase soil carbon levels as more carbon is being applied to the soil via excreta. The effects of irrigation on soil carbon stocks are uncertain currently. \r\n\r\n\r\nKeith Goulding, Professor (Rothamsted Research, UK), provided an international perspective on nitrous oxide and soil carbon research. With respect to nitrous oxide, he highlighted work on investigating the genes related to nitrous oxide emissions and noted that there is one clear message for reducing nitrous oxide, avoid excess N. The IPCC has recently indicated that biochar may have a part to play in reducing agricultural greenhouse gases and a number of research groups are searching for natural nitrification inhibitors. Keith indicated that soil carbon needs to be considered carefully. Data were published that could be interpreted to imply that grasslands could continue to sequester carbon indefinitely. However, this has been refuted and there is agreement that for a specific system there is an upper limit for carbon, and he noted the interesting work in New Zealand in this area. Deeper rooting species are being investigated as a means of delivering carbon to a greater depth in the soil. This hasn’t been proven yet, but it appears that the deeper roots also reduce run off significantly and thus could offer multiple benefits. Keith concluded with a warning that too much emphasis on soil carbon sequestration could risk taking our eyes off more important climate change threats, such as land clearance and wetland drainage. He also stressed that our priorities should be promotion of good land stewardship and integrated solutions that consider the whole system and do not merely “pollution swop”. \r\n\r\n\r\nRobyn Dynes, Principal Scientist (AgResearch), had the last speaking slot of the day. Following on from Keith’s conclusions that we shouldn’t look at different aspects of a system in isolation, Robyn outlined her team’s plans for studying the “business unit of New Zealand farming” – the whole farm. The programme will build onto existing initiatives in the dairy and sheep and beef sectors to understand the impact of current practices on emissions intensity and to identify the win:wins. A lot of modelling has been done in the past and now is the time to translate this into on-farm measurement and dialogue with the farmers involved. Previous work has demonstrated that there are some farmers that have significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions intensities (and sometimes even absolute emissions) than others. The efficient farms also tend to have higher profit margins. The challenge is to see whether theory and practice align, and if not, why not? The team has just started taking measurements, is enthusiastic about the new programme and looks forward to sharing its findings in the future.\r\n\r\n\r\nTim McAllister then returned to the stage to provide a few final comments. He noted that the world of science seemed to be moving towards “grand challenges” and, in his mind, there was no greater challenge than climate change and it is one that we will be facing for a long time to come. As Sir Gluckman stated at the start of the day, research is important to guiding and informing future choices. Tim also commented that the value of knowledge is often underestimated and the work being described today may have implications which range a long time into the future. He concluded the day by congratulating the agricultural greenhouse gas researchers for all their progress to date.', '', '', '', '', '2015-05-07', '2015-05-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '363', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(194, '', 'Reducing New Zealand\'s agricultural emissions: Soil Carbon', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>This publication provides an overview of what soil carbon is, how we can measure and determine the changes over time and what New Zealand\'s current soil carbon levels are. this publication was produced in collaboration with the University of Waikato and released at the National Fielddays 2015.</p>', 'This publication provides an overview of what soil carbon is, how we can measure and determine the changes over time and what New Zealand\'s current soil carbon levels are. this publication was produced in collaboration with the University of Waikato and released at the National Fielddays 2015.', '', '', '', '', '2015-06-10', '2015-06-10', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '391', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
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(196, '', 'Soil and pasture research that is sweet enough to eat', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>\r\n<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>\r\n<o:RelyOnVML/>\r\n<o:AllowPNG/>\r\n</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>\r\n</xml><![endif]-->\r\n<p>\r\n<strong><span>Scientific knowledge is usually communicated through text, diagrams and graphs, but the Waikato Biogeochemistry and Ecohydrology Research group (WaiBER) offers an alternative means of communication - via the medium of cake. </span></strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span>Once a paper is accepted, group members are encouraged to make a research cake that summarises the paper to enjoy and celebrate with their colleagues.</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe NZAGRC is proud to have played a part in the generation of two recent, clever and edible research cakes (and the papers that inspired them).\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe first of these cakes was prepared by <strong>Sam McNally</strong> (PhD candidate supported by NZAGRC) on acceptance of his first research paper in the journal Plant and Soil. Sam is supervised by Professor Louis Schipper at the University of Waikato.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nSam\'s paper compared root biomass of ryegrass/clover and more diverse pastures (including plantain, chicory, and lucerne) over the seasons of a year. He found greater root biomass in the more diverse pastures, which also had deeper rooting. The hypothesis is then posed that this greater biomass will increase carbon inputs and potentially storage in soil.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nOn Sam\'s cake, the diverse pasture is on the left and you can see greater rooting depth and biomass down the side. Lego man is taking cores on either side of the wooden fence.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nMcNally, S.R.; Laughlin, D.C.; Rutledge, S.; Dodd, M.B.; Six, J.; \r\nSchipper, L.A, 2015. Root carbon inputs under moderately diverse sward \r\nand conventional ryegrass-clover pasture: implications for soil carbon \r\nsequestration. Plant and Soil. \r\n<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2463-z\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2463-z ... - link will open in a new window\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2463-z</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nThe second cake was produced by <strong>Dr Susanna Rutledge</strong> to celebrate the publication of a paper in Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment that looked at the carbon balance of a dairy grazed pasture at Scott Farm over four years. This project receives funding from the NZAGRC. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDepicted on the colourful cake is the average carbon inputs and outputs in units of jellybeans (jb), where 1 jb = 200 kgC/ha.y. Inputs (left side) include imported feed, effluent and the net of carbon dioxide exchange. Outputs include milk export, silage and methane. The balance (3 jelly beans) is assumed stored in soil. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nS. Rutledge, P.L. Mudge, D.I. Campbell, S.L. Woodward, J.P. Goodrich, \r\nA. M. Wall,  M.U.F. Kirschbaum, L.A. Schipper, 2015. Carbon balance of \r\nan intensively grazed temperate dairy pasture over four years. \r\nAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 206, 10-20 \r\n<a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.011\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.011   ... - link will open in a new window\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.011&#160; </a><br />\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nResearch cakes are a novel way to portray - and celebrate - research done within the WaiBER group. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Check out the other mouth-watering and thought-provoking cakes at <a href=\"http://waiber.com/research-cake/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http://waiber.com/research-cake/ ... - link will open in a new window\">http://waiber.com/research-cake</a></strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nIf your work under the NZAGRC-PGgRc science programme is celebrated in an interesting way - or if your work has produced some really great results recently - <a href=\"mailto:e%6e%71%75ir%79@n%7a%61g%72%63%2eo%72g.n%7a\" title=\"Click to send an email\">let us know for a future newsletter story</a> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&#160;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong><br />\r\n</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<!--[if gte mso 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Normal\";\r\nmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\r\nmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\r\nmso-style-noshow:yes;\r\nmso-style-priority:99;\r\nmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\nmso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\r\nmso-para-margin-top:0cm;\r\nmso-para-margin-right:0cm;\r\nmso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;\r\nmso-para-margin-left:0cm;\r\nline-height:115%;\r\nmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\nfont-size:11.0pt;\r\nfont-family:\"Calibri\",\"sans-serif\";\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;\r\nmso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;\r\nmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;\r\nmso-fareast-language:EN-US;}\r\n</style>\r\n<![endif]-->\r\n', 'Scientific knowledge is usually communicated through text, diagrams and graphs, but the Waikato Biogeochemistry and Ecohydrology Research group (WaiBER) offers an alternative means of communication - via the medium of cake. \r\n\r\n\r\nOnce a paper is accepted, group members are encouraged to make a research cake that summarises the paper to enjoy and celebrate with their colleagues.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe NZAGRC is proud to have played a part in the generation of two recent, clever and edible research cakes (and the papers that inspired them).\r\n\r\n\r\nThe first of these cakes was prepared by Sam McNally (PhD candidate supported by NZAGRC) on acceptance of his first research paper in the journal Plant and Soil. Sam is supervised by Professor Louis Schipper at the University of Waikato.\r\n\r\n\r\nSam\'s paper compared root biomass of ryegrass/clover and more diverse pastures (including plantain, chicory, and lucerne) over the seasons of a year. He found greater root biomass in the more diverse pastures, which also had deeper rooting. The hypothesis is then posed that this greater biomass will increase carbon inputs and potentially storage in soil.\r\n\r\n\r\nOn Sam\'s cake, the diverse pasture is on the left and you can see greater rooting depth and biomass down the side. Lego man is taking cores on either side of the wooden fence.\r\n\r\n\r\nMcNally, S.R.; Laughlin, D.C.; Rutledge, S.; Dodd, M.B.; Six, J.; \r\nSchipper, L.A, 2015. Root carbon inputs under moderately diverse sward \r\nand conventional ryegrass-clover pasture: implications for soil carbon \r\nsequestration. Plant and Soil. \r\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2463-z \r\n\r\n\r\nThe second cake was produced by Dr Susanna Rutledge to celebrate the publication of a paper in Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment that looked at the carbon balance of a dairy grazed pasture at Scott Farm over four years. This project receives funding from the NZAGRC. \r\n\r\n\r\nDepicted on the colourful cake is the average carbon inputs and outputs in units of jellybeans (jb), where 1 jb = 200 kgC/ha.y. Inputs (left side) include imported feed, effluent and the net of carbon dioxide exchange. Outputs include milk export, silage and methane. The balance (3 jelly beans) is assumed stored in soil. \r\n\r\n\r\nS. Rutledge, P.L. Mudge, D.I. Campbell, S.L. Woodward, J.P. Goodrich, \r\nA. M. Wall,  M.U.F. Kirschbaum, L.A. Schipper, 2015. Carbon balance of \r\nan intensively grazed temperate dairy pasture over four years. \r\nAgriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 206, 10-20 \r\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.011  \r\n\r\n\r\nResearch cakes are a novel way to portray - and celebrate - research done within the WaiBER group. \r\n\r\n\r\nCheck out the other mouth-watering and thought-provoking cakes at http://waiber.com/research-cake\r\n\r\n\r\nIf your work under the NZAGRC-PGgRc science programme is celebrated in an interesting way - or if your work has produced some really great results recently - let us know for a future newsletter story', '', '', '', '', '2015-09-15', '2015-09-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '392', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
