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(308, '', 'Greenhouse gas awareness of livestock\'s contribution to emissions rises among farmers', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>More farmers are&nbsp;aware of the impact of livestock on global warming, says an&nbsp;agricultural greenhouse research expert.</p>\r\n<p>New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre director Dr Harry Clark&nbsp;said farmer awareness of their greenhouse gas contribution was at a much higher level than 15 years ago.</p>\r\n<p>This extended to&nbsp;growing recognition of international agreement to cut greenhouse gases, such as the Paris agreement, he said.</p>\r\n<p>\"There is growing awareness now of the&nbsp;unusual greenhouse gas&nbsp;profile&nbsp;here, dominated by agriculture,\" he told&nbsp;about 150 people at the recent mitigation of greenhouse gas conference in Palmerston North.&nbsp;\"To meet our international commitments, we have to think carefully about what we do with the agricultural sector. I&nbsp;think 15 years ago, you wouldn\'t have seen that awareness.\"<br />&nbsp;<br />However, other than more efficient production, greenhouse mitigation on New Zealand farms was years away, Clark said.</p>\r\n<p>\"Worldwide in general in the developed world people are more aware, but&nbsp;in very poor countries they have other things to think about, such as food&nbsp;supply and food safety.\"</p>\r\n<p>The research centre was&nbsp;funded by the Government and overseas investment. Clark&nbsp;said&nbsp;it would be true to say that politicians were also more engaged.</p>\r\n<p>Farmer awareness&nbsp;in developing nations often centred on how to adapt to climate change such as coping with more rain or more desert, rather than halting greenhouse gas production, he said.</p>\r\n<p>\"But in New Zealand, we have these strong international agreements,&nbsp;on reducing climate change.\"</p>\r\n<p>He said many emissions in&nbsp;the&nbsp;US&nbsp;and Europe came from industrial plants, such as power plants and from cars.</p>\r\n<p>\"You&nbsp;can get electric cars, and cleaner plants&nbsp;and a&nbsp;lot of those emissions will come down. Then unfortunately the focus will go on&nbsp;agriculture.\"</p>\r\n<p>To get emissions down&nbsp;so global warming was&nbsp;2 degrees Celsius or less, carbon dioxide emissions would have to hit&nbsp;zero this century, he said.</p>\r\n<p>\"Once you tackle those gases, then the proportion of gases change, and greater emphasis comes on agriculture.\"</p>\r\n<p>Animals produce methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide. \"Really, to tackle global warming, and keeping it to less than 2 degrees, we have to tackle carbon dioxide&nbsp;and the other gases need to be addressed, too.\"</p>\r\n<p>That needed to happen against the backdrop of another two&nbsp;or three billion people added to the world population - and that scenario was scary, he said.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>MAKING CHANGES</p>\r\n<p>Agriculture could make changes, Clark said. \"The sectors have talked about efficiency, for instance, the sheep and beef industry saying it produces the same amount of meat with far less animals and fewer emissions. &nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>\"[However] That only takes us so far. Then we need new technology.\" New Zealand\'s&nbsp;grass-based system was&nbsp;one of the most difficult to find greenhouse gas mitigation systems, Clark said.</p>\r\n<p>\"If you have animals indoors, and you are feeding them every day, then there are things you can do, such as manipulate the feed, and there are some compounds coming. But these you have to feed every day. &nbsp;How do you do that to a sheep on the hillside? It is hard for an extensive system.\"</p>\r\n<p>Clark said New Zealand\'s immediate priority&nbsp;was to increase efficiency.</p>\r\n<p>&#8203;\"We need to do more research to develop new technologies. It is difficult to say when they will come along, but what we can say is very good progress has been made on the experimental side. However, then to go from experimental to something that works on farm and is available commercially, takes a number of years.\"</p>\r\n<p>He said technology&nbsp;had to meet regulatory values and the nitrification inhibitor&nbsp;dicyandiamide, known as&nbsp;DCD and recalled from shelves in 2003,&nbsp;was a salutary lesson.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>\"It has to be safe for people - have no residues,&nbsp;and safe for animals.\"</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>This story was originally posted at <a href=\"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/90958834/greenhouse-gas-awareness-of-livestocks-contribution-to-emissions-rises-among-farmers\">http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/90958834/greenhouse-gas-awareness-of-livestocks-contribution-to-emissions-rises-among-farmers</a></li>\r\n</ul>', 'More farmers are aware of the impact of livestock on global warming, says an agricultural greenhouse research expert.\r\nNew Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre director Dr Harry Clark said farmer awareness of their greenhouse gas contribution was at a much higher level than 15 years ago.\r\nThis extended to growing recognition of international agreement to cut greenhouse gases, such as the Paris agreement, he said.\r\n\"There is growing awareness now of the unusual greenhouse gas profile here, dominated by agriculture,\" he told about 150 people at the recent mitigation of greenhouse gas conference in Palmerston North. \"To meet our international commitments, we have to think carefully about what we do with the agricultural sector. I think 15 years ago, you wouldn\'t have seen that awareness.\" However, other than more efficient production, greenhouse mitigation on New Zealand farms was years away, Clark said.\r\n\"Worldwide in general in the developed world people are more aware, but in very poor countries they have other things to think about, such as food supply and food safety.\"\r\nThe research centre was funded by the Government and overseas investment. Clark said it would be true to say that politicians were also more engaged.\r\nFarmer awareness in developing nations often centred on how to adapt to climate change such as coping with more rain or more desert, rather than halting greenhouse gas production, he said.\r\n\"But in New Zealand, we have these strong international agreements, on reducing climate change.\"\r\nHe said many emissions in the US and Europe came from industrial plants, such as power plants and from cars.\r\n\"You can get electric cars, and cleaner plants and a lot of those emissions will come down. Then unfortunately the focus will go on agriculture.\"\r\nTo get emissions down so global warming was 2 degrees Celsius or less, carbon dioxide emissions would have to hit zero this century, he said.\r\n\"Once you tackle those gases, then the proportion of gases change, and greater emphasis comes on agriculture.\"\r\nAnimals produce methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide. \"Really, to tackle global warming, and keeping it to less than 2 degrees, we have to tackle carbon dioxide and the other gases need to be addressed, too.\"\r\nThat needed to happen against the backdrop of another two or three billion people added to the world population - and that scenario was scary, he said. \r\nMAKING CHANGES\r\nAgriculture could make changes, Clark said. \"The sectors have talked about efficiency, for instance, the sheep and beef industry saying it produces the same amount of meat with far less animals and fewer emissions.  \r\n\"[However] That only takes us so far. Then we need new technology.\" New Zealand\'s grass-based system was one of the most difficult to find greenhouse gas mitigation systems, Clark said.\r\n\"If you have animals indoors, and you are feeding them every day, then there are things you can do, such as manipulate the feed, and there are some compounds coming. But these you have to feed every day.  How do you do that to a sheep on the hillside? It is hard for an extensive system.\"\r\nClark said New Zealand\'s immediate priority was to increase efficiency.\r\n​\"We need to do more research to develop new technologies. It is difficult to say when they will come along, but what we can say is very good progress has been made on the experimental side. However, then to go from experimental to something that works on farm and is available commercially, takes a number of years.\"\r\nHe said technology had to meet regulatory values and the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide, known as DCD and recalled from shelves in 2003, was a salutary lesson. \r\n\"It has to be safe for people - have no residues, and safe for animals.\"\r\n\r\nThis story was originally posted at http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/90958834/greenhouse-gas-awareness-of-livestocks-contribution-to-emissions-rises-among-farmers', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-29', '2017-03-29', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '456', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(293, '', 'Low emissions development of the beef cattle sector in Uruguay', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving productivity while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from beef production in Uruguay.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6749e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View report</a> (external website)</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/in-action/enteric-methane/en/\" target=\"_blank\">Read more about the project </a>(external website)</p>', 'The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving productivity while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from beef production in Uruguay.\r\nView report (external website)\r\nRead more about the project (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-05-19', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '517', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(294, '', 'Supporting low emissions development in the Ethiopian dairy cattle sector', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving milk production while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from dairy cattle production in Ethiopia.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6821e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View the report </a>(external website)</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/in-action/enteric-methane/en/\" target=\"_blank\">Read more about this project </a>(external website)</p>', 'The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving milk production while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from dairy cattle production in Ethiopia.\r\nView the report (external website)\r\nRead more about this project (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-05-19', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '518', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(295, '', 'Supporting low emissions development in the Bangladesh dairy sector ', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving milk production while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from dairy production in Bangladesh.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6822e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View the report </a>(external website)</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/in-action/enteric-methane/en/\" target=\"_blank\">Read more about the project</a> (external website)</p>', 'The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving milk production while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from dairy production in Bangladesh.\r\nView the report (external website)\r\nRead more about the project (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-05-19', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '519', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(297, '', 'CCAFS MRV summary report', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC through the GRA LRG work programme is pleased to to work with CCAFS on improving countries&rsquo; ability to monitor, report and verify GHG emissions from livestock.&nbsp;&nbsp;A summary of the MRV report is available.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/80890/Livestock%20MRV%20Info%20Note%20May%203%202017.pdf\"><strong>Read the report</strong></a></p>', 'The NZAGRC through the GRA LRG work programme is pleased to to work with CCAFS on improving countries’ ability to monitor, report and verify GHG emissions from livestock.  A summary of the MRV report is available.\r\nRead the report', '', '', '', '', '2017-05-19', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '521', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(298, '', 'Report: Monitoring Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Progress over the first year from the Low emissions farm systems for the Maori sector project&nbsp;includes:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Development of a typology of Maori farming</li>\r\n<li>The collection of farm and GHG emission profiles on 29 Maori farms from around the country, with 2 more to come. This includes 18 sheep &amp; beef farms, and 11 dairy farms</li>\r\n<li>The selection of 4 Focus farms; 2 dairy (Bay of Plenty, Taranaki), and 2 S&amp;B (Northland, East Coast)</li>\r\n<li>The development of Farmax files for each focus farm to allow for farm system modelling, and Overseer files to (a) establish the base GHG emission profile and (b) model the impact of change scenarios</li>\r\n<li>Data collated to allow for national benchmarking of the emission profiles</li>\r\n<li>Meetings held with the Trustees of the 4 focus farms and agreement gained re (a) participation in the project and (b) discussion on scenarios for modelling</li>\r\n<li>Development of priority scenarios for modelling of change in farm systems and subsequent impacts on GHG emissions.</li>\r\n<li>Development of farm maps to assist with the modelling</li>\r\n<li>A paper has been produced on the project to date and submitted to an international journal.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Read full report</p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"Maori GHG Project 2015 EoY Report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1153/Maori%20GHG%20Project%202015%20EoY%20Report.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> Maori GHG Project 2015 EoY Report.pdf</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(1.28MB)</span></span></p>', 'Progress over the first year from the Low emissions farm systems for the Maori sector project includes:\r\n\r\nDevelopment of a typology of Maori farming\r\nThe collection of farm and GHG emission profiles on 29 Maori farms from around the country, with 2 more to come. This includes 18 sheep & beef farms, and 11 dairy farms\r\nThe selection of 4 Focus farms; 2 dairy (Bay of Plenty, Taranaki), and 2 S&B (Northland, East Coast)\r\nThe development of Farmax files for each focus farm to allow for farm system modelling, and Overseer files to (a) establish the base GHG emission profile and (b) model the impact of change scenarios\r\nData collated to allow for national benchmarking of the emission profiles\r\nMeetings held with the Trustees of the 4 focus farms and agreement gained re (a) participation in the project and (b) discussion on scenarios for modelling\r\nDevelopment of priority scenarios for modelling of change in farm systems and subsequent impacts on GHG emissions.\r\nDevelopment of farm maps to assist with the modelling\r\nA paper has been produced on the project to date and submitted to an international journal.\r\n\r\nRead full report\r\n Maori GHG Project 2015 EoY Report.pdf (1.28MB)', '', '', '', '', '2016-01-15', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '522', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(299, '', 'Potential for forage diet manipulation in New Zealand pasture ecosystems to mitigate ruminant urine derived N2O emissions: a review', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Gardiner, C. A., T. J. Clough, et al. (2016). \"Potential for forage diet manipulation in New Zealand pasture ecosystems to mitigate ruminant urine derived N2O emissions: a review.\" <u>New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research</u> <strong>59</strong>(3): 301-317.</p>\r\n<p>ABSTRACTNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils account for more than 10% of New Zealand?s greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock urine deposition drives N2O losses from these soils. It has been speculated that non-urea nitrogen compounds (UNCs) in ruminant urine could reduce or inhibit urine patch N2O emissions. However, we hypothesise that UNCs will have no effect on N2O emissions due to their potentially rapid degradation by plants and soil microbes. Our review suggests that plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are more likely to perform a role in reducing N2O emissions since many PSMs have known antimicrobial properties. Aucubin, found in Plantago, and isothiocyanates, found in Brassica, have been shown to inhibit a key step in N2O production. Future studies should explore this promising research gap by evaluating forages for potential inhibitory PSMs, assessing whether PSMs are excreted in urine after consumption, and determine whether excretal PSM concentrations are sufficient to reduce N2O emissions.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2016.1190386\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2016.1190386</a></p>', 'Gardiner, C. A., T. J. Clough, et al. (2016). \"Potential for forage diet manipulation in New Zealand pasture ecosystems to mitigate ruminant urine derived N2O emissions: a review.\" New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 59(3): 301-317.\r\nABSTRACTNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils account for more than 10% of New Zealand?s greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock urine deposition drives N2O losses from these soils. It has been speculated that non-urea nitrogen compounds (UNCs) in ruminant urine could reduce or inhibit urine patch N2O emissions. However, we hypothesise that UNCs will have no effect on N2O emissions due to their potentially rapid degradation by plants and soil microbes. Our review suggests that plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are more likely to perform a role in reducing N2O emissions since many PSMs have known antimicrobial properties. Aucubin, found in Plantago, and isothiocyanates, found in Brassica, have been shown to inhibit a key step in N2O production. Future studies should explore this promising research gap by evaluating forages for potential inhibitory PSMs, assessing whether PSMs are excreted in urine after consumption, and determine whether excretal PSM concentrations are sufficient to reduce N2O emissions.\r\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2016.1190386', '', '', '', '', '2016-07-01', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '102', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(300, '', 'Nitrous oxide emissions from grazing cattle urine patches: Bridging the gap between measurement and stakeholder requirements', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>F.J. Cook, F.M. Kelliher, Nitrous oxide emissions from grazing cattle urine patches: Bridging the gap between measurement and stakeholder requirements, Environmental Modelling &amp; Software, Volume 75, January 2016, Pages 133-152, ISSN 1364-8152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.10.009.<br />(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815215300670)</p>\r\n<p>Abstract: <br />Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and a precursor to compounds which deplete stratospheric ozone. Agricultural soils are the principal anthropogenic N2O source, which includes urine patches of cattle fed by grazing pasture. While such N2O emissions can be measured, involved time and space scales are usually only minutes and metres, respectively. Nevertheless, climate change stakeholders need large-scale national emissions over time to construct annual N2O emissions inventories for international treaty compliance requirements. We have developed a mathematical model to bridge the gap between measurement and stakeholder requirements for N2O emissions from grazing cattle urine patches.</p>\r\n<p>Our methodology begins with the emissions from a patch. Convolution integrals are then used to spatially and temporally scale the emissions from discrete grazing events to paddock, farm and region levels across the year. The model developed shows how the emissions are smoothed out with scaling and the implications from the scaling.</p>\r\n<p>Keywords: Nitrous oxide; Scaling; Urine patches; Inventories; Greenhouse gases</p>', 'F.J. Cook, F.M. Kelliher, Nitrous oxide emissions from grazing cattle urine patches: Bridging the gap between measurement and stakeholder requirements, Environmental Modelling & Software, Volume 75, January 2016, Pages 133-152, ISSN 1364-8152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.10.009.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815215300670)\r\nAbstract: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and a precursor to compounds which deplete stratospheric ozone. Agricultural soils are the principal anthropogenic N2O source, which includes urine patches of cattle fed by grazing pasture. While such N2O emissions can be measured, involved time and space scales are usually only minutes and metres, respectively. Nevertheless, climate change stakeholders need large-scale national emissions over time to construct annual N2O emissions inventories for international treaty compliance requirements. We have developed a mathematical model to bridge the gap between measurement and stakeholder requirements for N2O emissions from grazing cattle urine patches.\r\nOur methodology begins with the emissions from a patch. Convolution integrals are then used to spatially and temporally scale the emissions from discrete grazing events to paddock, farm and region levels across the year. The model developed shows how the emissions are smoothed out with scaling and the implications from the scaling.\r\nKeywords: Nitrous oxide; Scaling; Urine patches; Inventories; Greenhouse gases', '', '', '', '', '2016-01-31', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '433', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(301, '', 'Application of gibberellins to increase productivity and reduce nitrous oxide emissions in grazed grassland: a review of the evidence', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>David Whitehead, Grant R. Edwards, Assessment of the application of gibberellins to increase productivity and reduce nitrous oxide emissions in grazed grassland, Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment, Volume 207, 1 September 2015, Pages 40-50, ISSN 0167-8809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.019.<br />(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880915001036)</p>\r\n<p>Abstract: <br />Emissions of nitrous oxide from grassland systems are attributable largely to the use of nitrogen fertilisers and the excreta deposited by grazing animals. There is increasing interest in using gibberellins as a naturally-occurring growth promotant of herbage that could be used to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilisers while leading to similar or greater increases in dry matter. This may provide practical opportunities to reduce nitrogen intake by ruminants and extend the seasonality of herbage growth in spring and autumn while reducing nitrogen losses, resulting in lower rates of nitrogen excretion by grazing animals and reduced nitrous oxide emissions. Our findings from a review of previous studies confirm that gibberellins promote dry matter production, especially when applied in early spring or late summer/early autumn. When gibberellins are applied alone without nitrogen fertiliser, the nitrogen concentration of herbage is reduced and the impacts on forage quality are small and often not significantly different from those for untreated controls. We calculated the consequences of enhanced herbage production on nitrogen excreta returned to the soil as urine by a grazing dairy cow and estimated that one application of gibberellins will result in a relative reduction in nitrous oxide emission per urination event of 18% when compared with emissions from using nitrogen fertiliser. We used the OVERSEER&reg; model and nitrous oxide emissions factors to estimate the impacts of changing herbage dry matter production, foliage nitrogen concentration and timing of one application of gibberellins on annual nitrous oxide emissions for a dairy farm. For one application of gibberellins in late summer and early spring, we estimate reductions in nitrous oxide emissions of 1.6% and 1.3%, respectively, relative to the response for an untreated control. Incorporating the effects of reduced use of nitrogen fertiliser by substituting one split application of fertiliser in late summer or autumn with gibberellins, we estimate reductions on nitrous oxide emissions of between 5 and 6% relative to the response for the untreated control. We conclude that the use of gibberellins with reduced addition of nitrogen fertiliser has the potential to reduce nitrous emissions from grazed grassland. However, acceptance of widespread use of gibberellins will be dependent on cost benefit analysis for farmers.</p>\r\n<p>Keywords: Forage quality; Gibberellins; Grassland production; Grazed grassland; Greenhouse gas mitigation; Nitrous oxide</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"other,listing,172,assessment-of-the-application-of-gibberellins-to-increase-productivity-and-reduce-nitrous-oxide-emissions-in-grazed-grassland.html\">View full report</a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"fact-sheets,listing,203,reducing-new-zealands-agricultural-emissions-gibberellins.html\">View factsheet</a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.019\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.019</a></p>', 'David Whitehead, Grant R. Edwards, Assessment of the application of gibberellins to increase productivity and reduce nitrous oxide emissions in grazed grassland, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 207, 1 September 2015, Pages 40-50, ISSN 0167-8809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.019.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880915001036)\r\nAbstract: Emissions of nitrous oxide from grassland systems are attributable largely to the use of nitrogen fertilisers and the excreta deposited by grazing animals. There is increasing interest in using gibberellins as a naturally-occurring growth promotant of herbage that could be used to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilisers while leading to similar or greater increases in dry matter. This may provide practical opportunities to reduce nitrogen intake by ruminants and extend the seasonality of herbage growth in spring and autumn while reducing nitrogen losses, resulting in lower rates of nitrogen excretion by grazing animals and reduced nitrous oxide emissions. Our findings from a review of previous studies confirm that gibberellins promote dry matter production, especially when applied in early spring or late summer/early autumn. When gibberellins are applied alone without nitrogen fertiliser, the nitrogen concentration of herbage is reduced and the impacts on forage quality are small and often not significantly different from those for untreated controls. We calculated the consequences of enhanced herbage production on nitrogen excreta returned to the soil as urine by a grazing dairy cow and estimated that one application of gibberellins will result in a relative reduction in nitrous oxide emission per urination event of 18% when compared with emissions from using nitrogen fertiliser. We used the OVERSEER® model and nitrous oxide emissions factors to estimate the impacts of changing herbage dry matter production, foliage nitrogen concentration and timing of one application of gibberellins on annual nitrous oxide emissions for a dairy farm. For one application of gibberellins in late summer and early spring, we estimate reductions in nitrous oxide emissions of 1.6% and 1.3%, respectively, relative to the response for an untreated control. Incorporating the effects of reduced use of nitrogen fertiliser by substituting one split application of fertiliser in late summer or autumn with gibberellins, we estimate reductions on nitrous oxide emissions of between 5 and 6% relative to the response for the untreated control. We conclude that the use of gibberellins with reduced addition of nitrogen fertiliser has the potential to reduce nitrous emissions from grazed grassland. However, acceptance of widespread use of gibberellins will be dependent on cost benefit analysis for farmers.\r\nKeywords: Forage quality; Gibberellins; Grassland production; Grazed grassland; Greenhouse gas mitigation; Nitrous oxide\r\nView full report\r\nView factsheet\r\nhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.019', '', '', '', '', '2015-04-01', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '444', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(302, '', 'Decreasing methane emissions by feeding grazing ruminants: a fit with productive and financial realities?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Pacheco, D., G. Waghorn, et al. (2014). \"Decreasing methane emissions from ruminants grazing forages: a fit with productive and financial realities?\" <u>Animal Production Science</u> <strong>54</strong>(9): 1141-1154.</p>\r\n<p>Ruminants contribute to human food supply and also anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. An understanding of production systems and information on animal populations has enabled global inventories of ruminant GHG emissions (methane and nitrous oxide), and dietary strategies are being developed to reduce GHG emissions from ruminants. Mitigation strategies need to consider the management/feeding systems used to ensure that these strategies will be readily accepted and adopted by farmers. Housed systems allow diets to be formulated in ways that may reduce GHG production, but the challenge is much greater for systems where animals graze outdoors for long periods. A methane mitigation option in the form of fresh forage would be desirable in livestock production systems with high reliance on grazing. A brief summary of New Zealand research, carried out on fresh grasses, legumes, herbs and crops, suggest that we have an incomplete understanding of the feed characteristics that define a &lsquo;high&rsquo; or a &lsquo;low&rsquo; methane feed. The variation in methane emissions measured between feeds, individual animals and experiment is large, even in controlled conditions, and the dynamic nature of sward-animal interactions will only exacerbate this variation, creating challenges beyond the identification of mitigants. Furthermore, implementation of knowledge gained from controlled studies requires validation under grazing systems to identify any trade-offs between methane reduction and animal productivity or emission of other pollutants. Therefore, investment and research should be targeted at mitigation options that can and will be adopted on-farm, and the characteristics of temperate grasslands farming suggest that these options may differ from those for intensive (high input/output) or extensive (low input/output) systems.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14437\">https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14437</a></p>', 'Pacheco, D., G. Waghorn, et al. (2014). \"Decreasing methane emissions from ruminants grazing forages: a fit with productive and financial realities?\" Animal Production Science 54(9): 1141-1154.\r\nRuminants contribute to human food supply and also anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. An understanding of production systems and information on animal populations has enabled global inventories of ruminant GHG emissions (methane and nitrous oxide), and dietary strategies are being developed to reduce GHG emissions from ruminants. Mitigation strategies need to consider the management/feeding systems used to ensure that these strategies will be readily accepted and adopted by farmers. Housed systems allow diets to be formulated in ways that may reduce GHG production, but the challenge is much greater for systems where animals graze outdoors for long periods. A methane mitigation option in the form of fresh forage would be desirable in livestock production systems with high reliance on grazing. A brief summary of New Zealand research, carried out on fresh grasses, legumes, herbs and crops, suggest that we have an incomplete understanding of the feed characteristics that define a ‘high’ or a ‘low’ methane feed. The variation in methane emissions measured between feeds, individual animals and experiment is large, even in controlled conditions, and the dynamic nature of sward-animal interactions will only exacerbate this variation, creating challenges beyond the identification of mitigants. Furthermore, implementation of knowledge gained from controlled studies requires validation under grazing systems to identify any trade-offs between methane reduction and animal productivity or emission of other pollutants. Therefore, investment and research should be targeted at mitigation options that can and will be adopted on-farm, and the characteristics of temperate grasslands farming suggest that these options may differ from those for intensive (high input/output) or extensive (low input/output) systems.\r\nhttps://doi.org/10.1071/AN14437', '', '', '', '', '2014-07-15', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(303, '', 'Some clarification of the impacts of grassland intensification on food production, nitrogen release, greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration: using the example of New Zealand', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Anthony J. Parsons, John H. M. Thornley, Susanne Rasmussen and Jacqueline S. Rowarth, 2016, Some clarification of the impacts of grassland intensification on food production, nitrogen release, greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration: using the example of New Zealand, CAB Reviews 2016 11, No. 054</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>We used an established, process-based model of the dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling between plants, soils and animals in grazed temperate pastures to clarify expectations of how some major components of intensification affect the outcomes (short-term and long-term) of alternative systems for food production and environmental impact. We use the example of New Zealand, due to its clear recent history of intensification, the level of concern and hence nature of research undertaken there. A transition from low-input drystock, to dairy (lactation) systems with higher N inputs in fertilizer, and/or C and N inputs in supplements, reveals how at the same intermediate N input, food yield (per ha) can be doubled, while environmental N release halved, with minimal impact on C sequestration. We stress the sources of sustained changes in N release (e.g. nitrate/ nitrous oxide) are altered inputs (fertilizer/supplements) and less so animal numbers in response to these. Much of the increased efficiency is due to &lsquo;improved&rsquo; N partitioning in lactating (cf. dry) animals. A reversion to dry-stock (or &lsquo;de-stocking&rsquo;) therefore offers greater environmental challenge, unless N inputs decline accordingly. Responses to supplements (being a source of C) re-inforce how the driving limitation to the grazed ecosystem is C capture per ha, and we highlight the need for a renewed focus on fundamental research on plant C uptake per ha per unit of N input. We offer a graphical method for visualizing the outcomes of options, and their trade-offs, with implications for policy and future research direction.</p>\r\n<p>Keywords: Intensification, Carbon sequestration, Nitrogen use efficiency, Supplements, Dairy production</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201611054\">https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201611054</a>&nbsp;</p>', 'Anthony J. Parsons, John H. M. Thornley, Susanne Rasmussen and Jacqueline S. Rowarth, 2016, Some clarification of the impacts of grassland intensification on food production, nitrogen release, greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration: using the example of New Zealand, CAB Reviews 2016 11, No. 054\r\nAbstract\r\nWe used an established, process-based model of the dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling between plants, soils and animals in grazed temperate pastures to clarify expectations of how some major components of intensification affect the outcomes (short-term and long-term) of alternative systems for food production and environmental impact. We use the example of New Zealand, due to its clear recent history of intensification, the level of concern and hence nature of research undertaken there. A transition from low-input drystock, to dairy (lactation) systems with higher N inputs in fertilizer, and/or C and N inputs in supplements, reveals how at the same intermediate N input, food yield (per ha) can be doubled, while environmental N release halved, with minimal impact on C sequestration. We stress the sources of sustained changes in N release (e.g. nitrate/ nitrous oxide) are altered inputs (fertilizer/supplements) and less so animal numbers in response to these. Much of the increased efficiency is due to ‘improved’ N partitioning in lactating (cf. dry) animals. A reversion to dry-stock (or ‘de-stocking’) therefore offers greater environmental challenge, unless N inputs decline accordingly. Responses to supplements (being a source of C) re-inforce how the driving limitation to the grazed ecosystem is C capture per ha, and we highlight the need for a renewed focus on fundamental research on plant C uptake per ha per unit of N input. We offer a graphical method for visualizing the outcomes of options, and their trade-offs, with implications for policy and future research direction.\r\nKeywords: Intensification, Carbon sequestration, Nitrogen use efficiency, Supplements, Dairy production\r\nhttps://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR201611054', '', '', '', '', '2017-05-19', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '103', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(304, '', 'Searching deep within for methane battlers', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The role of microbes in producing methane is being studied by an Irish scientist, writes Jarrod Booker.</p>\r\n<p>While science is helping us discover vast new worlds beyond our own, the worlds explored by Sinead Leahy are far too small to be seen by the naked eye.</p>\r\n<p>This world of microbes &ndash; tiny bugs such as bacteria that could fit by the millions in the eye of a needle &ndash; are all around us and keep the planet functioning. For Leahy, a senior scientist at AgResearch, her focus over the last decade has been on the complex world of microbes in the stomachs of ruminants like cows and sheep &ndash; and the huge implications these tiny single-cell organisms have for both New Zealand\'s economy and environment.</p>\r\n<p>\"We know so little about this microbial world, because people don\'t see it and they don\'t realise how important it is to us in New Zealand. It\'s only recently that we have started to get DNA sequencing technologies that allow us to study these worlds with new insight,\" Leahy says.</p>\r\n<p>\"The microbes in the sheep or cow\'s rumen (a chamber of the stomach) powers the animal by allowing it to break down the grass it eats, and gives us the products like milk, meat and wool that New Zealand sells to the world.\"</p>\r\n<p>It is not only the size of the microbes in the rumen that makes them difficult to identify and study, it\'s also the environment they exist in &ndash; without oxygen &ndash; and the highly complex roles they play, and how they interact with each other.</p>\r\n<p>Irish-born and raised Leahy, alongside her colleagues in rumen microbiology at AgResearch, has spent the last decade in New Zealand learning more about these microbes, to help farmers produce healthier, more productive animals and lift New Zealand\'s economy. But the potential is also huge when it comes to methane gas produced by the animals, given that methane is the largest contributor to New Zealand\'s greenhouse gas emissions.</p>\r\n<p>As scientists at AgResearch and elsewhere press to find ways to reduce the amount of methane produced &ndash; including potential for a methane vaccine &ndash; Leahy says the role of microbes here is crucial. By learning more about the microbes that are part of the process of producing the methane in the animals, there is the opportunity to find new ways to address it.</p>\r\n<p>Leahy was part of an international project led out of AgResearch, called Hungate1000, in which the genomes of hundreds of different microbes from ruminants from around the world were mapped to provide an important resource for researchers globally.</p>\r\n<p>While New Zealand should be proud of its rugby players and rowers, they should also recognise that in areas like rumen microbiology, New Zealand is a world leader, she says.</p>\r\n<p>Though she and her Irish-born husband are now also New Zealand citizens, along with their two New Zealand-born children, there is no question where her loyalties lie when it comes to the rugby arena. She looks back on the famous Irish victory over the All Blacks in Chicago last year as \"one of the greatest days of my life\".</p>\r\n<p>\"It was a long time coming. After all the pain of the last 10 years, I finally got to come to work in my Ireland jersey and lord it over everyone for a change.\"</p>\r\n<p>Leahy, 38, was one of nine children growing up in the Irish township of Bilboa &ndash; she had more siblings than there were pupils in her primary school class. Her grandfather\'s small farm nearby had her exposed early to rural life &ndash; \"we grew up with milk straight from the cow\".</p>\r\n<p>Her family was very strong in mathematics, and she remembers telling them at a young age she was going to be a researcher.</p>\r\n<p>\"I remember in primary school a teacher turning water with different colours with dye. It basically set me on the path from there.\"</p>\r\n<p>After completing her PhD in Cork, Leahy arrived in New Zealand in 2006, for what she told family and friends was part of a two year adventure around the world. After landing the job at AgResearch, and becoming attached to the work, her team, and the lifestyle, she decided to stay.</p>\r\n<p>\"I think my family always knew I was going to go off and see the world and do something more.\"</p>\r\n<p>While retaining her position at AgResearch, Leahy has recently taken up a new role of International Capability and Training Co-ordinator for the Government-funded New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC).</p>\r\n<p>The role will support the goals of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases, an initiative supported by the New Zealand Government to increase collaboration between countries to reduce the emissions intensity of food production. One of the objectives of Leahy\'s role is to engage scientists and policy audiences in the developing world on why lowering agricultural greenhouse gas emissions intensity (the emissions per kilogram of meat, milk, vegetables or grains) is important for their agricultural production.</p>\r\n<p>\"It\'s something I haven\'t done before, working on that interface between governments and the science, and the area of developing policy,\" Leahy says.</p>\r\n<p>\"It\'s vital to have that policy in place if you want to make real change, and for that policy to be built on quality science.\"</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/discovery/92855914/searching-deep-within-for-methane-battlers\">S</a>ource: <a href=\"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/discovery/92855914/searching-deep-within-for-methane-battlers\">http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/discovery/92855914/searching-deep-within-for-methane-battlers</a></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Sinead Leahy is the International Capability and Training Co-ordinator at the NZAGRAC. <a href=\"staff,listing,247,sinead-leahy.html\">Read her profile</a></li>\r\n</ul>', 'The role of microbes in producing methane is being studied by an Irish scientist, writes Jarrod Booker.\r\nWhile science is helping us discover vast new worlds beyond our own, the worlds explored by Sinead Leahy are far too small to be seen by the naked eye.\r\nThis world of microbes – tiny bugs such as bacteria that could fit by the millions in the eye of a needle – are all around us and keep the planet functioning. For Leahy, a senior scientist at AgResearch, her focus over the last decade has been on the complex world of microbes in the stomachs of ruminants like cows and sheep – and the huge implications these tiny single-cell organisms have for both New Zealand\'s economy and environment.\r\n\"We know so little about this microbial world, because people don\'t see it and they don\'t realise how important it is to us in New Zealand. It\'s only recently that we have started to get DNA sequencing technologies that allow us to study these worlds with new insight,\" Leahy says.\r\n\"The microbes in the sheep or cow\'s rumen (a chamber of the stomach) powers the animal by allowing it to break down the grass it eats, and gives us the products like milk, meat and wool that New Zealand sells to the world.\"\r\nIt is not only the size of the microbes in the rumen that makes them difficult to identify and study, it\'s also the environment they exist in – without oxygen – and the highly complex roles they play, and how they interact with each other.\r\nIrish-born and raised Leahy, alongside her colleagues in rumen microbiology at AgResearch, has spent the last decade in New Zealand learning more about these microbes, to help farmers produce healthier, more productive animals and lift New Zealand\'s economy. But the potential is also huge when it comes to methane gas produced by the animals, given that methane is the largest contributor to New Zealand\'s greenhouse gas emissions.\r\nAs scientists at AgResearch and elsewhere press to find ways to reduce the amount of methane produced – including potential for a methane vaccine – Leahy says the role of microbes here is crucial. By learning more about the microbes that are part of the process of producing the methane in the animals, there is the opportunity to find new ways to address it.\r\nLeahy was part of an international project led out of AgResearch, called Hungate1000, in which the genomes of hundreds of different microbes from ruminants from around the world were mapped to provide an important resource for researchers globally.\r\nWhile New Zealand should be proud of its rugby players and rowers, they should also recognise that in areas like rumen microbiology, New Zealand is a world leader, she says.\r\nThough she and her Irish-born husband are now also New Zealand citizens, along with their two New Zealand-born children, there is no question where her loyalties lie when it comes to the rugby arena. She looks back on the famous Irish victory over the All Blacks in Chicago last year as \"one of the greatest days of my life\".\r\n\"It was a long time coming. After all the pain of the last 10 years, I finally got to come to work in my Ireland jersey and lord it over everyone for a change.\"\r\nLeahy, 38, was one of nine children growing up in the Irish township of Bilboa – she had more siblings than there were pupils in her primary school class. Her grandfather\'s small farm nearby had her exposed early to rural life – \"we grew up with milk straight from the cow\".\r\nHer family was very strong in mathematics, and she remembers telling them at a young age she was going to be a researcher.\r\n\"I remember in primary school a teacher turning water with different colours with dye. It basically set me on the path from there.\"\r\nAfter completing her PhD in Cork, Leahy arrived in New Zealand in 2006, for what she told family and friends was part of a two year adventure around the world. After landing the job at AgResearch, and becoming attached to the work, her team, and the lifestyle, she decided to stay.\r\n\"I think my family always knew I was going to go off and see the world and do something more.\"\r\nWhile retaining her position at AgResearch, Leahy has recently taken up a new role of International Capability and Training Co-ordinator for the Government-funded New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC).\r\nThe role will support the goals of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases, an initiative supported by the New Zealand Government to increase collaboration between countries to reduce the emissions intensity of food production. One of the objectives of Leahy\'s role is to engage scientists and policy audiences in the developing world on why lowering agricultural greenhouse gas emissions intensity (the emissions per kilogram of meat, milk, vegetables or grains) is important for their agricultural production.\r\n\"It\'s something I haven\'t done before, working on that interface between governments and the science, and the area of developing policy,\" Leahy says.\r\n\"It\'s vital to have that policy in place if you want to make real change, and for that policy to be built on quality science.\"\r\nSource: http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/discovery/92855914/searching-deep-within-for-methane-battlers\r\n\r\nSinead Leahy is the International Capability and Training Co-ordinator at the NZAGRAC. Read her profile', '', '', '', '', '2017-05-24', '2017-05-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '523', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(305, '', 'Sensitivity of the carbon footprint of New Zealand milk to greenhouse gas metrics', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Reisinger, A., Ledgard, S.F., Falconer, S.J. 2017.&nbsp;Sensitivity of the carbon footprint of New Zealand milk to greenhouse gas<br />metrics.&nbsp;Ecological Indicators 81, 74&ndash;82.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Highlights</strong></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>The carbon footprint of milk depends on the choice of GHG metric.</li>\r\n<li>GHG metrics that emphasise long-lived gases tend to favour low-input systems.</li>\r\n<li>Differences in footprint among farms are greater if long-lived gases are emphasised.</li>\r\n<li>Ranking is robust for most farms but differences are significant in some instances.</li>\r\n<li>Transparency in the choice of GHG metrics would support more robust policy outcomes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1V7vH,XRNLVD8D\">Read more</a> </strong>&nbsp;(external website, may be paid access)</p>', 'Reisinger, A., Ledgard, S.F., Falconer, S.J. 2017. Sensitivity of the carbon footprint of New Zealand milk to greenhouse gasmetrics. Ecological Indicators 81, 74–82.\r\nHighlights\r\n\r\nThe carbon footprint of milk depends on the choice of GHG metric.\r\nGHG metrics that emphasise long-lived gases tend to favour low-input systems.\r\nDifferences in footprint among farms are greater if long-lived gases are emphasised.\r\nRanking is robust for most farms but differences are significant in some instances.\r\nTransparency in the choice of GHG metrics would support more robust policy outcomes.\r\n\r\nRead more  (external website, may be paid access)', '', '', '', '', '2017-05-31', '2017-05-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '524', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(310, '', 'Professor Louis Schipper', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Louis Schipper is a Professor at the University of Waikato who investigates soil biogeochemical processes at landscape scales and how they might be manipulated to achieve improved environmental performance while maintaining production. For the last decade, Louis has led teams determining changes in carbon stocks of pasture soils at paddock to national scales. This research demonstrated that while carbon in the majority of pastures on flat land was at steady state, some of our important soils had lost substantial carbon while hill-country soils have gained large amounts. These data have been central to developing a national picture of New Zealand&rsquo;s carbon budget. They have also used micro-meteorological approaches to evaluate high-resolution fluxes of carbon at farm scales to identify practices that increase carbon stocks, generating in-depth understanding of climatic effects (e.g., drought, rainfall) and management impacts (pasture renewal, cultivation, new pasture species). Louis is an elected fellow of the New Zealand and American soil science societies with multiple awards from the NZ Society. He has published &gt;130 papers (Scopus H-index of 36), supervised ~40 PhD/MSc students, and developed substantial soil and environmental resources for schools.</p>', 'Louis Schipper is a Professor at the University of Waikato who investigates soil biogeochemical processes at landscape scales and how they might be manipulated to achieve improved environmental performance while maintaining production. For the last decade, Louis has led teams determining changes in carbon stocks of pasture soils at paddock to national scales. This research demonstrated that while carbon in the majority of pastures on flat land was at steady state, some of our important soils had lost substantial carbon while hill-country soils have gained large amounts. These data have been central to developing a national picture of New Zealand’s carbon budget. They have also used micro-meteorological approaches to evaluate high-resolution fluxes of carbon at farm scales to identify practices that increase carbon stocks, generating in-depth understanding of climatic effects (e.g., drought, rainfall) and management impacts (pasture renewal, cultivation, new pasture species). Louis is an elected fellow of the New Zealand and American soil science societies with multiple awards from the NZ Society. He has published >130 papers (Scopus H-index of 36), supervised ~40 PhD/MSc students, and developed substantial soil and environmental resources for schools.', '', '', '', '', '2017-04-03', '2017-04-03', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '526', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(311, '', 'Professor Louis Schipper talks about soil carbon', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Louis Schipper talks to Bryan Crump on RNZ Nights about soil carbon. He talks about soil organic matter, soil density, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur), land use and the ways we can store more carbon in soil to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmostphere without reducing food production.</p>\r\n<p>Louis also talks about the<a href=\"http://4p1000.org/understand\"> 4 pour mille </a>initiative and its challenge to increase carbon content of soils by 0.4% per year to offset fossil fuel emissions.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/nights/audio/201847257/nights-science-soils\">Listen </a>(external link)</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"science-2,listing,310,professor-louis-schipper.html\">About Louis</a></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Louis Schipper talks to Bryan Crump on RNZ Nights about soil carbon. He talks about soil organic matter, soil density, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur), land use and the ways we can store more carbon in soil to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmostphere without reducing food production.\r\nLouis also talks about the 4 pour mille initiative and its challenge to increase carbon content of soils by 0.4% per year to offset fossil fuel emissions.\r\nListen (external link)\r\nAbout Louis', '', '', '', '', '2017-06-14', '2017-06-14', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(306, '', 'Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 degrees Celcius target', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Wollenberg, E., Richards, M., Smith, P., Havl&iacute;k, P., Obersteiner, M., Tubiello, F. N., Herold, M., Gerber, P., Carter, S., Reisinger, A., van Vuuren, D. P., Dickie, A., Neufeldt, H., Sander, B. O., Wassmann, R., Sommer, R., Amonette, J. E., Falcucci, A., Herrero, M., Opio, C., Roman-Cuesta, R. M., Stehfest, E., Westhoek, H., Ortiz-Monasterio, I., Sapkota, T., Rufino, M. C., Thornton, P. K., Verchot, L., West, P. C., Soussana, J.-F., Baedeker, T., Sadler, M., Vermeulen, S. and Campbell, B. M. (2016), Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2&nbsp;&deg;C target. Glob Change Biol, 22: 3859&ndash;3864. doi:10.1111/gcb.13340</p>\r\n<p>More than 100 countries pledged to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the 2015 Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Yet technical information about how much mitigation is needed in the sector vs. how much is feasible remains poor. We identify a preliminary global target for reducing emissions from agriculture of ~1&nbsp;GtCO<sub><span style=\"font-size: small;\">2</span></sub>e&nbsp;yr<sup><span style=\"font-size: small;\">-1</span></sup>&nbsp;by 2030 to limit warming in 2100 to 2&nbsp;&deg;C above pre-industrial levels. Yet plausible agricultural development pathways with mitigation cobenefits deliver only 21&ndash;40% of needed mitigation. The target indicates that more transformative technical and policy options will be needed, such as methane inhibitors and finance for new practices. A more comprehensive target for the 2&nbsp;&deg;C limit should be developed to include soil carbon and agriculture-related mitigation options. Excluding agricultural emissions from mitigation targets and plans will increase the cost of mitigation in other sectors or reduce the feasibility of meeting the 2&nbsp;&deg;C limit.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.13340/full\"><strong>Read more</strong> </a>(external website)</p>', 'Wollenberg, E., Richards, M., Smith, P., Havlík, P., Obersteiner, M., Tubiello, F. N., Herold, M., Gerber, P., Carter, S., Reisinger, A., van Vuuren, D. P., Dickie, A., Neufeldt, H., Sander, B. O., Wassmann, R., Sommer, R., Amonette, J. E., Falcucci, A., Herrero, M., Opio, C., Roman-Cuesta, R. M., Stehfest, E., Westhoek, H., Ortiz-Monasterio, I., Sapkota, T., Rufino, M. C., Thornton, P. K., Verchot, L., West, P. C., Soussana, J.-F., Baedeker, T., Sadler, M., Vermeulen, S. and Campbell, B. M. (2016), Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 °C target. Glob Change Biol, 22: 3859–3864. doi:10.1111/gcb.13340\r\nMore than 100 countries pledged to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the 2015 Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Yet technical information about how much mitigation is needed in the sector vs. how much is feasible remains poor. We identify a preliminary global target for reducing emissions from agriculture of ~1 GtCO2e yr-1 by 2030 to limit warming in 2100 to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. Yet plausible agricultural development pathways with mitigation cobenefits deliver only 21–40% of needed mitigation. The target indicates that more transformative technical and policy options will be needed, such as methane inhibitors and finance for new practices. A more comprehensive target for the 2 °C limit should be developed to include soil carbon and agriculture-related mitigation options. Excluding agricultural emissions from mitigation targets and plans will increase the cost of mitigation in other sectors or reduce the feasibility of meeting the 2 °C limit.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-07-11', '2017-06-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '525', 'Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 degrees Celcius target', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(309, '', 'Dr Andy Reisinger: livestock impact on climate change set to rise', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The impact of agriculture on global warming could be as high&nbsp;as&nbsp;14&nbsp;per cent says an agricultural greenhouse gas specialist.</p>\r\n<p>But livestock may be even higher globally at 19 per cent.</p>\r\n<p>Andy&nbsp;Reisinger&#8203; the deputy director (International) of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre said while the numbers were contentious, livestock made&nbsp;a substantial impact on climate change.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Speaking by video-link&nbsp;from Mexico, where he was talking&nbsp;climate change with politicians, Reisinger addressed150 delegates at the New Zealand Agricultural&nbsp;Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Conference&nbsp;&nbsp;in Palmerston&nbsp;North late last month.</p>\r\n<p>Reisinger&nbsp;said it was hard to estimate&nbsp;different sectors\' impact on global warming but the picture was clear.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>\"From 1860 to 2017&nbsp;there has been a massive increase in temperature, with 2016 so far the highest point. &nbsp;As well as greenhouse gas production, there were also natural emissions, &nbsp;which also takes into account the sun and volcanic eruptions.</p>\r\n<p>\"But the impact of agriculture today on&nbsp;greenhouse gases is surprisingly large.</p>\r\n<p>\"Livestock today, could be as much as 19 per cent of direct emissions.\"</p>\r\n<p>He said gases from agriculture were not interchangeable.</p>\r\n<p>\"Carbon dioxide is the dominant greenhouse gas - it lasts&nbsp;in the atmosphere for thousands of years. Methane goes almost immediately.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>\"But agriculture is&nbsp;one of the biggest contributors to global gases today. And we think it is responsible for about 14 per cent of global warming gases.\"</p>\r\n<p>Resinger said of that,&nbsp;livestock was 9 percent at the moment.</p>\r\n<p>\"I&nbsp;just want to emphasise how much it is not known. &nbsp;In 100 years, it looks as though agricultural will be 22 per cent of warming.\"</p>\r\n<p>If no steps were taken to mitigate the world\'s temperature it would rise&nbsp;go up 4.5 degrees C. And if we do change and mitigate the effects, then the increase will be&nbsp;1.5 degrees.\"</p>\r\n<p>He said the message for all delegates of the conference was if the world took all mitigation steps, then livestock emissions would&nbsp;stand out.</p>\r\n<p>\"We came up with an aspirational goal to reduce agricultural emissions. &nbsp;The proposal is for one gigatonne&nbsp;a year by the year 2030.\"</p>\r\n<p>A gigatonne is equal to a million metric tons.</p>\r\n<p>Reisinger said there was a groundswell of countries that thought agriculture needed to be included in any mitigation schemes.</p>\r\n<p>\"We have 119 &nbsp;countries&nbsp;included in the Paris agreement to reduce greenhouse gases. &nbsp;And 64 per cent of those are developing nations. &nbsp;They need strong support from developed nations.\"</p>\r\n<p>He said agricultural mitigation was vital to support the Paris agreement.</p>\r\n<p>\"And the interest in mitigation of agriculture is growing&nbsp;internationally.\"</p>\r\n<p>The director of the New Zealand &nbsp;Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre,&nbsp;Dr Harry Clark, said while there were several mitigation factors for livestock in the pipeline, finding&nbsp;something that worked&nbsp;on grass-fed New Zealand stock was the most difficult.</p>\r\n<p>Feeds that reduced emissions&nbsp;worked on animals housed and brought feed, they&nbsp;did not work on sheep on the hills.</p>\r\n<p>However&nbsp;he&nbsp;said farmers\' awareness of their greenhouse gas contribution was at a much higher level than 15 years ago.</p>\r\n<p>\"There is growing awareness now of the&nbsp;unusual greenhouse gas&nbsp;profile&nbsp;here&nbsp;dominated by agriculture.To meet our international commitments, we have to think carefully about what we do with the agricultural sector. I&nbsp;think 15 years ago, you wouldn\'t have seen that awareness.\"</p>\r\n<p>But he said&nbsp;&nbsp;other than more efficient production, greenhouse mitigation on New Zealand farms was years away.</p>\r\n<p>He said many emissions in&nbsp;the&nbsp;US&nbsp;and Europe came from industry, such as power plants and from cars.</p>\r\n<p>\"You&nbsp;can get electric cars, and cleaner plants&nbsp;and a&nbsp;lot of those emissions will come down. Then unfortunately the focus will go on&nbsp;agriculture.\"</p>\r\n<p>To get emissions down&nbsp;so global warming was&nbsp;2 degrees Celsius or less, carbon dioxide emissions would have to hit&nbsp;zero this century, he said.</p>\r\n<p>\"Once you tackle those gases, then the proportion of gases change, and greater emphasis comes on agriculture.\"</p>\r\n<p>Clark said New Zealand\'s immediate priority&nbsp;was to increase efficiency.</p>\r\n<p>&#8203;\"We need to do more research to develop new technologies. It is difficult to say when they will come along, but what we can say is very good progress has been made on the experimental side. However, then to go from experimental to something that works on farm and is available commercially, takes a number of years.\"</p>\r\n<p>He said technology&nbsp;had to meet regulatory values and the nitrification inhibitor&nbsp;dicyandiamide, known as&nbsp;DCD and recalled from shelves in 2003,&nbsp;was a salutary lesson.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>\"It has to be safe for people - have no residues,&nbsp;and be safe for animals.\"</p>\r\n<p>The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse&nbsp;Gas Research Centre is&nbsp;funded by the Government and overseas investment.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Statistics New Zealand says&nbsp;New Zealand\'s&nbsp;net&nbsp;greenhouse gas emissions&nbsp;increased 54 per cent between 1990 and 2014.</p>\r\n<p>A total of 24.4 million tonnes of&nbsp;carbon&nbsp;dioxide (CO2) equivalent was removed from the atmosphere in 2014, equivalent to 30 per cent of&nbsp;New Zealand\'s&nbsp;total&nbsp;greenhouse gas emissions&nbsp;that year.</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>This article originally appeared at <a href=\"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/91005604/dr-andy-reisinger-livestock-impact-on-climate-change-set-to-rise\">http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/91005604/dr-andy-reisinger-livestock-impact-on-climate-change-set-to-rise</a></li>\r\n<li>View Andy\'s presentation at <a href=\"agricultural-emissions-their-role-in-climate-change-past-present-and-future.html\">http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/agricultural-emissions-their-role-in-climate-change-past-present-and-future.html</a></li>\r\n</ul>', 'The impact of agriculture on global warming could be as high as 14 per cent says an agricultural greenhouse gas specialist.\r\nBut livestock may be even higher globally at 19 per cent.\r\nAndy Reisinger​ the deputy director (International) of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre said while the numbers were contentious, livestock made a substantial impact on climate change. \r\nSpeaking by video-link from Mexico, where he was talking climate change with politicians, Reisinger addressed150 delegates at the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Conference  in Palmerston North late last month.\r\nReisinger said it was hard to estimate different sectors\' impact on global warming but the picture was clear.  \r\n\"From 1860 to 2017 there has been a massive increase in temperature, with 2016 so far the highest point.  As well as greenhouse gas production, there were also natural emissions,  which also takes into account the sun and volcanic eruptions.\r\n\"But the impact of agriculture today on greenhouse gases is surprisingly large.\r\n\"Livestock today, could be as much as 19 per cent of direct emissions.\"\r\nHe said gases from agriculture were not interchangeable.\r\n\"Carbon dioxide is the dominant greenhouse gas - it lasts in the atmosphere for thousands of years. Methane goes almost immediately.  \r\n\"But agriculture is one of the biggest contributors to global gases today. And we think it is responsible for about 14 per cent of global warming gases.\"\r\nResinger said of that, livestock was 9 percent at the moment.\r\n\"I just want to emphasise how much it is not known.  In 100 years, it looks as though agricultural will be 22 per cent of warming.\"\r\nIf no steps were taken to mitigate the world\'s temperature it would rise go up 4.5 degrees C. And if we do change and mitigate the effects, then the increase will be 1.5 degrees.\"\r\nHe said the message for all delegates of the conference was if the world took all mitigation steps, then livestock emissions would stand out.\r\n\"We came up with an aspirational goal to reduce agricultural emissions.  The proposal is for one gigatonne a year by the year 2030.\"\r\nA gigatonne is equal to a million metric tons.\r\nReisinger said there was a groundswell of countries that thought agriculture needed to be included in any mitigation schemes.\r\n\"We have 119  countries included in the Paris agreement to reduce greenhouse gases.  And 64 per cent of those are developing nations.  They need strong support from developed nations.\"\r\nHe said agricultural mitigation was vital to support the Paris agreement.\r\n\"And the interest in mitigation of agriculture is growing internationally.\"\r\nThe director of the New Zealand  Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre, Dr Harry Clark, said while there were several mitigation factors for livestock in the pipeline, finding something that worked on grass-fed New Zealand stock was the most difficult.\r\nFeeds that reduced emissions worked on animals housed and brought feed, they did not work on sheep on the hills.\r\nHowever he said farmers\' awareness of their greenhouse gas contribution was at a much higher level than 15 years ago.\r\n\"There is growing awareness now of the unusual greenhouse gas profile here dominated by agriculture.To meet our international commitments, we have to think carefully about what we do with the agricultural sector. I think 15 years ago, you wouldn\'t have seen that awareness.\"\r\nBut he said  other than more efficient production, greenhouse mitigation on New Zealand farms was years away.\r\nHe said many emissions in the US and Europe came from industry, such as power plants and from cars.\r\n\"You can get electric cars, and cleaner plants and a lot of those emissions will come down. Then unfortunately the focus will go on agriculture.\"\r\nTo get emissions down so global warming was 2 degrees Celsius or less, carbon dioxide emissions would have to hit zero this century, he said.\r\n\"Once you tackle those gases, then the proportion of gases change, and greater emphasis comes on agriculture.\"\r\nClark said New Zealand\'s immediate priority was to increase efficiency.\r\n​\"We need to do more research to develop new technologies. It is difficult to say when they will come along, but what we can say is very good progress has been made on the experimental side. However, then to go from experimental to something that works on farm and is available commercially, takes a number of years.\"\r\nHe said technology had to meet regulatory values and the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide, known as DCD and recalled from shelves in 2003, was a salutary lesson. \r\n\"It has to be safe for people - have no residues, and be safe for animals.\"\r\nThe New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre is funded by the Government and overseas investment. \r\nStatistics New Zealand says New Zealand\'s net greenhouse gas emissions increased 54 per cent between 1990 and 2014.\r\nA total of 24.4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent was removed from the atmosphere in 2014, equivalent to 30 per cent of New Zealand\'s total greenhouse gas emissions that year.\r\n\r\nThis article originally appeared at http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/91005604/dr-andy-reisinger-livestock-impact-on-climate-change-set-to-rise\r\nView Andy\'s presentation at http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/agricultural-emissions-their-role-in-climate-change-past-present-and-future.html', '', '', '', '', '2017-04-03', '2017-04-03', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '109', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(312, '', 'Modelling Agriculture\'s Contribution to New Zealand\'s Contribution to the Post-2020 Agreement', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>This report has been commissioned by the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) to provide information on expected future agricultural emissions and the potential of mitigation actions. It aims to assist in developing different approaches to an agricultural target as part of New Zealand&rsquo;s contribution to a post-2020 agreement under the UNFCCC.</p>\r\n<p>The report provides emissions data obtained from a range of emissions scenarios (baselines and targeted mitigation actions to reduce absolute emissions and/or emissions intensities relative to baselines) through until the year 2050, with a specific focus on 2030. Scenario analysis has been used to explore the consequences of different approaches for emission trends.</p>\r\n<p>This report considers mitigation options consisting of various ways of improving farm efficiency alongside those that rely on the implementation of new technologies. The mitigation scenarios do not include policies or regulations that would imply significant additional constraints on land, stocking densities or nitrogen loading, or policies that would shift the profitability of different types of land-use through imposition of a cost of carbon on agriculture. Modelling the effects of such policies would require the use of economic tools and would rely on policy assumptions outside the scope of this report.</p>\r\n<p>Changing global market conditions could also have a major impact on agricultural production and emissions in New Zealand, but the characterisation of future global markets, let alone quantification of their implications for New Zealand livestock production and emissions, was beyond the scope of this report.</p>\r\n<p>Related to the above exclusions, the report did not investigate potential changes in total available agricultural land and the level of use of agricultural land between ruminant livestock and production forest, horticulture or arable crops. In other words, a basic assumption of the report is that agricultural land currently in ruminant livestock production will remain in some form of ruminant livestock production, and the only changes considered relate to the balance of livestock species and intensity of production systems, including use of specific management practices and technologies. While this assumption of a static total land area for livestock production is unlikely to remain the case in reality over the next several decades, it is beyond the scope of this report to assess potential changes in land use.</p>\r\n<p>Based on the individual mitigation options considered in this report, a combined package of mitigation outcomes (both on an absolute emissions and emissions intensity level) is presented, including the influence of the choice of base year (or base period) and metrics to aggregate emissions intensities from different sub-sectors (dairy, sheep and beef). The report does not make any recommendations on suitable or desirable targets, but seeks to inform political decisions about such targets by presenting the influence of different measures on emissions and providing a high-level indication of economic, environmental and social aspects relating to their implementation in a New Zealand context.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/11362\">Download the report </a></strong>(external website)</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>This report was prepared for the Ministry for Primary Industries by: <strong><a href=\"staff,listing,242,andy-reisinger.html\">Andy Reisinger, Deputy Director, New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre</a></strong>; <strong><a href=\"staff,listing,241,harry-clark.html\">Harry Clark, Director, New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre </a></strong>with additional input in support of this work has been provided by the following individuals: Greg Lambert, Dave Clark (consultants) Mike Rollo (AgResearch) Paul Melville, Simon Wear, Rod Forbes (MPI).&nbsp;</li>\r\n</ul>', 'This report has been commissioned by the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) to provide information on expected future agricultural emissions and the potential of mitigation actions. It aims to assist in developing different approaches to an agricultural target as part of New Zealand’s contribution to a post-2020 agreement under the UNFCCC.\r\nThe report provides emissions data obtained from a range of emissions scenarios (baselines and targeted mitigation actions to reduce absolute emissions and/or emissions intensities relative to baselines) through until the year 2050, with a specific focus on 2030. Scenario analysis has been used to explore the consequences of different approaches for emission trends.\r\nThis report considers mitigation options consisting of various ways of improving farm efficiency alongside those that rely on the implementation of new technologies. The mitigation scenarios do not include policies or regulations that would imply significant additional constraints on land, stocking densities or nitrogen loading, or policies that would shift the profitability of different types of land-use through imposition of a cost of carbon on agriculture. Modelling the effects of such policies would require the use of economic tools and would rely on policy assumptions outside the scope of this report.\r\nChanging global market conditions could also have a major impact on agricultural production and emissions in New Zealand, but the characterisation of future global markets, let alone quantification of their implications for New Zealand livestock production and emissions, was beyond the scope of this report.\r\nRelated to the above exclusions, the report did not investigate potential changes in total available agricultural land and the level of use of agricultural land between ruminant livestock and production forest, horticulture or arable crops. In other words, a basic assumption of the report is that agricultural land currently in ruminant livestock production will remain in some form of ruminant livestock production, and the only changes considered relate to the balance of livestock species and intensity of production systems, including use of specific management practices and technologies. While this assumption of a static total land area for livestock production is unlikely to remain the case in reality over the next several decades, it is beyond the scope of this report to assess potential changes in land use.\r\nBased on the individual mitigation options considered in this report, a combined package of mitigation outcomes (both on an absolute emissions and emissions intensity level) is presented, including the influence of the choice of base year (or base period) and metrics to aggregate emissions intensities from different sub-sectors (dairy, sheep and beef). The report does not make any recommendations on suitable or desirable targets, but seeks to inform political decisions about such targets by presenting the influence of different measures on emissions and providing a high-level indication of economic, environmental and social aspects relating to their implementation in a New Zealand context.\r\nDownload the report (external website)\r\n\r\nThis report was prepared for the Ministry for Primary Industries by: Andy Reisinger, Deputy Director, New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre; Harry Clark, Director, New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre with additional input in support of this work has been provided by the following individuals: Greg Lambert, Dave Clark (consultants) Mike Rollo (AgResearch) Paul Melville, Simon Wear, Rod Forbes (MPI).', '', '', '', '', '2016-09-01', '2016-09-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '529', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(313, '', 'Effects of trampling of a wet dairy pasture soil on soil porosity and on mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions by a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Ball, B.C., Cameron, K.C., Di, H.J. and Moore, S. (2012). Effects of trampling of a wet dairy pasture soil on soil porosity and on mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions by a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide. <em>Soil Use and Management</em>.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Urine patches in dairy pastures are major sources of nitrous oxide (N2O). Wet winters result in compaction damage to pastures because of animal trampling. The nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), is effective at reducing N2O emissions from urine patches. Here, we assessed the extent of damage to the physical quality of the soil by trampling and whether this influenced the ability of DCD to mitigate N2O emissions. A field experiment was conducted where a sandy loam soil was trampled by a mechanical hoof just before urine and DCD application. Trampling reduced air permeability and pore continuity, but this had no effect on bulk density. Urine appeared to have contributed to pore collapse and blockage. Trampling increased average cumulative N2O emissions from 1.74 to 4.66% of urine-N applied. This effect was attributed to increased water-filled pore space, aggregate destruction and suppression of grass growth. DCD was highly effective in reducing N2O emissions, with the N2O emission factor of the urine-N being decreased by 58&ndash;63%. Trampling did not significantly affect the effectiveness of DCD in reducing N2O emissions.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00389.x/full\">Read more</a> (external link)</p>', 'Ball, B.C., Cameron, K.C., Di, H.J. and Moore, S. (2012). Effects of trampling of a wet dairy pasture soil on soil porosity and on mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions by a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide. Soil Use and Management.\r\nAbstractUrine patches in dairy pastures are major sources of nitrous oxide (N2O). Wet winters result in compaction damage to pastures because of animal trampling. The nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), is effective at reducing N2O emissions from urine patches. Here, we assessed the extent of damage to the physical quality of the soil by trampling and whether this influenced the ability of DCD to mitigate N2O emissions. A field experiment was conducted where a sandy loam soil was trampled by a mechanical hoof just before urine and DCD application. Trampling reduced air permeability and pore continuity, but this had no effect on bulk density. Urine appeared to have contributed to pore collapse and blockage. Trampling increased average cumulative N2O emissions from 1.74 to 4.66% of urine-N applied. This effect was attributed to increased water-filled pore space, aggregate destruction and suppression of grass growth. DCD was highly effective in reducing N2O emissions, with the N2O emission factor of the urine-N being decreased by 58–63%. Trampling did not significantly affect the effectiveness of DCD in reducing N2O emissions.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2012-03-08', '2014-07-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '530', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(314, '', 'Mitigating nitrous oxide and manure-derived methane emissions by removing cows in response to wet soil conditions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>T.J. van der Weerden, S. Laurenson, I. Vogeler, P.C. Beukes, S.M. Thomas, R.M. Rees, C.F.E. Topp, G. Lanigan, C.A.M. de Klein, Mitigating nitrous oxide and manure-derived methane emissions by removing cows in response to wet soil conditions, Agricultural Systems, Volume 156, September 2017, Pages 126-138, ISSN 0308-521X, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.06.010\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.06.010</a>.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Highlights</strong></p>\r\n<p>&bull; Grazing pastures when soils are wet increases N2O emissions from cow urine</p>\r\n<p>&bull; Duration controlled grazing (DCG) was applied when a soil &#1012;v threshold was reached.</p>\r\n<p>&bull; Different durations were assessed for farms on poorly and imperfectly drained soils.</p>\r\n<p>&bull; For poorly drained soils, DCG reduced N2O and manure-derived CH4 emissions.</p>\r\n<p>&bull; For imperfectly drained soils, DCG increased N2O and manure-derived CH4 emissions.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X16304826\">Read the article in full&nbsp;</a></strong>(external link)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'T.J. van der Weerden, S. Laurenson, I. Vogeler, P.C. Beukes, S.M. Thomas, R.M. Rees, C.F.E. Topp, G. Lanigan, C.A.M. de Klein, Mitigating nitrous oxide and manure-derived methane emissions by removing cows in response to wet soil conditions, Agricultural Systems, Volume 156, September 2017, Pages 126-138, ISSN 0308-521X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.06.010.\r\nHighlights\r\n• Grazing pastures when soils are wet increases N2O emissions from cow urine\r\n• Duration controlled grazing (DCG) was applied when a soil ϴv threshold was reached.\r\n• Different durations were assessed for farms on poorly and imperfectly drained soils.\r\n• For poorly drained soils, DCG reduced N2O and manure-derived CH4 emissions.\r\n• For imperfectly drained soils, DCG increased N2O and manure-derived CH4 emissions.\r\nRead the article in full (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-06-26', '2017-06-26', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '531', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(315, '', 'Feeding diets with fodder beet decreased methane emissions from dry and lactating dairy cows in grazing systems', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Jonker Arjan, Scobie David, Dynes Robyn, Edwards Grant, De Klein Cecile, Hague Helen, McAuliffe Russel, Taylor Anna, Knight Trevor, Waghorn Garry (2017) Feeding diets with fodder beet decreased methane emissions from dry and lactating dairy cows in grazing systems.&nbsp;Animal Production Science&nbsp;57, 1445-1450.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Fodder beet (Beta vulgaris&nbsp;L.) has a very high readily fermentable carbohydrate concentration, which could affect rumen fermentation and reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of the current study was to estimate CH4&nbsp;emissions from dry dairy cows grazing either fodder beet supplemented with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne&nbsp;L.)-dominated pasture silage (6 kg DM/cow/day; FB+Sil) or forage kale (Brassica oleracea&nbsp;L.) supplemented with barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) straw (3 kg DM/cow/day; kale+Str; dry cows, Experiment 1), and from dairy cows in early lactation grazing perennial ryegrass-dominated pasture alone (pasture) or supplemented with fodder beet bulbs (3 kg DM/cow/day; past+FB; lactating cows; Experiment 2). Methane measurements were performed using GreenFeed units (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) for 40 days in August&ndash;September 2015 (Experiment 1) and for 22 days in November&ndash;December 2015 (Experiment 2), from 45 and 31 Holstein&ndash;Friesian &times; Jersey dairy cows in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Dry cows grazing FB+Sil in Experiment 1 produced 18% less CH4&nbsp;(g/day) and had 28% lower CH4&nbsp;yield (g/kg DM intake;&nbsp;P&nbsp;&lt; 0.001) than did cows grazing kale+Str. Lactating cows grazing past+FB in Experiment 2 produced 18% less CH4&nbsp;and had 16% lower CH4&nbsp;intensity (g/kg fat and protein-corrected milk production;&nbsp;P&nbsp;&lt; 0.01) than did cows grazing pasture alone, while milk production and composition were similar for the two groups. In conclusion, feeding fodder beet at ~50% and 20% of the diet of dry and lactating dairy cows in pastoral systems can mitigate CH4&nbsp;emissions.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1071/AN16441\"><strong>Read more</strong> </a>(external link)</p>', 'Jonker Arjan, Scobie David, Dynes Robyn, Edwards Grant, De Klein Cecile, Hague Helen, McAuliffe Russel, Taylor Anna, Knight Trevor, Waghorn Garry (2017) Feeding diets with fodder beet decreased methane emissions from dry and lactating dairy cows in grazing systems. Animal Production Science 57, 1445-1450.\r\nAbstractFodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) has a very high readily fermentable carbohydrate concentration, which could affect rumen fermentation and reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of the current study was to estimate CH4 emissions from dry dairy cows grazing either fodder beet supplemented with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-dominated pasture silage (6 kg DM/cow/day; FB+Sil) or forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.) supplemented with barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) straw (3 kg DM/cow/day; kale+Str; dry cows, Experiment 1), and from dairy cows in early lactation grazing perennial ryegrass-dominated pasture alone (pasture) or supplemented with fodder beet bulbs (3 kg DM/cow/day; past+FB; lactating cows; Experiment 2). Methane measurements were performed using GreenFeed units (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) for 40 days in August–September 2015 (Experiment 1) and for 22 days in November–December 2015 (Experiment 2), from 45 and 31 Holstein–Friesian × Jersey dairy cows in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Dry cows grazing FB+Sil in Experiment 1 produced 18% less CH4 (g/day) and had 28% lower CH4 yield (g/kg DM intake; P < 0.001) than did cows grazing kale+Str. Lactating cows grazing past+FB in Experiment 2 produced 18% less CH4 and had 16% lower CH4 intensity (g/kg fat and protein-corrected milk production; P < 0.01) than did cows grazing pasture alone, while milk production and composition were similar for the two groups. In conclusion, feeding fodder beet at ~50% and 20% of the diet of dry and lactating dairy cows in pastoral systems can mitigate CH4 emissions.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-02-24', '2017-02-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(316, '', 'Nitrous oxide emissions from cattle urine deposited onto soil supporting a winter forage kale crop', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>van der Weerden, T. J., T. M. Styles, et al. (2017). \"Nitrous oxide emissions from cattle urine deposited onto soil supporting a winter forage kale crop.\" New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 60(2): 119-130.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Wintering cows on forage crops leads to urine being excreted onto wet, compacted soils, which can result in significant emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). A field trial was conducted to determine the N2O emission factor (EF3; proportion of urine-N lost as N2O-N) for dairy cows wintered on a kale forage crop on a poorly drained soil. Urine was collected from non-lactating dairy cows on a forage kale diet and applied at 550&#8197;kg&#8197;N&#8197;ha&minus;1&nbsp;to artificially compacted soil to simulate trampling and non-compacted soil in a kale field. Cumulative N2O losses over four months were 7.38 and 2.64&#8197;kg N2O-N&#8197;ha&minus;1&nbsp;from urine applied to, respectively, compacted and non-compacted soil. The corresponding EF3&nbsp;values 0.75% and 0.30%, respectively, differed (P&thinsp;=&thinsp;.003) due to compaction. Combining our results with previous studies, where brassica-fed livestock urine was applied to soils supporting a forage brassica crop, suggested a significant relationship between soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) and brassica-derived urine EF3&nbsp;(P&thinsp;=&thinsp;.005).</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288233.2016.1273838\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>', 'van der Weerden, T. J., T. M. Styles, et al. (2017). \"Nitrous oxide emissions from cattle urine deposited onto soil supporting a winter forage kale crop.\" New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 60(2): 119-130.\r\nAbstractWintering cows on forage crops leads to urine being excreted onto wet, compacted soils, which can result in significant emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). A field trial was conducted to determine the N2O emission factor (EF3; proportion of urine-N lost as N2O-N) for dairy cows wintered on a kale forage crop on a poorly drained soil. Urine was collected from non-lactating dairy cows on a forage kale diet and applied at 550 kg N ha−1 to artificially compacted soil to simulate trampling and non-compacted soil in a kale field. Cumulative N2O losses over four months were 7.38 and 2.64 kg N2O-N ha−1 from urine applied to, respectively, compacted and non-compacted soil. The corresponding EF3 values 0.75% and 0.30%, respectively, differed (P = .003) due to compaction. Combining our results with previous studies, where brassica-fed livestock urine was applied to soils supporting a forage brassica crop, suggested a significant relationship between soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) and brassica-derived urine EF3 (P = .005).\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-01-11', '2017-01-11', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(317, '', 'A review of soil carbon change in New Zealand', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Schipper, L. A., P. L. Mudge, et al. (2017). \"A review of soil carbon change in New Zealand&rsquo;s grazed grasslands.\" New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 60(2): 93-118.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Soil organic matter is a potential sink of atmospheric carbon (C) and critical for maintaining soil quality. We reviewed New Zealand studies of soil C changes after conversion from woody vegetation to pasture, and under long-term pasture. Soil C increased by about 13.7&#8197;t&#8197;C&#8197;ha&minus;1&nbsp;to a new steady state when forests were initially converted to pasture. In the last 3&ndash;4 decades, resampling of soil profiles demonstrated that under long-term pasture on flat land, soil C had subsequently declined for allophanic, gley and organic soils by 0.54, 0.32 and 2.9&#8197;t&#8197;C&#8197;ha&minus;1&#8197;y&minus;1, respectively, and soil C had not changed in the remainder of sampled soil orders. For the same time period, pasture soils on stable midslopes of hill country gained 0.6&#8197;t&#8197;C&#8197;ha&minus;1&#8197;y&minus;1. Whether these changes are ongoing is not known, except for the organic soils where losses will continue so long as they are drained. Phosphorus fertiliser application did not change C stocks. Irrigation decreased carbon by 7&#8197;t&#8197;C&#8197;ha&minus;1. Carbon losses during pasture renewal ranged between 0.8 and 4.1&#8197;t&#8197;C&#8197;ha&minus;1. Some evidence suggests tussock grasslands can gain C when fertilised and not overgrazed. When combined to the national scale, different data sets suggest either no change or a gain of C, but with large uncertainties. We highlight key land-use practices and soil orders that require further information of soil C stock changes and advocate for a better understanding of underpinning reasons for changes in soil C.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288233.2017.1284134?src=recsys\">Read more</a> (external link)</p>', 'Schipper, L. A., P. L. Mudge, et al. (2017). \"A review of soil carbon change in New Zealand’s grazed grasslands.\" New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 60(2): 93-118.\r\nAbstractSoil organic matter is a potential sink of atmospheric carbon (C) and critical for maintaining soil quality. We reviewed New Zealand studies of soil C changes after conversion from woody vegetation to pasture, and under long-term pasture. Soil C increased by about 13.7 t C ha−1 to a new steady state when forests were initially converted to pasture. In the last 3–4 decades, resampling of soil profiles demonstrated that under long-term pasture on flat land, soil C had subsequently declined for allophanic, gley and organic soils by 0.54, 0.32 and 2.9 t C ha−1 y−1, respectively, and soil C had not changed in the remainder of sampled soil orders. For the same time period, pasture soils on stable midslopes of hill country gained 0.6 t C ha−1 y−1. Whether these changes are ongoing is not known, except for the organic soils where losses will continue so long as they are drained. Phosphorus fertiliser application did not change C stocks. Irrigation decreased carbon by 7 t C ha−1. Carbon losses during pasture renewal ranged between 0.8 and 4.1 t C ha−1. Some evidence suggests tussock grasslands can gain C when fertilised and not overgrazed. When combined to the national scale, different data sets suggest either no change or a gain of C, but with large uncertainties. We highlight key land-use practices and soil orders that require further information of soil C stock changes and advocate for a better understanding of underpinning reasons for changes in soil C.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-02-05', '2017-02-05', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '410', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(318, '', 'The trade-offs between milk production and soil organic carbon storage in dairy systems under different management and environmental factors', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Kirschbaum, M. U. F., L. A. Schipper, et al. (2017). \"The trade-offs between milk production and soil organic carbon storage in dairy systems under different management and environmental factors.\" Science of the Total Environment 577: 61-72.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />A possible agricultural climate change mitigation option is to increase the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC). Conversely, some factors might lead to inadvertent losses of SOC. Here, we explore the effect of various management options and environmental changes on SOC storage and milk production of dairy pastures in New Zealand. We used CenW 4.1, a process-based ecophysiological model, to run a range of scenarios to assess the effects of changes in management options, plant properties and environmental factors on SOC and milk production. We tested the model by using 2&nbsp;years of observations of the exchanges of water and CO2&nbsp;measured with an eddy covariance system on a dairy farm in New Zealand\'s Waikato region. We obtained excellent agreement between the model and observations, especially for evapotranspiration and net photosynthesis.</p>\r\n<p>For the scenario analysis, we found that SOC could be increased through supplying supplemental feed, increasing fertiliser application, or increasing water availability through irrigation on very dry sites, but SOC decreased again for larger increases in water availability. Soil warming strongly reduced SOC. For other changes in key properties, such as changes in soil water-holding capacity and plant root:shoot ratios, SOC changes were often negatively correlated with changes in milk production.</p>\r\n<p>The work showed that changes in SOC were determined by the complex interplay between (1) changes in net primary production; (2) the carbon fraction taken off-site through grazing; (3) carbon allocation within the system between labile and stabilised SOC; and (4) changes in SOC decomposition rates. There is a particularly important trade-off between carbon either being removed by grazing or remaining on site and available for SOC formation. Changes in SOC cannot be fully understood unless all four factors are considered together in an overall assessment.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716322215\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>', 'Kirschbaum, M. U. F., L. A. Schipper, et al. (2017). \"The trade-offs between milk production and soil organic carbon storage in dairy systems under different management and environmental factors.\" Science of the Total Environment 577: 61-72.\r\nAbstractA possible agricultural climate change mitigation option is to increase the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC). Conversely, some factors might lead to inadvertent losses of SOC. Here, we explore the effect of various management options and environmental changes on SOC storage and milk production of dairy pastures in New Zealand. We used CenW 4.1, a process-based ecophysiological model, to run a range of scenarios to assess the effects of changes in management options, plant properties and environmental factors on SOC and milk production. We tested the model by using 2 years of observations of the exchanges of water and CO2 measured with an eddy covariance system on a dairy farm in New Zealand\'s Waikato region. We obtained excellent agreement between the model and observations, especially for evapotranspiration and net photosynthesis.\r\nFor the scenario analysis, we found that SOC could be increased through supplying supplemental feed, increasing fertiliser application, or increasing water availability through irrigation on very dry sites, but SOC decreased again for larger increases in water availability. Soil warming strongly reduced SOC. For other changes in key properties, such as changes in soil water-holding capacity and plant root:shoot ratios, SOC changes were often negatively correlated with changes in milk production.\r\nThe work showed that changes in SOC were determined by the complex interplay between (1) changes in net primary production; (2) the carbon fraction taken off-site through grazing; (3) carbon allocation within the system between labile and stabilised SOC; and (4) changes in SOC decomposition rates. There is a particularly important trade-off between carbon either being removed by grazing or remaining on site and available for SOC formation. Changes in SOC cannot be fully understood unless all four factors are considered together in an overall assessment.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2016-10-15', '2016-10-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '532', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(319, '', 'The carbon balance of temperate grasslands part I: The impact of increased species diversity', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>S. Rutledge, A.M. Wall, P.L. Mudge, B. Troughton, D.I. Campbell, J. Pronger, C. Joshi, L.A. Schipper, The carbon balance of temperate grasslands part I: The impact of increased species diversity, Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment, Volume 239, 2017, Pages 310-323, ISSN 0167-8809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.039.</p>\r\n<p>Highlights</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Annual C balances were measured for four years over three pastoral blocks on a New Zealand dairy farm.</li>\r\n<li>Two blocks were renewed to low and high diversity swards, and one block left as an unmodified control.</li>\r\n<li>Pasture renewal to either sward increased dry matter production relative to unmodified control.</li>\r\n<li>Renewal to high diversity sward resulted in reduced C loss compared to renewal to low diversity.</li>\r\n<li>Renewal to neither high nor low diversity sward had benefits for C sequestration over the unmodified control.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880917300580\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'S. Rutledge, A.M. Wall, P.L. Mudge, B. Troughton, D.I. Campbell, J. Pronger, C. Joshi, L.A. Schipper, The carbon balance of temperate grasslands part I: The impact of increased species diversity, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 239, 2017, Pages 310-323, ISSN 0167-8809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.039.\r\nHighlights\r\n\r\nAnnual C balances were measured for four years over three pastoral blocks on a New Zealand dairy farm.\r\nTwo blocks were renewed to low and high diversity swards, and one block left as an unmodified control.\r\nPasture renewal to either sward increased dry matter production relative to unmodified control.\r\nRenewal to high diversity sward resulted in reduced C loss compared to renewal to low diversity.\r\nRenewal to neither high nor low diversity sward had benefits for C sequestration over the unmodified control.\r\n\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-02-06', '2017-02-06', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '410', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(320, '', 'The carbon balance of temperate grasslands part II: The impact of pasture renewal via direct drilling', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>S. Rutledge, A.M. Wall, P.L. Mudge, B. Troughton, D.I. Campbell, J. Pronger, C. Joshi, L.A. Schipper, The carbon balance of temperate grasslands part II: The impact of pasture renewal via direct drilling, Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment, Volume 239, 2017, Pages 132-142, ISSN 0167-8809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.013</p>\r\n<p>Highlights</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Two blocks had pastures renewed (PR) by direct drill. A third block was a control.</li>\r\n<li>The PR blocks had smaller positive NEPs than the control block during the PR year.</li>\r\n<li>Duration of fallow is important in determining total CO2&nbsp;losses due to PR</li>\r\n<li>Pasture renewal led to a negative carbon balance (soil C loss) for the PR year</li>\r\n<li>Addition of C (e.g. manure, effluent, feed) helps to mitigate soil C loss due to PR.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880917300154\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'S. Rutledge, A.M. Wall, P.L. Mudge, B. Troughton, D.I. Campbell, J. Pronger, C. Joshi, L.A. Schipper, The carbon balance of temperate grasslands part II: The impact of pasture renewal via direct drilling, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 239, 2017, Pages 132-142, ISSN 0167-8809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.013\r\nHighlights\r\n\r\nTwo blocks had pastures renewed (PR) by direct drill. A third block was a control.\r\nThe PR blocks had smaller positive NEPs than the control block during the PR year.\r\nDuration of fallow is important in determining total CO2 losses due to PR\r\nPasture renewal led to a negative carbon balance (soil C loss) for the PR year\r\nAddition of C (e.g. manure, effluent, feed) helps to mitigate soil C loss due to PR.\r\n\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-01-23', '2017-01-27', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(321, '', 'Modelling NH3 volatilisation within a urine patch using NZ-DNDC', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Giltrap, D., S. Saggar, et al. (2017). \"Modelling NH3 volatilisation within a urine patch using NZ-DNDC.\" Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 108(3): 267-277.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Urea concentrations in urine patches deposited during animal grazing can be over ten times higher than typical fertiliser application rates, potentially leading to large ammonia (NH3) losses. The processbased NZ-DNDC model was modified to better simulate soil pH changes and ammonia (NH3) emissions following urine application using data collected from a New Zealand field trial. After modification, simulated 30-day NH3 emissions decreased from 506 to 117 kg N ha-1 compared to measured emissions of 78 &plusmn; 3 kg N ha-1 (mean &plusmn; standard error) and the Nash&ndash;Sutcliffe Effi- ciency (NSE) for daily NH3 emissions increased from -7.11 to ?0.97 for the parameterisation dataset. However, modified model correctly estimated the cumulative emissions for the first 7 days. Using the same parameterisation on an independent dataset from a nearby site gave cumulative 18-day NH3 emissions of 84 kg N ha-1 compared to the measured 48 &plusmn; 2 kg N ha-1 (mean &plusmn; standard error). However, the NSE for daily NH3 emissions was -0.71, indicating site specific parameterisation might be needed. The sensitivity of NH3 emissions to &plusmn;5 and &plusmn;10% errors in 4 model parameters was tested. The sensitivities ranged from -0.36 to ?0.71. The highest sensitivity was to the rate of NH3 transfer from the soil solution to the atmosphere and the lowest sensitivity was to the rate of urea hydrolysis.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10705-017-9854-x\"><strong>Read more </strong></a>(external link)</p>', 'Giltrap, D., S. Saggar, et al. (2017). \"Modelling NH3 volatilisation within a urine patch using NZ-DNDC.\" Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 108(3): 267-277.\r\nAbstract\r\nUrea concentrations in urine patches deposited during animal grazing can be over ten times higher than typical fertiliser application rates, potentially leading to large ammonia (NH3) losses. The processbased NZ-DNDC model was modified to better simulate soil pH changes and ammonia (NH3) emissions following urine application using data collected from a New Zealand field trial. After modification, simulated 30-day NH3 emissions decreased from 506 to 117 kg N ha-1 compared to measured emissions of 78 ± 3 kg N ha-1 (mean ± standard error) and the Nash–Sutcliffe Effi- ciency (NSE) for daily NH3 emissions increased from -7.11 to ?0.97 for the parameterisation dataset. However, modified model correctly estimated the cumulative emissions for the first 7 days. Using the same parameterisation on an independent dataset from a nearby site gave cumulative 18-day NH3 emissions of 84 kg N ha-1 compared to the measured 48 ± 2 kg N ha-1 (mean ± standard error). However, the NSE for daily NH3 emissions was -0.71, indicating site specific parameterisation might be needed. The sensitivity of NH3 emissions to ±5 and ±10% errors in 4 model parameters was tested. The sensitivities ranged from -0.36 to ?0.71. The highest sensitivity was to the rate of NH3 transfer from the soil solution to the atmosphere and the lowest sensitivity was to the rate of urea hydrolysis.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-05-25', '2017-05-25', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '444', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(322, '', 'Potential for forage diet manipulation in New Zealand pasture ecosystems to mitigate ruminant urine derived N2O emissions: a review', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Gardiner, C. A., T. J. Clough, et al. (2016). \"Potential for forage diet manipulation in New Zealand pasture ecosystems to mitigate ruminant urine derived N2O emissions: a review.\" New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 59(3): 301-317.</p>\r\n<p>ABSTRACT</p>\r\n<p>Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils account for more than 10% of New Zealand&rsquo;s greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock urine deposition drives N2O losses from these soils. It has been speculated that non-urea nitrogen compounds (UNCs) in ruminant urine could reduce or inhibit urine patch N2O emissions. However, we hypothesise that UNCs will have no effect on N2O emissions due to their potentially rapid degradation by plants and soil microbes. Our review suggests that plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are more likely to perform a role in reducing N2O emissions since many PSMs have known antimicrobial properties. Aucubin, found in Plantago, and isothiocyanates, found in Brassica, have been shown to inhibit a key step in N2O production. Future studies should explore this promising research gap by evaluating forages for potential inhibitory PSMs, assessing whether PSMs are excreted in urine after consumption, and determine whether excretal PSM concentrations are sufficient to reduce N2O emissions.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288233.2016.1190386\">Read more</a></strong>&nbsp;(external link)</p>', 'Gardiner, C. A., T. J. Clough, et al. (2016). \"Potential for forage diet manipulation in New Zealand pasture ecosystems to mitigate ruminant urine derived N2O emissions: a review.\" New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 59(3): 301-317.\r\nABSTRACT\r\nNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils account for more than 10% of New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock urine deposition drives N2O losses from these soils. It has been speculated that non-urea nitrogen compounds (UNCs) in ruminant urine could reduce or inhibit urine patch N2O emissions. However, we hypothesise that UNCs will have no effect on N2O emissions due to their potentially rapid degradation by plants and soil microbes. Our review suggests that plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are more likely to perform a role in reducing N2O emissions since many PSMs have known antimicrobial properties. Aucubin, found in Plantago, and isothiocyanates, found in Brassica, have been shown to inhibit a key step in N2O production. Future studies should explore this promising research gap by evaluating forages for potential inhibitory PSMs, assessing whether PSMs are excreted in urine after consumption, and determine whether excretal PSM concentrations are sufficient to reduce N2O emissions.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2016-05-10', '2016-05-10', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '102', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(323, '', 'Do glucosinolate hydrolysis products reduce nitrous oxide emissions from urine affected soil?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>S.F. Balvert, J. Luo, L.A. Schipper, Do glucosinolate hydrolysis products reduce nitrous oxide emissions from urine affected soil?, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 603, 2017, Pages 370-380, ISSN 0048-9697, <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.089\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.089</a>.</p>\r\n<p>Highlights</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li id=\"p0005\">The effectiveness of glucosinolate hydrolysis products at inhibiting N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in a high N environment was tested.</li>\r\n<li>Laboratory and field trials measuring N<sub>2</sub>O production and soil mineral N cycling were conducted.</li>\r\n<li>Some glucosinolate hydrolysis products reduced nitrification rates.</li>\r\n<li>Where inhibition occurred it was short lived.</li>\r\n<li>Glucosinolate hydrolysis products with different R groups did not inhibit soil nitrogen processes to the same degree.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717314936\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'S.F. Balvert, J. Luo, L.A. Schipper, Do glucosinolate hydrolysis products reduce nitrous oxide emissions from urine affected soil?, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 603, 2017, Pages 370-380, ISSN 0048-9697, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.089.\r\nHighlights\r\n \r\n\r\nThe effectiveness of glucosinolate hydrolysis products at inhibiting N2O emissions in a high N environment was tested.\r\nLaboratory and field trials measuring N2O production and soil mineral N cycling were conducted.\r\nSome glucosinolate hydrolysis products reduced nitrification rates.\r\nWhere inhibition occurred it was short lived.\r\nGlucosinolate hydrolysis products with different R groups did not inhibit soil nitrogen processes to the same degree.\r\n\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-06-23', '2017-06-23', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(324, '', 'Comparative genomics of rumen methanogens', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Li, Y. (2016). Comparative genomics of rumen methanogens, Massey University. Doctor of Philosophy in Biochemistry: 550.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Methane (CH4) emissions from agriculture represent around 9% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The single largest source of this CH4 is animal enteric fermentation, predominantly from ruminant livestock, where it is produced mainly in their fermentative forestomach (or reticulo-rumen) by a group of archaea known as methanogens. In order to reduce CH4 emissions from ruminants, it is necessary to understand the role of methanogenic archaea in the rumen, and to identify their distinguishing characteristics that can be used to develop CH4 mitigation technologies. To gain insights into the role of methanogens in the rumen environment, two methanogens have been isolated from ovine rumen and their genomes were sequenced: methanogenic archaeon ISO4-H5 of the order Methanomassiliicoccales and Methanobrevibacter sp. D5 of Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii clade. Genomic analysis suggests ISO4-H5 is an obligate hydrogen-dependent methylotrophic methanogen, able to use methanol and methylamines as substrates for methanogenesis. Like other organisms within this order, ISO4-H5 does not possess genes required for the first six steps of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Comparison between the genomes of different members of the order Methanomassiliicoccales revealed strong conservation in energy metabolism, particularly in genes of the methylotrophic methanogenesis pathway, as well as in the biosynthesis and use of pyrrolysine. Unlike members of Methanomassiliicoccales from human sources, ISO4-H5 does not contain the genes required for production of coenzyme M (CoM), and requires external supply of CoM to survive. Methanobrevibacter sp. D5 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen predicted to utilise CO2 + H2 and formate as substrates. Comparisons between the available Methanobrevibacter genomes has revealed a high conservation in energy metabolism and characteristics specific to each clade. The coexistence of different Methanobrevibacter species in the rumen may be partly due to the physical association Methanobrevibacter species with different microorganisms and host surface, which allow unique niches to be established.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/10953/02_whole.pdf?sequence=2&amp;isAllowed=y\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'Li, Y. (2016). Comparative genomics of rumen methanogens, Massey University. Doctor of Philosophy in Biochemistry: 550.\r\nAbstract\r\nMethane (CH4) emissions from agriculture represent around 9% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The single largest source of this CH4 is animal enteric fermentation, predominantly from ruminant livestock, where it is produced mainly in their fermentative forestomach (or reticulo-rumen) by a group of archaea known as methanogens. In order to reduce CH4 emissions from ruminants, it is necessary to understand the role of methanogenic archaea in the rumen, and to identify their distinguishing characteristics that can be used to develop CH4 mitigation technologies. To gain insights into the role of methanogens in the rumen environment, two methanogens have been isolated from ovine rumen and their genomes were sequenced: methanogenic archaeon ISO4-H5 of the order Methanomassiliicoccales and Methanobrevibacter sp. D5 of Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii clade. Genomic analysis suggests ISO4-H5 is an obligate hydrogen-dependent methylotrophic methanogen, able to use methanol and methylamines as substrates for methanogenesis. Like other organisms within this order, ISO4-H5 does not possess genes required for the first six steps of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Comparison between the genomes of different members of the order Methanomassiliicoccales revealed strong conservation in energy metabolism, particularly in genes of the methylotrophic methanogenesis pathway, as well as in the biosynthesis and use of pyrrolysine. Unlike members of Methanomassiliicoccales from human sources, ISO4-H5 does not contain the genes required for production of coenzyme M (CoM), and requires external supply of CoM to survive. Methanobrevibacter sp. D5 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen predicted to utilise CO2 + H2 and formate as substrates. Comparisons between the available Methanobrevibacter genomes has revealed a high conservation in energy metabolism and characteristics specific to each clade. The coexistence of different Methanobrevibacter species in the rumen may be partly due to the physical association Methanobrevibacter species with different microorganisms and host surface, which allow unique niches to be established.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-01-01', '2017-01-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(325, '', 'Gene network analysis identifies rumen epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolic pathways perturbed by diet and correlated with methane production', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Xiang, R., J. McNally, et al. (2016). \"Gene network analysis identifies rumen epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolic pathways perturbed by diet and correlated with methane production.\" 6: 39022.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Ruminants obtain nutrients from microbial fermentation of plant material, primarily in their rumen, a multilayered forestomach. How the different layers of the rumen wall respond to diet and influence microbial fermentation, and how these process are regulated, is not well understood. Gene expression correlation networks were constructed from full thickness rumen wall transcriptomes of 24 sheep fed two different amounts and qualities of a forage and measured for methane production. The network contained two major negatively correlated gene sub-networks predominantly representing the epithelial and muscle layers of the rumen wall. Within the epithelium sub-network gene clusters representing lipid/oxo-acid metabolism, general metabolism and proliferating and differentiating cells were identified. The expression of cell cycle and metabolic genes was positively correlated with dry matter intake, ruminal short chain fatty acid concentrations and methane production. A weak correlation between lipid/oxo-acid metabolism genes and methane yield was observed. Feed consumption level explained the majority of gene expression variation, particularly for the cell cycle genes. Many known stratified epithelium transcription factors had significantly enriched targets in the epithelial gene clusters. The expression patterns of the transcription factors and their targets in proliferating and differentiating skin is mirrored in the rumen, suggesting conservation of regulatory systems.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://rdcu.be/t9yb\"><strong>Read more</strong> </a>(external link)</p>', 'Xiang, R., J. McNally, et al. (2016). \"Gene network analysis identifies rumen epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolic pathways perturbed by diet and correlated with methane production.\" 6: 39022.\r\nAbstract\r\nRuminants obtain nutrients from microbial fermentation of plant material, primarily in their rumen, a multilayered forestomach. How the different layers of the rumen wall respond to diet and influence microbial fermentation, and how these process are regulated, is not well understood. Gene expression correlation networks were constructed from full thickness rumen wall transcriptomes of 24 sheep fed two different amounts and qualities of a forage and measured for methane production. The network contained two major negatively correlated gene sub-networks predominantly representing the epithelial and muscle layers of the rumen wall. Within the epithelium sub-network gene clusters representing lipid/oxo-acid metabolism, general metabolism and proliferating and differentiating cells were identified. The expression of cell cycle and metabolic genes was positively correlated with dry matter intake, ruminal short chain fatty acid concentrations and methane production. A weak correlation between lipid/oxo-acid metabolism genes and methane yield was observed. Feed consumption level explained the majority of gene expression variation, particularly for the cell cycle genes. Many known stratified epithelium transcription factors had significantly enriched targets in the epithelial gene clusters. The expression patterns of the transcription factors and their targets in proliferating and differentiating skin is mirrored in the rumen, suggesting conservation of regulatory systems.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2016-12-14', '2016-12-20', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(326, '', 'Feeding diets with fodder beet decreased methane emissions from dry and lactating dairy cows in grazing systems', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Jonker Arjan, Scobie David, Dynes Robyn, Edwards Grant, De Klein Cecile, Hague Helen, McAuliffe Russel, Taylor Anna, Knight Trevor, Waghorn Garry (2017) Feeding diets with fodder beet decreased methane emissions from dry and lactating dairy cows in grazing systems.&nbsp;<em>Animal Production Science</em>&nbsp;<strong>57</strong>, 1445-1450.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Fodder beet (Beta vulgaris&nbsp;L.) has a very high readily fermentable carbohydrate concentration, which could affect rumen fermentation and reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of the current study was to estimate CH4&nbsp;emissions from dry dairy cows grazing either fodder beet supplemented with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne&nbsp;L.)-dominated pasture silage (6 kg DM/cow/day; FB+Sil) or forage kale (Brassica oleracea&nbsp;L.) supplemented with barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) straw (3 kg DM/cow/day; kale+Str; dry cows, Experiment 1), and from dairy cows in early lactation grazing perennial ryegrass-dominated pasture alone (pasture) or supplemented with fodder beet bulbs (3 kg DM/cow/day; past+FB; lactating cows; Experiment 2). Methane measurements were performed using GreenFeed units (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) for 40 days in August&ndash;September 2015 (Experiment 1) and for 22 days in November&ndash;December 2015 (Experiment 2), from 45 and 31 Holstein&ndash;Friesian &times; Jersey dairy cows in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Dry cows grazing FB+Sil in Experiment 1 produced 18% less CH4&nbsp;(g/day) and had 28% lower CH4&nbsp;yield (g/kg DM intake;&nbsp;P&nbsp;&lt; 0.001) than did cows grazing kale+Str. Lactating cows grazing past+FB in Experiment 2 produced 18% less CH4&nbsp;and had 16% lower CH4&nbsp;intensity (g/kg fat and protein-corrected milk production;&nbsp;P&nbsp;&lt; 0.01) than did cows grazing pasture alone, while milk production and composition were similar for the two groups. In conclusion, feeding fodder beet at ~50% and 20% of the diet of dry and lactating dairy cows in pastoral systems can mitigate CH4&nbsp;emissions.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.publish.csiro.au/an/Fulltext/AN16441\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>', 'Jonker Arjan, Scobie David, Dynes Robyn, Edwards Grant, De Klein Cecile, Hague Helen, McAuliffe Russel, Taylor Anna, Knight Trevor, Waghorn Garry (2017) Feeding diets with fodder beet decreased methane emissions from dry and lactating dairy cows in grazing systems. Animal Production Science 57, 1445-1450.\r\nAbstractFodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) has a very high readily fermentable carbohydrate concentration, which could affect rumen fermentation and reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of the current study was to estimate CH4 emissions from dry dairy cows grazing either fodder beet supplemented with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-dominated pasture silage (6 kg DM/cow/day; FB+Sil) or forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.) supplemented with barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) straw (3 kg DM/cow/day; kale+Str; dry cows, Experiment 1), and from dairy cows in early lactation grazing perennial ryegrass-dominated pasture alone (pasture) or supplemented with fodder beet bulbs (3 kg DM/cow/day; past+FB; lactating cows; Experiment 2). Methane measurements were performed using GreenFeed units (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) for 40 days in August–September 2015 (Experiment 1) and for 22 days in November–December 2015 (Experiment 2), from 45 and 31 Holstein–Friesian × Jersey dairy cows in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Dry cows grazing FB+Sil in Experiment 1 produced 18% less CH4 (g/day) and had 28% lower CH4 yield (g/kg DM intake; P < 0.001) than did cows grazing kale+Str. Lactating cows grazing past+FB in Experiment 2 produced 18% less CH4 and had 16% lower CH4 intensity (g/kg fat and protein-corrected milk production; P < 0.01) than did cows grazing pasture alone, while milk production and composition were similar for the two groups. In conclusion, feeding fodder beet at ~50% and 20% of the diet of dry and lactating dairy cows in pastoral systems can mitigate CH4 emissions.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-02-24', '2017-02-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(327, '', 'IPCC AR6 Special Reports', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>During the next five years, the IPCC will publish several major reports of relevance to livestock greenhouse gas emissions.</p>\r\n<p>The table specifies the IPCC reports and the cut-off date for publications to be considered by the IPCC in preparing its reports.</p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 78px;\" width=\"799\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15%;\"><strong>Due</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Title / scope</strong></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33%;\"><strong> Indicative cut-off date for publications to be considered in producing the IPCC report</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sept 2018</td>\r\n<td>Global Warming of 1.5&deg;C: an IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5&deg;C above preindustrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty</td>\r\n<td>&bull; Submitted to scientific journal or available as draft technical<br />report &ndash; by 1 November 2017<br />&bull; Accepted by scientific journal or published as technical report &ndash;<br />by 15 May 2018</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>May 2019</td>\r\n<td>Methodology Report to refine the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories</td>\r\n<td>&bull; Submitted to scientific journal or available as draft technical<br />report &ndash; by March 2018<br />&bull; Accepted by scientific journal or published as technical report &ndash;<br />by June 2018</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sept 2019</td>\r\n<td>Climate Change and Land: an IPCC Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation,<br />sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems</td>\r\n<td>&bull; Submitted to scientific journal or available as draft technical<br />report &ndash; by September 2018<br />&bull; Accepted by scientific journal or published as technical report &ndash; by February 2019</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><br />&nbsp;The full IPCC 6th Assessment Report, covers:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Physical science basis of climate change (Working Group I) --&nbsp;April 2021&nbsp;</li>\r\n<li>Mitigation of climate change (Working Group III) --&nbsp;July 2021\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Submitted to scientific journal or available as draft technical report by April 2020</li>\r\n<li>Accepted by scientific journal or published as technical report by October 2020</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n<li>Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability to climate change (Working Group II) --&nbsp;October 2021</li>\r\n<li>Synthesis across the three Working Groups and Special Reports -- April 2022</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong>More information&nbsp;</strong>at&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/activities/activities.shtml\">http://www.ipcc.ch/activities/activities.shtml</a></p>', 'During the next five years, the IPCC will publish several major reports of relevance to livestock greenhouse gas emissions.\r\nThe table specifies the IPCC reports and the cut-off date for publications to be considered by the IPCC in preparing its reports.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDue\r\nTitle / scope\r\n Indicative cut-off date for publications to be considered in producing the IPCC report\r\n\r\n\r\nSept 2018\r\nGlobal Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above preindustrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty\r\n• Submitted to scientific journal or available as draft technicalreport – by 1 November 2017• Accepted by scientific journal or published as technical report –by 15 May 2018\r\n\r\n\r\nMay 2019\r\nMethodology Report to refine the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories\r\n• Submitted to scientific journal or available as draft technicalreport – by March 2018• Accepted by scientific journal or published as technical report –by June 2018\r\n\r\n\r\nSept 2019\r\nClimate Change and Land: an IPCC Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation,sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems\r\n• Submitted to scientific journal or available as draft technicalreport – by September 2018• Accepted by scientific journal or published as technical report – by February 2019\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n The full IPCC 6th Assessment Report, covers:\r\n\r\nPhysical science basis of climate change (Working Group I) -- April 2021 \r\nMitigation of climate change (Working Group III) -- July 2021\r\n\r\nSubmitted to scientific journal or available as draft technical report by April 2020\r\nAccepted by scientific journal or published as technical report by October 2020\r\n\r\n\r\nImpacts, adaptation and vulnerability to climate change (Working Group II) -- October 2021\r\nSynthesis across the three Working Groups and Special Reports -- April 2022\r\n\r\n \r\nMore information at http://www.ipcc.ch/activities/activities.shtml', '', '', '', '', '2017-07-02', '2017-07-02', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '311', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(328, '', 'GRA Livestock Research Group Meeting: April 2017', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The annual meeting of the Livestock Research Group (LRG) of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) was hosted by the United States in Washington D.C. from 10- 12 April 2017. It was attended by representatives from 28 countries (GRA members and observers), five of the LRG&rsquo;s research networks and eight partner organisations. Co-chairs of the GRA&rsquo;s Integrative Research Group joined the meeting via video-conference.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://globalresearchalliance.org/library/livestock-research-group-meeting-summary-april-2017/\">Read more</a>&nbsp;</strong>(external link)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'The annual meeting of the Livestock Research Group (LRG) of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) was hosted by the United States in Washington D.C. from 10- 12 April 2017. It was attended by representatives from 28 countries (GRA members and observers), five of the LRG’s research networks and eight partner organisations. Co-chairs of the GRA’s Integrative Research Group joined the meeting via video-conference.\r\n \r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-06-01', '2017-06-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '239', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(329, '', 'GRA Livestock Research Group Newsletter: July 2017', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Welcome to the July 2017 edition of the Livestock Research Group&rsquo;s newsletter.</p>\r\n<p>USDA&rsquo;s Acting Chief Scientist, Dr Ann Bartuska, remarked at the recent Livestock Research Group (LRG) meeting how much the group has grown in subject area and expertise. She described this as &ldquo;crucial given the importance of livestock&rsquo;s role in our food systems, [alongside] the need to increase production &ndash; both the amount and nutritional quality &ndash; sustainably&rdquo;.</p>\r\n<p>Livestock greenhouse gas emissions now&nbsp;account for 62% of all agricultural emissions (FAOSTAT). With 92 countries including livestock emissions in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, the sector&rsquo;s contribution to climate change is becoming a global priority. This was borne out in Washington D.C. at the LRG meeting &ndash; our biggest gathering yet, attracting over 60 participants including from nearly 30 countries and all of our major international and regional partners.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>In this newsletter:<br />Plans to develop four flagship research programmes for the Alliance, including on enteric methane</li>\r\n<li>Dispatches from the recent LRG meeting in Washington D.C., including network updates, capability building decisions, and engaging with the IPCC</li>\r\n<li>Launch of a new platform on sustainable livestock production in Latin America and the Caribbean P9 Highlights from the white paper on improving the measurement, reporting and verification of livestock emissions P10 Information on international fellowship opportunities</li>\r\n<li>Events of interest to the LRG community&nbsp;</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong>Download</strong></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"2017_07_July_LRG newsletter.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1470/2017_07_July_LRG%20newsletter.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> 2017_07_July_LRG newsletter.pdf</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(0.45MB)</span></span></p>', 'Welcome to the July 2017 edition of the Livestock Research Group’s newsletter.\r\nUSDA’s Acting Chief Scientist, Dr Ann Bartuska, remarked at the recent Livestock Research Group (LRG) meeting how much the group has grown in subject area and expertise. She described this as “crucial given the importance of livestock’s role in our food systems, [alongside] the need to increase production – both the amount and nutritional quality – sustainably”.\r\nLivestock greenhouse gas emissions now account for 62% of all agricultural emissions (FAOSTAT). With 92 countries including livestock emissions in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, the sector’s contribution to climate change is becoming a global priority. This was borne out in Washington D.C. at the LRG meeting – our biggest gathering yet, attracting over 60 participants including from nearly 30 countries and all of our major international and regional partners.\r\n \r\n\r\nIn this newsletter:Plans to develop four flagship research programmes for the Alliance, including on enteric methane\r\nDispatches from the recent LRG meeting in Washington D.C., including network updates, capability building decisions, and engaging with the IPCC\r\nLaunch of a new platform on sustainable livestock production in Latin America and the Caribbean P9 Highlights from the white paper on improving the measurement, reporting and verification of livestock emissions P10 Information on international fellowship opportunities\r\nEvents of interest to the LRG community \r\n\r\nDownload\r\n 2017_07_July_LRG newsletter.pdf (0.45MB)', '', '', '', '', '2017-07-13', '2017-07-13', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '239', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(330, '', 'What is Global Warming Potential?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide differ in how long they last in the atmosphere and how effective they are in absorbing heat radiation.</p>\r\n<p>To allow emissions of those gases to be compared, emissions are often weighted according to the standards adopted by countries under the UNFCCC, so that&nbsp;emissions of all gases can be expressed in a single unit called &ldquo;CO2-equivalent&rdquo; emissions. For the purpose of national inventories, it is critical that national accounts are consistent with the reporting conventions adopted internationally.</p>\r\n<p>The metric used for reporting under the UNFCCC is called the &ldquo;Global Warming Potential&rdquo; (GWP), which is based on the average warming effect of greenhouse gases over 100 years after their emission.</p>\r\n<p>The UNFCCC has adopted the Global Warming Potential (GWP) as the universal metric for reporting GHG emissions, and for measuring the success of mitigation. The GWP allows us to compare emissions from different sectors, set overall targets, and inform emissions trading.</p>\r\n<p>The GWP uses carbon dioxide (the most important greenhouse gas) as a reference, against which the warming effect of other gases can be compared. Emissions of each gas are calculated by multiplying its weight by its GWP, which is then reported as a \'carbon dioxide equivalent\' emission (sometimes abbreviated as &lsquo;CO2-eq&rsquo;).</p>\r\n<p>The GWP is based on the amount of carbon dioxide that would have produced&nbsp;the same cumulative warming effect (technically known as &lsquo;radiative forcing&rsquo;) over a given period as the gas being emitted. For instance, over the course of a century, emitting one tonne of methane is estimated, based on measurements and climate model calculations, to have an approximately 25 times greater warming effect than one tonne of carbon dioxide, while nitrous oxide has an effect 298 times greater. So methane\'s 100-year GWP is&nbsp;25, while nitrous oxide\'s is 298; and the emission of one tonne of methane is reported as 25 tonnes of CO2-eq.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Greenhouse gas metrics are being updated routinely based on new scientific knowledge and as greenhouse gas concentrations and the world&rsquo;s climate continue to change.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Read more </strong></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>NZAGRC Factsheet:&nbsp;<a style=\"font-weight: bold;\" href=\"fact-sheets,listing,95,economic-and-policy-implications-of-alternative-ghg-metrics.html\">Economic and Policy Implications of Alternative GHG Metrics</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong>Note</strong></p>\r\n<p>Our 2016 factsheets use the GWP weighting values that are being used to report greenhouse gas emissions to the UNFCCC from<br />the year 2015 onwards.</p>\r\n<p>Compared to values used in earlier emission&nbsp;inventories, this update has increased the weighting given to methane emissions (by 19%) and slightly decreased the weighting of nitrous oxide emissions (by 4%) relative to emissions of carbon dioxide.</p>\r\n<p>These changes do not alter the amount of gases being emitted, but they do affect the reported CO2-equivalent emissions from agriculture in the national inventory.</p>', 'Greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide differ in how long they last in the atmosphere and how effective they are in absorbing heat radiation.\r\nTo allow emissions of those gases to be compared, emissions are often weighted according to the standards adopted by countries under the UNFCCC, so that emissions of all gases can be expressed in a single unit called “CO2-equivalent” emissions. For the purpose of national inventories, it is critical that national accounts are consistent with the reporting conventions adopted internationally.\r\nThe metric used for reporting under the UNFCCC is called the “Global Warming Potential” (GWP), which is based on the average warming effect of greenhouse gases over 100 years after their emission.\r\nThe UNFCCC has adopted the Global Warming Potential (GWP) as the universal metric for reporting GHG emissions, and for measuring the success of mitigation. The GWP allows us to compare emissions from different sectors, set overall targets, and inform emissions trading.\r\nThe GWP uses carbon dioxide (the most important greenhouse gas) as a reference, against which the warming effect of other gases can be compared. Emissions of each gas are calculated by multiplying its weight by its GWP, which is then reported as a \'carbon dioxide equivalent\' emission (sometimes abbreviated as ‘CO2-eq’).\r\nThe GWP is based on the amount of carbon dioxide that would have produced the same cumulative warming effect (technically known as ‘radiative forcing’) over a given period as the gas being emitted. For instance, over the course of a century, emitting one tonne of methane is estimated, based on measurements and climate model calculations, to have an approximately 25 times greater warming effect than one tonne of carbon dioxide, while nitrous oxide has an effect 298 times greater. So methane\'s 100-year GWP is 25, while nitrous oxide\'s is 298; and the emission of one tonne of methane is reported as 25 tonnes of CO2-eq. \r\nGreenhouse gas metrics are being updated routinely based on new scientific knowledge and as greenhouse gas concentrations and the world’s climate continue to change.\r\nRead more \r\n\r\nNZAGRC Factsheet: Economic and Policy Implications of Alternative GHG Metrics\r\n\r\n \r\nNote\r\nOur 2016 factsheets use the GWP weighting values that are being used to report greenhouse gas emissions to the UNFCCC fromthe year 2015 onwards.\r\nCompared to values used in earlier emission inventories, this update has increased the weighting given to methane emissions (by 19%) and slightly decreased the weighting of nitrous oxide emissions (by 4%) relative to emissions of carbon dioxide.\r\nThese changes do not alter the amount of gases being emitted, but they do affect the reported CO2-equivalent emissions from agriculture in the national inventory.', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-01', '2016-08-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What is Global Warming Potential?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(331, '', 'How can I estimate my on farm GHG emissions?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>In New Zealand,&nbsp;In New Zealand, farmers can get a farm-level estimate of their greenhouse gas emissions (methane and nitrous oxide, and in some cases also energy use) using commercially available calculators, such as <a href=\"faq-1,listing,332,what-is-overseer.html\">OVERSEER</a><strong>.</strong></p>\r\n<p>These calculators tend to rely on the use of default emissions from specified activities and only take into account a limited number of the factors that influence greenhouse gas emissions in practice. They are, however, useful for assessing how emissions change over time in response to management decisions such as fertiliser use and changes in animal numbers.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"faq-1,listing,332,what-is-overseer.html\"><strong>What is OVERSEER?</strong></a></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'In New Zealand, In New Zealand, farmers can get a farm-level estimate of their greenhouse gas emissions (methane and nitrous oxide, and in some cases also energy use) using commercially available calculators, such as OVERSEER.\r\nThese calculators tend to rely on the use of default emissions from specified activities and only take into account a limited number of the factors that influence greenhouse gas emissions in practice. They are, however, useful for assessing how emissions change over time in response to management decisions such as fertiliser use and changes in animal numbers.\r\nWhat is OVERSEER?', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-01', '2016-08-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(332, '', 'What is OVERSEER?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The most well-known calculator for estimating GHG emissions in farm is using is the nutrient budgeting tool OVERSEER&reg;.</p>\r\n<p>This uses nitrogen inputs and outputs, as well as the number and productivity of animals, to calculate the unique nutrient budget of a farm, and makes broad inferences from nutrients to greenhouse gases using simplified relationships.</p>\r\n<p>OVERSEER&reg; can only provide an approximate farm-level greenhouse gas assessment, since it does not fully reflect all the variables that can affect the unique greenhouse gas budget of a farm (e.g. the specific soil moisture profile and microclimate on the farm).</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://www.overseer.org.nz/\"><strong>Read more</strong></a> (external website)</p>', 'The most well-known calculator for estimating GHG emissions in farm is using is the nutrient budgeting tool OVERSEER®.\r\nThis uses nitrogen inputs and outputs, as well as the number and productivity of animals, to calculate the unique nutrient budget of a farm, and makes broad inferences from nutrients to greenhouse gases using simplified relationships.\r\nOVERSEER® can only provide an approximate farm-level greenhouse gas assessment, since it does not fully reflect all the variables that can affect the unique greenhouse gas budget of a farm (e.g. the specific soil moisture profile and microclimate on the farm).\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-01', '2016-08-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(333, '', 'How is New Zealand\'s agricultural GHG research funded?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation research funding comes from multiple sources. The growing appreciation of the need to tackle climate change, and the diversity of the challenges that agricultural GHGs present, means there are a range of different funding entry points from fundamental science through to applied research and commercial production. Different funders have different interests and are looking for specific solutions to issues facing their farm, organisation, industry or government ministry.</p>\r\n<p>Given the variety of interests and approaches, there are several different funding streams that seek to service those different needs. As a result, the organisation and funding of&nbsp;agricultural GHG mitigation research in New Zealand can appear complex.</p>\r\n<p>We have created a guide&nbsp;to the system and the way the funds work in partnership to grow New Zealand&rsquo;s&nbsp;understanding and global contribution to real solutions to tackle climate change.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"nzfunds.html\"><strong>Read more</strong></a></p>', 'Agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation research funding comes from multiple sources. The growing appreciation of the need to tackle climate change, and the diversity of the challenges that agricultural GHGs present, means there are a range of different funding entry points from fundamental science through to applied research and commercial production. Different funders have different interests and are looking for specific solutions to issues facing their farm, organisation, industry or government ministry.\r\nGiven the variety of interests and approaches, there are several different funding streams that seek to service those different needs. As a result, the organisation and funding of agricultural GHG mitigation research in New Zealand can appear complex.\r\nWe have created a guide to the system and the way the funds work in partnership to grow New Zealand’s understanding and global contribution to real solutions to tackle climate change.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(334, '', 'Can we improve interpolation of N2O emission measurements by using environmental factors?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\">Chiba, M.K., Cichota, R., Vogeler, I. (2012). Can we improve interpolation of N2O emission measurements by using environmental factors?&nbsp;In: Advanced Nutrient Management: Gains from the Past - Goals for the Future. (Eds L.D. Currie and C L. Christensen).&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\">Abstract</p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\">Determining nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is highly uncertain due to their large spatial and temporal variability. This variability is caused by the many biological processes involved, each responding in a different way to environmental conditions. Also the various processes are often associated with non-linear relationships to gaseous emissions. The objective of this study was to analyse N2O emission from a recently compiled New Zealand N2O database and to verify the possibility of using environmental factors to improve the currently used linear interpolation of measurements. The database comprises a collection of data from 21 trials carried out in New Zealand since 2000, under different climates, with different soils and N loads and sources. Gaseous and soil data collection were performed according to NZ&rsquo;s Ministry of Agriculture and Forest (MAF) protocols. In this work, we analyzed all data from urine patches treatments (N application ranging from 49 &ndash; 1,000 kg/ha) using stepwise multiple regression to select significant variables and to determine their relationship with N2O emissions. Daily measurements of soil water-filled pore space, volumetric water content, soil porosity, sum of rain recorded in the two previous days of gas measurement, soil temperature, air temperature, solar radiation as well as soil organic carbon content and inorganic soil N content were used as environmental variables. Prediction of N2O emissions using environmental parameters resulted in a poor agreement when fitting was done using the whole dataset (R2 =0.16). Improvement of fitting (R2 =0.39) was achieved after filtering the data according to the soil&rsquo;s nitrate content (soil NO3 content higher than 70% of total inorganic N). This separates the N2O values obtained when denitrification was the dominating process on the production of N2O. For the remaining data, the emissions come from both nitrification and denitrification, and could not be related to environmental factors in a more precise way. Next the data were analysed region specific. For the Waikato region, stepwise regression indicated four variables as significant: rainfall, air temperature, radiation, soil&rsquo;s clay content, and NO3 amount; while for Otago only rainfall and NO3 amount were significant. Predictive functions based on these variables were used to interpolate N2O emissions and these were compared with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) interpolation approach. Preliminary results suggest that the above procedure is promising and specific tests will be carried out in the future. The relationship between estimated gaseous emissions and environmental factors at the time of high ammonium contents also need to be further investigated.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 135%; font-family: \'Verdana\',sans-serif; color: #58595b;\"><strong><a href=\"http://flrc.massey.ac.nz/workshops/12/Manuscripts/Chiba_2012.pdf\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)&nbsp;</span></p>', 'Chiba, M.K., Cichota, R., Vogeler, I. (2012). Can we improve interpolation of N2O emission measurements by using environmental factors? In: Advanced Nutrient Management: Gains from the Past - Goals for the Future. (Eds L.D. Currie and C L. Christensen). \r\nAbstract\r\nDetermining nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is highly uncertain due to their large spatial and temporal variability. This variability is caused by the many biological processes involved, each responding in a different way to environmental conditions. Also the various processes are often associated with non-linear relationships to gaseous emissions. The objective of this study was to analyse N2O emission from a recently compiled New Zealand N2O database and to verify the possibility of using environmental factors to improve the currently used linear interpolation of measurements. The database comprises a collection of data from 21 trials carried out in New Zealand since 2000, under different climates, with different soils and N loads and sources. Gaseous and soil data collection were performed according to NZ’s Ministry of Agriculture and Forest (MAF) protocols. In this work, we analyzed all data from urine patches treatments (N application ranging from 49 – 1,000 kg/ha) using stepwise multiple regression to select significant variables and to determine their relationship with N2O emissions. Daily measurements of soil water-filled pore space, volumetric water content, soil porosity, sum of rain recorded in the two previous days of gas measurement, soil temperature, air temperature, solar radiation as well as soil organic carbon content and inorganic soil N content were used as environmental variables. Prediction of N2O emissions using environmental parameters resulted in a poor agreement when fitting was done using the whole dataset (R2 =0.16). Improvement of fitting (R2 =0.39) was achieved after filtering the data according to the soil’s nitrate content (soil NO3 content higher than 70% of total inorganic N). This separates the N2O values obtained when denitrification was the dominating process on the production of N2O. For the remaining data, the emissions come from both nitrification and denitrification, and could not be related to environmental factors in a more precise way. Next the data were analysed region specific. For the Waikato region, stepwise regression indicated four variables as significant: rainfall, air temperature, radiation, soil’s clay content, and NO3 amount; while for Otago only rainfall and NO3 amount were significant. Predictive functions based on these variables were used to interpolate N2O emissions and these were compared with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) interpolation approach. Preliminary results suggest that the above procedure is promising and specific tests will be carried out in the future. The relationship between estimated gaseous emissions and environmental factors at the time of high ammonium contents also need to be further investigated. \r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2012-07-01', '2012-07-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '433', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(335, '', 'Changes in denitrification rate and N2O/N2 ratio with varying soil moisture conditions in New Zealand pasture soils', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 135%; font-family: \'Verdana\',sans-serif; color: #58595b;\">Jha, N., Saggar, S., Tillman, R., &amp; Giltrap, D. (2012). Changes in denitrification rate and N2O/N2&nbsp;ratio with varying soil moisture conditions in New Zealand pasture soils In: Advanced Nutrient Management: Gains from the Past - Goals for the Future. (Eds L.D. Currie and C L. Christensen).&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 135%; font-family: \'Verdana\',sans-serif; color: #58595b;\">Abstract</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 135%; font-family: \'Verdana\',sans-serif; color: #58595b;\">Denitrification is the primary process of N2O production in temperate grassland soils and accounts for 60% of the total N2O emissions globally. There are various soil and environmental factors that regulate denitrification and affect denitrification rate (DR) and N2O/ N2 ratio. Among these, soil moisture is the most important. Generally, DR increases and N2O/N2 ratio decreases with increasing soil water content. However, the effect of changing soil moisture on DR and N2O/N2 ratio may vary with the type of soil, its nutrient status and the management practices followed on the farm. The interrelationships among the various factors affecting DR are not very well quantified.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 135%; font-family: \'Verdana\',sans-serif; color: #58595b;\">Therefore, the current study was planned to investigate the effect of soil moisture on DR and N2O/N2 ratio in five different New Zealand pasture soils with varying physical and chemical characteristics such as soil texture, total porosity, pH, NO3- and NH4+ content, total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA). The experiment involved incubation of surface (0-10cm) and subsurface (10-20cm) soil samples at field capacity (FC) and complete saturation at constant temperature (25oC). DR and N2O/N2 ratio were estimated using an acetylene inhibition (AI) technique.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 135%; font-family: \'Verdana\',sans-serif; color: #58595b;\">Denitrification rates were higher in soils incubated at saturation than in soils incubated at FC. Similarly, the N2O/N2 ratio decreased in soils when incubated at saturation as compared to FC. The extent of these increases in DR and decreases in N2O/N2 ratio with increasing moisture content varied among the soils due to differences in NO3- and NH4+ content, MBC and DEA of the soils.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 135%; font-family: \'Verdana\',sans-serif; color: #58595b;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.massey.ac.nz/~flrc/workshops/12/Manuscripts/Jha_2012.pdf\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</span></p>', 'Jha, N., Saggar, S., Tillman, R., & Giltrap, D. (2012). Changes in denitrification rate and N2O/N2 ratio with varying soil moisture conditions in New Zealand pasture soils In: Advanced Nutrient Management: Gains from the Past - Goals for the Future. (Eds L.D. Currie and C L. Christensen). \r\nAbstract\r\nDenitrification is the primary process of N2O production in temperate grassland soils and accounts for 60% of the total N2O emissions globally. There are various soil and environmental factors that regulate denitrification and affect denitrification rate (DR) and N2O/ N2 ratio. Among these, soil moisture is the most important. Generally, DR increases and N2O/N2 ratio decreases with increasing soil water content. However, the effect of changing soil moisture on DR and N2O/N2 ratio may vary with the type of soil, its nutrient status and the management practices followed on the farm. The interrelationships among the various factors affecting DR are not very well quantified.\r\nTherefore, the current study was planned to investigate the effect of soil moisture on DR and N2O/N2 ratio in five different New Zealand pasture soils with varying physical and chemical characteristics such as soil texture, total porosity, pH, NO3- and NH4+ content, total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA). The experiment involved incubation of surface (0-10cm) and subsurface (10-20cm) soil samples at field capacity (FC) and complete saturation at constant temperature (25oC). DR and N2O/N2 ratio were estimated using an acetylene inhibition (AI) technique.\r\nDenitrification rates were higher in soils incubated at saturation than in soils incubated at FC. Similarly, the N2O/N2 ratio decreased in soils when incubated at saturation as compared to FC. The extent of these increases in DR and decreases in N2O/N2 ratio with increasing moisture content varied among the soils due to differences in NO3- and NH4+ content, MBC and DEA of the soils.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2012-07-01', '2012-07-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '103', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(336, '', 'Sixty years of seasonal irrigation affects carbon storage in soils beneath pasture grazed by sheep', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Kelliher, F. M., Condron, L. M., Cook, F. J., &amp; Black, A. (2012). Sixty years of seasonal irrigation affects carbon storage in soils beneath pasture grazed by sheep. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 148, 29-36</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>For sixty years at Winchmore, South Island, New Zealand (43&deg;48&prime;S, 171&deg;48&prime;E, 160 masl), stoney soils under continuous pasture grazing by sheep have received rainfall (nil irrigation) or rainfall and irrigation as required during summer. This consistently managed, replicated field trial presents a unique opportunity to examine long-term treatment effects on pastoral soil. Samples were recently excavated at intervals to a depth of 1 m and the total carbon (C) storage measured. In the irrigated plots, soil C storage (9.1 &plusmn; 0.3 kg C m&minus;2, mean &plusmn; standard error, n = 3) was significantly less (p &lt; 0.05) than in plots receiving rainfall alone (13.4 &plusmn; 0.8 kg C m&minus;2). We estimated irrigation induced a 36% increase of C inputs to the soil on an annual basis, mostly as litter fall. Using a respiration model based on soil temperature and water content inputs, irrigation was also estimated to have induced a 97% increase in rate of annual C loss to the atmosphere. On this basis, the estimated irrigation effects had reduced C storage by 61% (97&ndash;36%), reasonably accounting for the 47% treatment effect determined by soil sampling.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880911003574\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Kelliher, F. M., Condron, L. M., Cook, F. J., & Black, A. (2012). Sixty years of seasonal irrigation affects carbon storage in soils beneath pasture grazed by sheep. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 148, 29-36\r\nAbstract\r\nFor sixty years at Winchmore, South Island, New Zealand (43°48′S, 171°48′E, 160 masl), stoney soils under continuous pasture grazing by sheep have received rainfall (nil irrigation) or rainfall and irrigation as required during summer. This consistently managed, replicated field trial presents a unique opportunity to examine long-term treatment effects on pastoral soil. Samples were recently excavated at intervals to a depth of 1 m and the total carbon (C) storage measured. In the irrigated plots, soil C storage (9.1 ± 0.3 kg C m−2, mean ± standard error, n = 3) was significantly less (p < 0.05) than in plots receiving rainfall alone (13.4 ± 0.8 kg C m−2). We estimated irrigation induced a 36% increase of C inputs to the soil on an annual basis, mostly as litter fall. Using a respiration model based on soil temperature and water content inputs, irrigation was also estimated to have induced a 97% increase in rate of annual C loss to the atmosphere. On this basis, the estimated irrigation effects had reduced C storage by 61% (97–36%), reasonably accounting for the 47% treatment effect determined by soil sampling.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2011-12-15', '2011-12-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(337, '', 'Rumen microbial (meta)genomics and its application to ruminant production', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Morgavi, D., Kelly, W., Janssen, P., &amp; Attwood, G. (2013). Rumen microbial (meta)genomics and its application to ruminant production.&nbsp;<em>Animal,</em>&nbsp;<em>7</em>(S1), 184-201</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Meat and milk produced by ruminants are important agricultural products and are major sources of protein for humans. Ruminant production is of considerable economic value and underpins food security in many regions of the world. However, the sector faces major challenges because of diminishing natural resources and ensuing increases in production costs, and also because of the increased awareness of the environmental impact of farming ruminants. The digestion of feed and the production of enteric methane are key functions that could be manipulated by having a thorough understanding of the rumen microbiome. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies and bioinformatics are transforming our understanding of complex microbial ecosystems, including the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. The application of these techniques to the rumen ecosystem has allowed the study of the microbial diversity under different dietary and production conditions. Furthermore, the sequencing of genomes from several cultured rumen bacterial and archaeal species is providing detailed information about their physiology. More recently, metagenomics, mainly aimed at understanding the enzymatic machinery involved in the degradation of plant structural polysaccharides, is starting to produce new insights by allowing access to the total community and sidestepping the limitations imposed by cultivation. These advances highlight the promise of these approaches for characterising the rumen microbial community structure and linking this with the functions of the rumen microbiota. Initial results using high-throughput culture-independent technologies have also shown that the rumen microbiome is far more complex and diverse than the human caecum. Therefore, cataloguing its genes will require a considerable sequencing and bioinformatic effort. Nevertheless, the construction of a rumen microbial gene catalogue through metagenomics and genomic sequencing of key populations is an attainable goal. A rumen microbial gene catalogue is necessary to understand the function of the microbiome and its interaction with the host animal and feeds, and it will provide a basis for integrative microbiome&ndash;host models and inform strategies promoting less-polluting, more robust and efficient ruminants.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal/article/rumen-microbial-metagenomics-and-its-application-to-ruminant-production/882E55627CB16C4D89226DF66517C808\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Morgavi, D., Kelly, W., Janssen, P., & Attwood, G. (2013). Rumen microbial (meta)genomics and its application to ruminant production. Animal, 7(S1), 184-201\r\nAbstract\r\nMeat and milk produced by ruminants are important agricultural products and are major sources of protein for humans. Ruminant production is of considerable economic value and underpins food security in many regions of the world. However, the sector faces major challenges because of diminishing natural resources and ensuing increases in production costs, and also because of the increased awareness of the environmental impact of farming ruminants. The digestion of feed and the production of enteric methane are key functions that could be manipulated by having a thorough understanding of the rumen microbiome. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies and bioinformatics are transforming our understanding of complex microbial ecosystems, including the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. The application of these techniques to the rumen ecosystem has allowed the study of the microbial diversity under different dietary and production conditions. Furthermore, the sequencing of genomes from several cultured rumen bacterial and archaeal species is providing detailed information about their physiology. More recently, metagenomics, mainly aimed at understanding the enzymatic machinery involved in the degradation of plant structural polysaccharides, is starting to produce new insights by allowing access to the total community and sidestepping the limitations imposed by cultivation. These advances highlight the promise of these approaches for characterising the rumen microbial community structure and linking this with the functions of the rumen microbiota. Initial results using high-throughput culture-independent technologies have also shown that the rumen microbiome is far more complex and diverse than the human caecum. Therefore, cataloguing its genes will require a considerable sequencing and bioinformatic effort. Nevertheless, the construction of a rumen microbial gene catalogue through metagenomics and genomic sequencing of key populations is an attainable goal. A rumen microbial gene catalogue is necessary to understand the function of the microbiome and its interaction with the host animal and feeds, and it will provide a basis for integrative microbiome–host models and inform strategies promoting less-polluting, more robust and efficient ruminants.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2012-03-01', '2012-03-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(338, '', 'From coping to resilience: the role of managed retreat in highly developed coastal regions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\">Reisinger, A., J. Lawrence, et al. (2015). From coping to resilience: The role of managed retreat in highly developed coastal regions of New Zealand. Climate Change and the Coast, CRC Press: 285-310.</p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\">Abstract</p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\">To follow</p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 135%;\"><strong><a href=\"http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b18053-18\">Read more </a></strong>(external paid, paid content)</p>', 'Reisinger, A., J. Lawrence, et al. (2015). From coping to resilience: The role of managed retreat in highly developed coastal regions of New Zealand. Climate Change and the Coast, CRC Press: 285-310.\r\nAbstract\r\nTo follow\r\nRead more (external paid, paid content)', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-01', '2015-08-04', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '534', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(339, '', 'Influence of pore size distribution and soil water content on nitrous oxide emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>van der Weerden, T. J., F. M. Kelliher, et al. (2012). \"Influence of pore size distribution and soil water content on nitrous oxide emissions.\" Soil Research 50(2): 125-135.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br /> Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils have been estimated to comprise about two-thirds of the biosphere&rsquo;s contribution of this potent greenhouse gas. In pasture systems grazed by farmed animals, where substrate is generally available, spatial variation in emissions, in addition to that cause by the patchiness of urine deposition, has been attributed to soil aeration, as governed by gas diffusion. However, this parameter is not readily measured, and the soil&rsquo;s water-filled pore space (WFPS) has often been used as a proxy, despite gas diffusion in soils depending on the volumetric fractions of water and air. With changing water content, these fractions will reflect the soil&rsquo;s pore size distribution. The aims of this study were: (i) to determine if the pore size distribution of two pastoral soils explains previously observed differences in N2O emissions under field conditions, and (ii) to assess the most appropriate soil water/gas diffusion metric for estimating N2O emissions. The N2O emissions were measured from intact cores of two soils (one classified as well drained and one as poorly drained) that had been sampled to a depth of 50&thinsp;mm beneath grazed pasture. Nitrogen (N, 500&thinsp;kg&thinsp;N/ha) was applied to soil cores as aqueous nitrate solution, and the cores were drained under controlled conditions at a constant temperature. The poorly drained soil had a larger proportion of macropores (23.5 v. 18.7% in the well-drained soil), resulting in more rapid drainage and increased pore continuity, thereby reducing the duration of anaerobicity, and leading to lower N2O emissions. Emissions were related to three soil water proxies including WFPS, volumetric water content (VWC), and matric potential (MP), and to relative diffusion (RD). All parameters showed highly significant relationships with N2O emissions (P&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.001), with RD, WFPS, VWC, and MP accounting for 59, 72, 88, and 93% of the variability, respectively. As VWC is more readily determined than MP, the former is potentially more suitable for estimating N2O emission from different soils across a range of time and space scales under field conditions.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.publish.csiro.au/sr/SR11112\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'van der Weerden, T. J., F. M. Kelliher, et al. (2012). \"Influence of pore size distribution and soil water content on nitrous oxide emissions.\" Soil Research 50(2): 125-135.\r\nAbstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils have been estimated to comprise about two-thirds of the biosphere’s contribution of this potent greenhouse gas. In pasture systems grazed by farmed animals, where substrate is generally available, spatial variation in emissions, in addition to that cause by the patchiness of urine deposition, has been attributed to soil aeration, as governed by gas diffusion. However, this parameter is not readily measured, and the soil’s water-filled pore space (WFPS) has often been used as a proxy, despite gas diffusion in soils depending on the volumetric fractions of water and air. With changing water content, these fractions will reflect the soil’s pore size distribution. The aims of this study were: (i) to determine if the pore size distribution of two pastoral soils explains previously observed differences in N2O emissions under field conditions, and (ii) to assess the most appropriate soil water/gas diffusion metric for estimating N2O emissions. The N2O emissions were measured from intact cores of two soils (one classified as well drained and one as poorly drained) that had been sampled to a depth of 50 mm beneath grazed pasture. Nitrogen (N, 500 kg N/ha) was applied to soil cores as aqueous nitrate solution, and the cores were drained under controlled conditions at a constant temperature. The poorly drained soil had a larger proportion of macropores (23.5 v. 18.7% in the well-drained soil), resulting in more rapid drainage and increased pore continuity, thereby reducing the duration of anaerobicity, and leading to lower N2O emissions. Emissions were related to three soil water proxies including WFPS, volumetric water content (VWC), and matric potential (MP), and to relative diffusion (RD). All parameters showed highly significant relationships with N2O emissions (P < 0.001), with RD, WFPS, VWC, and MP accounting for 59, 72, 88, and 93% of the variability, respectively. As VWC is more readily determined than MP, the former is potentially more suitable for estimating N2O emission from different soils across a range of time and space scales under field conditions.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2012-03-28', '2012-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(340, '', 'Estimating nitrous oxide emissions from a diary farm using a mechanistic, whole farm model and segregated emission factors for New Zealand', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Vogeler, I., Beukes, P., Romera, A. &amp; Cichota, R. (2012). Estimating nitrous oxide emissions from a diary farm using a mechanistic, whole farm model and segregated emission factors for New Zealand. <em>Soil Research</em> 50 (3) 188-194</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions from agriculture are generally estimated using default IPCC emission factors (EFs) despite the large variation in measured EFs. We used a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to segregate measured EFs from direct emissions from urine patches and fertiliser and effluent applications, based on temporal and site-specific factors. These segregated EFs were linked to simulations from the DairyNZ Whole Farm Model to obtain N<sub>2</sub>O emissions for a typical pasture-based dairy farm in New Zealand. The N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from urine patches, dung pads, and fertiliser and effluent application, as well as from indirect sources, were aggregated to obtain total N<sub>2</sub>O emissions for the farm-scale. The results, based on segregated EFs, were compared with those obtained using New Zealand-specific EFs. On-farm N<sub>2</sub>O emissions based on these segregated EFs were 5% lower than those based on New Zealand-specific EFs. Improved farm management by avoiding grazing, effluent, and N fertiliser application during periods of high risk for N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, or by the use of mitigation technologies such as nitrification inhibitors, could reduce annual farm scale N<sub>2</sub>O emissions.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.publish.csiro.au/sr/Fulltext/SR12064\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Vogeler, I., Beukes, P., Romera, A. & Cichota, R. (2012). Estimating nitrous oxide emissions from a diary farm using a mechanistic, whole farm model and segregated emission factors for New Zealand. Soil Research 50 (3) 188-194\r\nAbstract\r\nNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture are generally estimated using default IPCC emission factors (EFs) despite the large variation in measured EFs. We used a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to segregate measured EFs from direct emissions from urine patches and fertiliser and effluent applications, based on temporal and site-specific factors. These segregated EFs were linked to simulations from the DairyNZ Whole Farm Model to obtain N2O emissions for a typical pasture-based dairy farm in New Zealand. The N2O emissions from urine patches, dung pads, and fertiliser and effluent application, as well as from indirect sources, were aggregated to obtain total N2O emissions for the farm-scale. The results, based on segregated EFs, were compared with those obtained using New Zealand-specific EFs. On-farm N2O emissions based on these segregated EFs were 5% lower than those based on New Zealand-specific EFs. Improved farm management by avoiding grazing, effluent, and N fertiliser application during periods of high risk for N2O emissions, or by the use of mitigation technologies such as nitrification inhibitors, could reduce annual farm scale N2O emissions.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2012-05-12', '2012-05-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(341, '', 'Exploring rumen methanogen genomes to identify targets for methane mitigation strategies', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>G.T. Attwood, E. Altermann, W.J. Kelly, S.C. Leahy, L. Zhang, M. Morrison, Exploring rumen methanogen genomes to identify targets for methane mitigation strategies, Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volume 166, 2011, Pages 65-75, ISSN 0377-8401,&nbsp;<br /><br />Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Methane emissions from ruminant livestock is generated by the action of methanogenic archaea, mainly in the rumen. A variety of methanogen genera are responsible for CH4 production, including a large group that lacks cultivated representatives. To be generally effective, technologies for reducing ruminant CH4 emissions must target all rumen methanogens to prevent any unaffected methanogen from expanding to occupy the vacated niche. Interventions must also be specific for methanogens so that other rumen microbes can continue normal digestive functions. Thus a detailed knowledge of the diversity and physiology of rumen methanogens is required to define conserved features that can be targeted for methanogen inhibition. Genome sequencing projects are underway in New Zealand and Australia on several ruminal methanogen groups, including representatives of the genera Methanobrevibacter, Methanobacterium, Methanosphaera, Methanosarcina, and the uncultured group, Rumen Cluster C. The completed Methanobrevibacter ruminantium genome and draft sequences from other rumen methanogen species are beginning to allow identification of underlying cellular processes that define these organisms, and is leading to a better understanding of their lifestyles within the rumen. Although the research is mainly at the explorative stage, two types of opportunities for inhibiting methanogens are emerging, being inactivation of conserved methanogen enzymes by screening for, or designing, small inhibitors via a chemogenomics approach, and identifying surface proteins shared among rumen methanogens that can be used as antigens in an anti-methanogen vaccine. Many of the conserved enzyme targets are involved in energy generation via the methanogenesis pathway, while the majority of the conserved surface protein targets are of unknown function. An understanding of the expression and accessibility of these targets within methanogen cells and/or microbial biofilms under ruminal conditions will be required for their development as CH4 production mitigations.</p>\r\n<p>This paper is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture &ndash; Finding a Balance Between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors: K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840111001234\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'G.T. Attwood, E. Altermann, W.J. Kelly, S.C. Leahy, L. Zhang, M. Morrison, Exploring rumen methanogen genomes to identify targets for methane mitigation strategies, Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volume 166, 2011, Pages 65-75, ISSN 0377-8401, Abstract\r\nMethane emissions from ruminant livestock is generated by the action of methanogenic archaea, mainly in the rumen. A variety of methanogen genera are responsible for CH4 production, including a large group that lacks cultivated representatives. To be generally effective, technologies for reducing ruminant CH4 emissions must target all rumen methanogens to prevent any unaffected methanogen from expanding to occupy the vacated niche. Interventions must also be specific for methanogens so that other rumen microbes can continue normal digestive functions. Thus a detailed knowledge of the diversity and physiology of rumen methanogens is required to define conserved features that can be targeted for methanogen inhibition. Genome sequencing projects are underway in New Zealand and Australia on several ruminal methanogen groups, including representatives of the genera Methanobrevibacter, Methanobacterium, Methanosphaera, Methanosarcina, and the uncultured group, Rumen Cluster C. The completed Methanobrevibacter ruminantium genome and draft sequences from other rumen methanogen species are beginning to allow identification of underlying cellular processes that define these organisms, and is leading to a better understanding of their lifestyles within the rumen. Although the research is mainly at the explorative stage, two types of opportunities for inhibiting methanogens are emerging, being inactivation of conserved methanogen enzymes by screening for, or designing, small inhibitors via a chemogenomics approach, and identifying surface proteins shared among rumen methanogens that can be used as antigens in an anti-methanogen vaccine. Many of the conserved enzyme targets are involved in energy generation via the methanogenesis pathway, while the majority of the conserved surface protein targets are of unknown function. An understanding of the expression and accessibility of these targets within methanogen cells and/or microbial biofilms under ruminal conditions will be required for their development as CH4 production mitigations.\r\nThis paper is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture – Finding a Balance Between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors: K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2011-05-23', '2011-05-23', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(342, '', 'Strategies to reduce methane emissions from farmed ruminants grazing on pasture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Bryce M. Buddle, Michel Denis, Graeme T. Attwood, Eric Altermann, Peter H. Janssen, Ron S. Ronimus, Cesar S. Pinares-Pati&ntilde;o, Stefan Muetzel, D. Neil Wedlock, Strategies to reduce methane emissions from farmed ruminants grazing on pasture, The Veterinary Journal, Volume 188, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 11-17, ISSN 1090-0233</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Methane emissions from livestock are a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and have become a focus of research activities, especially in countries where agriculture is a major economic sector. Understanding the complexity of the rumen microbiota, including methane-producing Archaea, is in its infancy. There are currently no robust, reproducible and economically viable methods for reducing methane emissions from ruminants grazing on pasture and novel innovative strategies to diminish methane output from livestock are required. In this review, current approaches towards mitigation of methane in pastoral farming are summarised. Research strategies based on vaccination, enzyme inhibitors, phage, homoacetogens, defaunation, feed supplements, and animal selection are reviewed. Many approaches are currently being investigated, and it is likely that more than one strategy will be required to enable pastoral farming to lower its emissions of methane significantly. Different strategies may be suitable for different farming practices and systems</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.019\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Bryce M. Buddle, Michel Denis, Graeme T. Attwood, Eric Altermann, Peter H. Janssen, Ron S. Ronimus, Cesar S. Pinares-Patiño, Stefan Muetzel, D. Neil Wedlock, Strategies to reduce methane emissions from farmed ruminants grazing on pasture, The Veterinary Journal, Volume 188, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 11-17, ISSN 1090-0233\r\nAbstract\r\nMethane emissions from livestock are a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and have become a focus of research activities, especially in countries where agriculture is a major economic sector. Understanding the complexity of the rumen microbiota, including methane-producing Archaea, is in its infancy. There are currently no robust, reproducible and economically viable methods for reducing methane emissions from ruminants grazing on pasture and novel innovative strategies to diminish methane output from livestock are required. In this review, current approaches towards mitigation of methane in pastoral farming are summarised. Research strategies based on vaccination, enzyme inhibitors, phage, homoacetogens, defaunation, feed supplements, and animal selection are reviewed. Many approaches are currently being investigated, and it is likely that more than one strategy will be required to enable pastoral farming to lower its emissions of methane significantly. Different strategies may be suitable for different farming practices and systems\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2010-03-26', '2010-03-26', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(343, '', 'Methane emissions from bison-An historic herd estimate for the North American Great Plains', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Kelliher, F. M., &amp; Clark, H. (2010). Methane emissions from bison-An historic herd estimate for the North American Great Plains. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150(3), 473-477.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Enteric methane (CH4) emissions were estimated from 30&nbsp;M bison (Bison bison) across the North American Great Plains before contact with European settlers. We compiled the first historic emissions inventory using an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 method. The emissions were governed by the energy requirements for grazing, growth and reproduction. A sex/age distribution accounted for the net effect of births, development and deaths. The CH4&nbsp;yield was based on calorimeter measurements. The average bison\'s weight, feed (dry matter, DM) intake and emissions were 411&nbsp;kg, 3.4&nbsp;t&nbsp;DM&nbsp;head&minus;1&nbsp;year&minus;1&nbsp;and 72&nbsp;kg&nbsp;CH4&nbsp;head&minus;1&nbsp;year&minus;1, respectively. The historic herd\'s emissions were 2.2&nbsp;Tg&nbsp;CH4&nbsp;year&minus;1. On 1 January 2008, 36.5&nbsp;M cattle were located in 10 American states occupying the historic bison range. Cattle emissions were 2.5&nbsp;Tg&nbsp;CH4&nbsp;year&minus;1, estimated using an IPCC Tier 1 method, adjusted by comparison with a mechanistic model and food gathering energy required by 77% of the cattle fed by grazing.</p>\r\n<p>[<a title=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S... - link will open in a new window\" href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192309002846\" target=\"_blank\">Link to full text</a>]</p>', 'Kelliher, F. M., & Clark, H. (2010). Methane emissions from bison-An historic herd estimate for the North American Great Plains. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150(3), 473-477.\r\nAbstractEnteric methane (CH4) emissions were estimated from 30 M bison (Bison bison) across the North American Great Plains before contact with European settlers. We compiled the first historic emissions inventory using an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 method. The emissions were governed by the energy requirements for grazing, growth and reproduction. A sex/age distribution accounted for the net effect of births, development and deaths. The CH4 yield was based on calorimeter measurements. The average bison\'s weight, feed (dry matter, DM) intake and emissions were 411 kg, 3.4 t DM head−1 year−1 and 72 kg CH4 head−1 year−1, respectively. The historic herd\'s emissions were 2.2 Tg CH4 year−1. On 1 January 2008, 36.5 M cattle were located in 10 American states occupying the historic bison range. Cattle emissions were 2.5 Tg CH4 year−1, estimated using an IPCC Tier 1 method, adjusted by comparison with a mechanistic model and food gathering energy required by 77% of the cattle fed by grazing.\r\n[Link to full text]', '', '', '', '', '2009-12-29', '2009-12-29', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(344, '', 'Uncertainties of global warming metrics: CO2 and CH4', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><span class=\"author\">Reisinger, A.</span>,&nbsp;<span class=\"author\">M. Meinshausen</span>,&nbsp;<span class=\"author\">M. Manning</span>, and&nbsp;<span class=\"author\">G. Bodeker</span>&nbsp;(<span class=\"pubYear\">2010</span>),&nbsp;<span class=\"articleTitle\">Uncertainties of global warming metrics: CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;and CH<sub>4</sub></span>,&nbsp;<span class=\"journalTitle\">Geophys. Res. Lett.</span>,&nbsp;<span class=\"vol\">37</span>, L14707, doi:<a class=\"accessionId\" title=\"Link to external resource: 10.1029/2010GL043803\" href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043803\" target=\"_blank\">10.1029/2010GL043803</a>.</p>\r\n<p>We present a comprehensive evaluation of uncertainties in the Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature Change Potential (GTP) of CH<sub>4</sub>, using a simple climate model calibrated to AOGCMs and coupled climate-carbon cycle models assessed in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). In addition, we estimate uncertainties in these metrics probabilistically by using a method that does not rely on AOGCMs but instead builds on historical constraints and uncertainty estimates of current radiative forcings. While our mean and median GWPs and GTPs estimates are consistent with previous studies, our analysis suggests that uncertainty ranges for GWPs are almost twice as large as estimated in the AR4. Relative uncertainties for GTPs are larger than for GWPs, nearly twice as high for a time horizon of 100 years. Given this uncertainty, our results imply the possibility for substantial future adjustments in best-estimate values of GWPs and in particular GTPs.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2010GL043803/abstract\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'Reisinger, A., M. Meinshausen, M. Manning, and G. Bodeker (2010), Uncertainties of global warming metrics: CO2 and CH4, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14707, doi:10.1029/2010GL043803.\r\nWe present a comprehensive evaluation of uncertainties in the Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature Change Potential (GTP) of CH4, using a simple climate model calibrated to AOGCMs and coupled climate-carbon cycle models assessed in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). In addition, we estimate uncertainties in these metrics probabilistically by using a method that does not rely on AOGCMs but instead builds on historical constraints and uncertainty estimates of current radiative forcings. While our mean and median GWPs and GTPs estimates are consistent with previous studies, our analysis suggests that uncertainty ranges for GWPs are almost twice as large as estimated in the AR4. Relative uncertainties for GTPs are larger than for GWPs, nearly twice as high for a time horizon of 100 years. Given this uncertainty, our results imply the possibility for substantial future adjustments in best-estimate values of GWPs and in particular GTPs.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2010-07-30', '2010-07-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
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(345, '', 'Chapter 1 Tourism and Climate Change', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><a href=\"http://www.emeraldinsight.com/author/Schott%2C+Christian\">Christian Schott,&nbsp;</a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.emeraldinsight.com/author/Reisinger%2C+Andy\">Andy Reisinger,&nbsp;</a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.emeraldinsight.com/author/Milfont%2C+Taciano+L\">Taciano L. Milfont,&nbsp;</a>(2010), Chapter 1 Tourism and Climate Change, in&nbsp;<span class=\"NLM_string-name hlFld-ContribAuthor\">Christian Schott</span>&nbsp;(ed.)&nbsp;<em>Tourism and the Implications of Climate Change: Issues and Actions (Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice, Volume 3)&nbsp;</em>Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.1 - 24</p>\r\n<p>This chapter contextualizes the interrelationships between tourism and climate change and thus provides an introduction to this volume. It commences with a brief but comprehensive overview of the key issues identified by climate change research, including an update since the 2007 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as well as a brief discussion of the latest rounds of climate change negotiations. The pursuing discussion is informed by these points and explores climate change\'s indirect and induced impacts on tourism and possible ramifications. Both of these parts highlight behavioral change as a critical factor to both adaptation and mitigation thus motivating the psychological contribution in an effort to shed light on the obstacles to behavioral change. In the concluding section, the chapter synthesizes the discussion grounded in multiple disciplines into a set of research themes that the volume subsequently begins to address.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/S2042-1443%282010%290000003004\">Read more</a> (external website)</p>', 'Christian Schott, , Andy Reisinger, , Taciano L. Milfont, (2010), Chapter 1 Tourism and Climate Change, in Christian Schott (ed.) Tourism and the Implications of Climate Change: Issues and Actions (Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice, Volume 3) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.1 - 24\r\nThis chapter contextualizes the interrelationships between tourism and climate change and thus provides an introduction to this volume. It commences with a brief but comprehensive overview of the key issues identified by climate change research, including an update since the 2007 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as well as a brief discussion of the latest rounds of climate change negotiations. The pursuing discussion is informed by these points and explores climate change\'s indirect and induced impacts on tourism and possible ramifications. Both of these parts highlight behavioral change as a critical factor to both adaptation and mitigation thus motivating the psychological contribution in an effort to shed light on the obstacles to behavioral change. In the concluding section, the chapter synthesizes the discussion grounded in multiple disciplines into a set of research themes that the volume subsequently begins to address.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2010-06-30', '2010-06-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(346, '', 'Bacteria on leaves: a previously unrecognised source of N2O in grazed pastures', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Bowatte, S., P. C. D. Newton, et al. (2015). \"Bacteria on leaves: a previously unrecognised source of N2O in grazed pastures.\" ISME J 9(1): 265-267.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from grazed pastures are a product of microbial transformations of nitrogen and the prevailing view is that these only occur in the soil. Here we show this is not the case. We have found ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) are present on plant leaves where they produce N2O just as in soil. AOB (Nitrosospira sp. predominantly) on the pasture grass Lolium perenne converted 0.02-0.42% (mean 0.12%) of the oxidised ammonia to N2O. As we have found AOB to be ubiquitous on grasses sampled from urine patches, we propose a /`plant/\' source of N2O may be a feature of grazed grassland.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v9/n1/abs/ismej2014118a.html\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Bowatte, S., P. C. D. Newton, et al. (2015). \"Bacteria on leaves: a previously unrecognised source of N2O in grazed pastures.\" ISME J 9(1): 265-267.\r\nAbstract\r\nNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from grazed pastures are a product of microbial transformations of nitrogen and the prevailing view is that these only occur in the soil. Here we show this is not the case. We have found ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) are present on plant leaves where they produce N2O just as in soil. AOB (Nitrosospira sp. predominantly) on the pasture grass Lolium perenne converted 0.02-0.42% (mean 0.12%) of the oxidised ammonia to N2O. As we have found AOB to be ubiquitous on grasses sampled from urine patches, we propose a /`plant/\' source of N2O may be a feature of grazed grassland.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2014-07-11', '2014-07-11', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(347, '', 'The effects of fresh forages and feed intake level on digesta kinetics and enteric methane emissions from sheep', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>K.J. Hammond, D. Pacheco, J.L. Burke, J.P. Koolaard, S. Muetzel, G.C. Waghorn, The effects of fresh forages and feed intake level on digesta kinetics and enteric methane emissions from sheep, Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volume 193, 2014, Pages 32-43, ISSN 0377-8401, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.04.005.<br /><br />Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Published data have shown that in ruminants, methane (CH4) yields (g/kg dry matter [DM] intake) decline as feed intakes increase and, although the reduction has been attributed to a shorter digesta mean retention time (MRT), there are few supporting data. This study was undertaken to determine the association between digesta kinetics and CH4 emissions measured from sheep in respiration chambers fed either fresh white clover (Trifolium repens; WC) or fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne; RG) (Experiment 1), or RG at several feed intakes (Experiment 2). Measurements included CH4, whole tract apparent DM digestibility (DDM), total tract and rumen MRT (TMRT and RMRT, respectively) of solid and liquid fractions, as well as passage rates. In Experiment 1, eight sheep each with a rumen fistula were fed hourly either WC or RG forages, repeated over two periods (four sheep/diet/period) at about 1.6 times maintenance requirements for metabolisable energy (MEm; 1.12kg DM/d). Diet did not affect apparent DDM (726g/kg), CH4 yield (22.3g/kg DM intake), or TMRT of solid fractions (29.4h). However, TMRT for the liquid fraction was shorter (P=0.037) for sheep fed RG (17.4h) compared with WC (23.0h), and rumen digesta analyses suggested a larger rumen liquid pool size when RG was fed (6.05L) compared with WC (3.96L) (P=0.041). Experiment 2 involved 30 sheep offered fresh RG twice daily at about 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 and 2.5&times;MEm. The DDM did not differ greatly across RG intakes (625&ndash;648g/kg) but, as RG intake increased (0.49&ndash;1.34kg DM/d), there were corresponding reductions (P&lt;0.001) in CH4 yield (27.0&ndash;23.9g/kg DM intake), liquid TMRT (31.4&ndash;14.2h), solid TMRT (46.4&ndash;24.8h), liquid RMRT (18.4&ndash;7.5h), and solid RMRT (28.4&ndash;15.8h). When CH4 yield was plotted against rumen liquid and solid passage rates, the extent of the relationship was best explained (R2) when RG was fed at different intakes in Experiment 2 (0.71 and 0.66 for liquid and solids, respectively). The 2.7-fold increase in feed intake halved RMRT, but intakes affected passage of the rumen liquid fraction to a greater extent than solids. It can be concluded that reductions in CH4 yield from fresh forages fed to sheep are associated with shorter TMRT and RMRT. Understanding the effects of diet, digestion, feed intake, and feeding frequency on methanogenesis requires more knowledge about rumen digesta kinetics, especially relationships between outflow rates of solid and liquid fractions.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.04.005\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'K.J. Hammond, D. Pacheco, J.L. Burke, J.P. Koolaard, S. Muetzel, G.C. Waghorn, The effects of fresh forages and feed intake level on digesta kinetics and enteric methane emissions from sheep, Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volume 193, 2014, Pages 32-43, ISSN 0377-8401, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.04.005.Abstract\r\nPublished data have shown that in ruminants, methane (CH4) yields (g/kg dry matter [DM] intake) decline as feed intakes increase and, although the reduction has been attributed to a shorter digesta mean retention time (MRT), there are few supporting data. This study was undertaken to determine the association between digesta kinetics and CH4 emissions measured from sheep in respiration chambers fed either fresh white clover (Trifolium repens; WC) or fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne; RG) (Experiment 1), or RG at several feed intakes (Experiment 2). Measurements included CH4, whole tract apparent DM digestibility (DDM), total tract and rumen MRT (TMRT and RMRT, respectively) of solid and liquid fractions, as well as passage rates. In Experiment 1, eight sheep each with a rumen fistula were fed hourly either WC or RG forages, repeated over two periods (four sheep/diet/period) at about 1.6 times maintenance requirements for metabolisable energy (MEm; 1.12kg DM/d). Diet did not affect apparent DDM (726g/kg), CH4 yield (22.3g/kg DM intake), or TMRT of solid fractions (29.4h). However, TMRT for the liquid fraction was shorter (P=0.037) for sheep fed RG (17.4h) compared with WC (23.0h), and rumen digesta analyses suggested a larger rumen liquid pool size when RG was fed (6.05L) compared with WC (3.96L) (P=0.041). Experiment 2 involved 30 sheep offered fresh RG twice daily at about 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 and 2.5×MEm. The DDM did not differ greatly across RG intakes (625–648g/kg) but, as RG intake increased (0.49–1.34kg DM/d), there were corresponding reductions (P<0.001) in CH4 yield (27.0–23.9g/kg DM intake), liquid TMRT (31.4–14.2h), solid TMRT (46.4–24.8h), liquid RMRT (18.4–7.5h), and solid RMRT (28.4–15.8h). When CH4 yield was plotted against rumen liquid and solid passage rates, the extent of the relationship was best explained (R2) when RG was fed at different intakes in Experiment 2 (0.71 and 0.66 for liquid and solids, respectively). The 2.7-fold increase in feed intake halved RMRT, but intakes affected passage of the rumen liquid fraction to a greater extent than solids. It can be concluded that reductions in CH4 yield from fresh forages fed to sheep are associated with shorter TMRT and RMRT. Understanding the effects of diet, digestion, feed intake, and feeding frequency on methanogenesis requires more knowledge about rumen digesta kinetics, especially relationships between outflow rates of solid and liquid fractions.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2014-04-24', '2014-04-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(348, '', 'Biogeography and biophysicochemical traits link N2O emissions, N2O emission potential and microbial communities across New Zealand pasture soils', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sergio E. Morales, Neha Jha, Surinder Saggar, Biogeography and biophysicochemical traits link NO emissions, NO emission potential and microbial communities across New Zealand pasture soils, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 82, 2015, Pages 87-98, ISSN 0038-0717, <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.12.018\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.12.018</a>.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>The process of denitrification has been studied for decades, with current evidence suggesting that an ecosystem\'s ability to produce and emit N2O is controlled both by transient &lsquo;proximal&rsquo; regulators (e.g. temperature, moisture, N availability) as well as distal regulators (e.g. soil type, microbial functional diversity, geography). In this study we use New Zealand soils as a model system to test the impact of distal regulators (i.e. geography) on microbial communities and their N2O emission potential. Using gas chromatography, soil chemical analyses, 16S amplicon sequencing, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) on three denitrifier functional genes (nirS, nirK and nosZ), we assessed the factors linked to N2O emissions across a latitudinal gradient. Results show that soil drainage class, soil texture class, and latitude were powerful regulators of both emissions and emission end products (N2 vs. N2O). Mixed models demonstrate that a few variables (including latitude, texture class, drainage class and denitrifier community data [abundance and diversity] amongst others) were enough to predict both the amount and type of gas emitted. In addition we show that microbial community composition (based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing) can also be used to predict both the gas species and quantity emitted.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071714004325\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Sergio E. Morales, Neha Jha, Surinder Saggar, Biogeography and biophysicochemical traits link NO emissions, NO emission potential and microbial communities across New Zealand pasture soils, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 82, 2015, Pages 87-98, ISSN 0038-0717, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.12.018.\r\nAbstract\r\nThe process of denitrification has been studied for decades, with current evidence suggesting that an ecosystem\'s ability to produce and emit N2O is controlled both by transient ‘proximal’ regulators (e.g. temperature, moisture, N availability) as well as distal regulators (e.g. soil type, microbial functional diversity, geography). In this study we use New Zealand soils as a model system to test the impact of distal regulators (i.e. geography) on microbial communities and their N2O emission potential. Using gas chromatography, soil chemical analyses, 16S amplicon sequencing, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) on three denitrifier functional genes (nirS, nirK and nosZ), we assessed the factors linked to N2O emissions across a latitudinal gradient. Results show that soil drainage class, soil texture class, and latitude were powerful regulators of both emissions and emission end products (N2 vs. N2O). Mixed models demonstrate that a few variables (including latitude, texture class, drainage class and denitrifier community data [abundance and diversity] amongst others) were enough to predict both the amount and type of gas emitted. In addition we show that microbial community composition (based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing) can also be used to predict both the gas species and quantity emitted.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2015-01-08', '2015-01-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(349, '', 'Carbon balance of an intensively grazed temperate dairy pasture over four years', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>S. Rutledge, P.L. Mudge, D.I. Campbell, S.L. Woodward, J.P. Goodrich, A.M. Wall, M.U.F. Kirschbaum, L.A. Schipper, Carbon balance of an intensively grazed temperate dairy pasture over four years, Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment, Volume 206, 1 August 2015, Pages 10-20, ISSN 0167-8809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.011.<br /><br />Abstract<br />We estimated the net ecosystem carbon (C) balance (NECB) of a temperate pasture in the North Island of New Zealand for four years (2008&ndash;2011). The pasture was intensively managed with addition of fertiliser and year-round rotational grazing by dairy cows. Climatic conditions and management practices had a large impact on CO2 exchange, with a severe drought in one year and cultivation in another both causing large short-term (&sim;3 months) net losses of CO2&ndash;C (100&ndash;200 g C m&minus;2). However, CO2 was regained later in both of these years so that on annual timescales, the site was a CO2 sink or CO2 neutral. Management practices such as effluent application and harvesting silage also influenced non-CO2&ndash;C fluxes, and had a large impact on annual NECB. Despite these major environmental or management perturbations, both NEP and NECB were relatively constant on annual timescales. It is likely that this apparent resilience of the CO2 and C balance to perturbations was at least partly attributable to the relatively warm temperatures, also in winter, providing good growing conditions year-round (in the absence of major perturbations such as moisture stress). In several instances, the farmer&rsquo;s decisions aimed at maintaining a constant milk yield between years also appeared to contribute to a relatively stable C balance.</p>\r\n<p>Averaged over the full four-year study period, the site was a net sink for both CO2 (NEP = 165 &plusmn; 51 g C m&minus;2 y&minus;1), and total C (NECB = 61 &plusmn; 53 g C m&minus;2 y&minus;1) after non-CO2&ndash;C fluxes were accounted for. Annual NEP and NECB values were similar to results collated from other managed temperate grasslands on mineral soils globally, for which average NEP and NECB were 188 &plusmn; 44 g C m&minus;2 y&minus;1 and 44 &plusmn; 33 g C m&minus;2 y&minus;1, respectively. In the global dataset, we noted a general trend for increased C sequestration with increasing NEP, suggesting that it may be possible to meet the dual goal of increased pasture production (thus milk, meat and fiber production) and increasing soil C storage in managed temperate grasslands. Identification of management practices that increase C storage while maintaining or enhancing pasture production requires more standardised reporting between NECB studies, and experiments involving side-by-side comparison of treatment and control plots.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016788091500095X\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'S. Rutledge, P.L. Mudge, D.I. Campbell, S.L. Woodward, J.P. Goodrich, A.M. Wall, M.U.F. Kirschbaum, L.A. Schipper, Carbon balance of an intensively grazed temperate dairy pasture over four years, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 206, 1 August 2015, Pages 10-20, ISSN 0167-8809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.011.AbstractWe estimated the net ecosystem carbon (C) balance (NECB) of a temperate pasture in the North Island of New Zealand for four years (2008–2011). The pasture was intensively managed with addition of fertiliser and year-round rotational grazing by dairy cows. Climatic conditions and management practices had a large impact on CO2 exchange, with a severe drought in one year and cultivation in another both causing large short-term (∼3 months) net losses of CO2–C (100–200 g C m−2). However, CO2 was regained later in both of these years so that on annual timescales, the site was a CO2 sink or CO2 neutral. Management practices such as effluent application and harvesting silage also influenced non-CO2–C fluxes, and had a large impact on annual NECB. Despite these major environmental or management perturbations, both NEP and NECB were relatively constant on annual timescales. It is likely that this apparent resilience of the CO2 and C balance to perturbations was at least partly attributable to the relatively warm temperatures, also in winter, providing good growing conditions year-round (in the absence of major perturbations such as moisture stress). In several instances, the farmer’s decisions aimed at maintaining a constant milk yield between years also appeared to contribute to a relatively stable C balance.\r\nAveraged over the full four-year study period, the site was a net sink for both CO2 (NEP = 165 ± 51 g C m−2 y−1), and total C (NECB = 61 ± 53 g C m−2 y−1) after non-CO2–C fluxes were accounted for. Annual NEP and NECB values were similar to results collated from other managed temperate grasslands on mineral soils globally, for which average NEP and NECB were 188 ± 44 g C m−2 y−1 and 44 ± 33 g C m−2 y−1, respectively. In the global dataset, we noted a general trend for increased C sequestration with increasing NEP, suggesting that it may be possible to meet the dual goal of increased pasture production (thus milk, meat and fiber production) and increasing soil C storage in managed temperate grasslands. Identification of management practices that increase C storage while maintaining or enhancing pasture production requires more standardised reporting between NECB studies, and experiments involving side-by-side comparison of treatment and control plots.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2015-03-22', '2015-03-23', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '410', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(350, '', 'What is the NZAGRC?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p align=\"LEFT\">The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre is funded by the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) via its Primary Growth Partnership fund and is a partnership (non-financial) of nine New Zealand research organisations.</p>\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\"><strong><a href=\"nzfunds-nzagrc.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre is funded by the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) via its Primary Growth Partnership fund and is a partnership (non-financial) of nine New Zealand research organisations.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2015-07-01', '2015-07-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What is the NZAGRC?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(351, '', 'Vaccination of Sheep with a Methanogen Protein Provides Insight into Levels of Antibody in Saliva Needed to Target Ruminal Methanogens', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Subharat&nbsp;S, Shu&nbsp;D, Zheng&nbsp;T, Buddle&nbsp;BM, Kaneko&nbsp;K, et al. (2016)&nbsp;Vaccination of Sheep with a Methanogen Protein Provides Insight into Levels of Antibody in Saliva Needed to Target Ruminal Methanogens. PLOS ONE 11(7): e0159861.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Methane is produced in the rumen of ruminant livestock by methanogens and is a major contributor to agricultural greenhouse gases. Vaccination against ruminal methanogens could reduce methane emissions by inducing antibodies in saliva which enter the rumen and impair ability of methanogens to produce methane. Presently, it is not known if vaccination can induce sufficient amounts of antibody in the saliva to target methanogen populations in the rumen and little is known about how long antibody in the rumen remains active. In the current study, sheep were vaccinated twice at a 3-week interval with a model methanogen antigen, recombinant glycosyl transferase protein (rGT2) formulated with one of four adjuvants: saponin, Montanide ISA61, a chitosan thermogel, or a lipid nanoparticle/cationic liposome adjuvant (n = 6/formulation). A control group of sheep (n = 6) was not vaccinated. The highest antigen-specific IgA and IgG responses in both saliva and serum were observed with Montanide ISA61, which promoted levels of salivary antibodies that were five-fold higher than the second most potent adjuvant, saponin. A rGT2-specific IgG standard was used to determine the level of rGT2-specific IgG in serum and saliva. Vaccination with GT2/Montanide ISA61 produced a peak antibody concentration of 7 &times; 1016&nbsp;molecules of antigen-specific IgG per litre of saliva, and it was estimated that in the rumen there would be more than 104&nbsp;molecules of antigen-specific IgG for each methanogen cell. Both IgG and IgA in saliva were shown to be relatively stable in the rumen. Salivary antibody exposed for 1&ndash;2 hours to an&nbsp;in vitro&nbsp;simulated rumen environment retained approximately 50% of antigen-binding activity. Collectively, the results from measuring antibody levels and stablility suggest a vaccination-based mitigation strategy for livestock generated methane is in theory feasible.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159861\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Subharat S, Shu D, Zheng T, Buddle BM, Kaneko K, et al. (2016) Vaccination of Sheep with a Methanogen Protein Provides Insight into Levels of Antibody in Saliva Needed to Target Ruminal Methanogens. PLOS ONE 11(7): e0159861. \r\nAbstractMethane is produced in the rumen of ruminant livestock by methanogens and is a major contributor to agricultural greenhouse gases. Vaccination against ruminal methanogens could reduce methane emissions by inducing antibodies in saliva which enter the rumen and impair ability of methanogens to produce methane. Presently, it is not known if vaccination can induce sufficient amounts of antibody in the saliva to target methanogen populations in the rumen and little is known about how long antibody in the rumen remains active. In the current study, sheep were vaccinated twice at a 3-week interval with a model methanogen antigen, recombinant glycosyl transferase protein (rGT2) formulated with one of four adjuvants: saponin, Montanide ISA61, a chitosan thermogel, or a lipid nanoparticle/cationic liposome adjuvant (n = 6/formulation). A control group of sheep (n = 6) was not vaccinated. The highest antigen-specific IgA and IgG responses in both saliva and serum were observed with Montanide ISA61, which promoted levels of salivary antibodies that were five-fold higher than the second most potent adjuvant, saponin. A rGT2-specific IgG standard was used to determine the level of rGT2-specific IgG in serum and saliva. Vaccination with GT2/Montanide ISA61 produced a peak antibody concentration of 7 × 1016 molecules of antigen-specific IgG per litre of saliva, and it was estimated that in the rumen there would be more than 104 molecules of antigen-specific IgG for each methanogen cell. Both IgG and IgA in saliva were shown to be relatively stable in the rumen. Salivary antibody exposed for 1–2 hours to an in vitro simulated rumen environment retained approximately 50% of antigen-binding activity. Collectively, the results from measuring antibody levels and stablility suggest a vaccination-based mitigation strategy for livestock generated methane is in theory feasible.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-07-29', '2016-07-29', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(352, '', 'New use of global warming potentials to compare cumulative and short-lived climate pollutants', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Allen, M. R., J. S. Fuglestvedt, et al. (2016). \"New use of global warming potentials to compare cumulative and short-lived climate pollutants.\" Nature Clim. Change 6(8): 773-776.</p>\r\n<p>Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have requested guidance on common greenhouse gas metrics in accounting for Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to emission reductions. Metric choice can affect the relative emphasis placed on reductions of &lsquo;cumulative climate pollutants&rsquo; such as carbon dioxide versus &lsquo;short-lived climate pollutants&rsquo; (SLCPs), including methane and black carbon. Here we show that the widely used 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) effectively measures the relative impact of both cumulative pollutants and SLCPs on realized warming 20&ndash;40 years after the time of emission. If the overall goal of climate policy is to limit peak warming, GWP100 therefore overstates the importance of current SLCP emissions unless stringent and immediate reductions of all climate pollutants result in temperatures nearing their peak soon after mid-century, which may be necessary to limit warming to &ldquo;well below 2&thinsp;&deg;C&rdquo; (ref. 1). The GWP100 can be used to approximately equate a one-off pulse emission of a cumulative pollutant and an indefinitely sustained change in the rate of emission of an SLCP. The climate implications of traditional CO2-equivalent targets are ambiguous unless contributions from cumulative pollutants and SLCPs are specified separately.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v6/n8/full/nclimate2998.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'Allen, M. R., J. S. Fuglestvedt, et al. (2016). \"New use of global warming potentials to compare cumulative and short-lived climate pollutants.\" Nature Clim. Change 6(8): 773-776.\r\nParties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have requested guidance on common greenhouse gas metrics in accounting for Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to emission reductions. Metric choice can affect the relative emphasis placed on reductions of ‘cumulative climate pollutants’ such as carbon dioxide versus ‘short-lived climate pollutants’ (SLCPs), including methane and black carbon. Here we show that the widely used 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) effectively measures the relative impact of both cumulative pollutants and SLCPs on realized warming 20–40 years after the time of emission. If the overall goal of climate policy is to limit peak warming, GWP100 therefore overstates the importance of current SLCP emissions unless stringent and immediate reductions of all climate pollutants result in temperatures nearing their peak soon after mid-century, which may be necessary to limit warming to “well below 2 °C” (ref. 1). The GWP100 can be used to approximately equate a one-off pulse emission of a cumulative pollutant and an indefinitely sustained change in the rate of emission of an SLCP. The climate implications of traditional CO2-equivalent targets are ambiguous unless contributions from cumulative pollutants and SLCPs are specified separately.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-05-02', '2016-05-02', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '247', 'New use of global warming potentials to compare cumulative and short-lived climate pollutants', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(353, '', 'Development of an improved representation of rumen digesta outflow in a mechanistic and dynamic model of a dairy cow, Molly', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Pablo Gregorini, Pierre Beukes, Garry Waghorn, David Pacheco, Mark Hanigan, Development of an improved representation of rumen digesta outflow in a mechanistic and dynamic model of a dairy cow, Molly, Ecological Modelling, Volume 313, 2015, Pages 293-306, ISSN 0304-3800, <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.042\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.042</a>.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Accurate predictions of outflow of digesta from the rumen are critical for improving modeling of feed intake, rumen function and fermentation patterns of ruminants. The main objective of this work was to develop an improved representation of rumen digesta outflow in the Molly model. The work is primarily an integration of existing knowledge of rumen digestion responsible for variations in digesta outflows in ruminants, and describes the structure and function of the new development, assessing the new model in terms of ruminal outflow and fermentation in response to different feeding scenarios. The present development includes three changes to the model: (1) a medium-size particle pool was added to the rumen which was assumed to ferment and pass from the rumen; (2) particulate passage was made a function of particle size, particle concentrations in the rumen, and liquid passage rate; and (3) fermentation rate was made a function of particle surface area in the medium and small particle pools. Although prediction accuracy of digestive functions was not substantially improved by the change in model structure, the model now reproduces observed patterns of variation in rumen function as affected by the food intake and dietary particle size compared with those reported in the literature, which was not previously the case. It also reproduces more realistic trends in rumen fermentation patterns, digestion and methane yields. The concepts embedded in the new development capture underlying biological mechanisms driving the variation in digesta outflows from the rumen that were not captured before.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.042\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'Pablo Gregorini, Pierre Beukes, Garry Waghorn, David Pacheco, Mark Hanigan, Development of an improved representation of rumen digesta outflow in a mechanistic and dynamic model of a dairy cow, Molly, Ecological Modelling, Volume 313, 2015, Pages 293-306, ISSN 0304-3800, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.042.\r\nAbstract\r\nAccurate predictions of outflow of digesta from the rumen are critical for improving modeling of feed intake, rumen function and fermentation patterns of ruminants. The main objective of this work was to develop an improved representation of rumen digesta outflow in the Molly model. The work is primarily an integration of existing knowledge of rumen digestion responsible for variations in digesta outflows in ruminants, and describes the structure and function of the new development, assessing the new model in terms of ruminal outflow and fermentation in response to different feeding scenarios. The present development includes three changes to the model: (1) a medium-size particle pool was added to the rumen which was assumed to ferment and pass from the rumen; (2) particulate passage was made a function of particle size, particle concentrations in the rumen, and liquid passage rate; and (3) fermentation rate was made a function of particle surface area in the medium and small particle pools. Although prediction accuracy of digestive functions was not substantially improved by the change in model structure, the model now reproduces observed patterns of variation in rumen function as affected by the food intake and dietary particle size compared with those reported in the literature, which was not previously the case. It also reproduces more realistic trends in rumen fermentation patterns, digestion and methane yields. The concepts embedded in the new development capture underlying biological mechanisms driving the variation in digesta outflows from the rumen that were not captured before.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2015-07-24', '2015-07-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Development of an improved representation of rumen digesta outflow in a mechanistic and dynamic model of a dairy cow, Molly', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(354, '', 'Nitrous oxide emission factors for urine from sheep and cattle fed forage rape (Brassica napus L.) or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture (Lolium perenne L./Trifolium repens)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>C.J. Hoogendoorn, J. Luo, C.M. Lloyd-West, B.P. Devantier, S.B. Lindsey, S. Sun, D. Pacheco, Y. Li, P.W. Theobald, A. Judge, Nitrous oxide emission factors for urine from sheep and cattle fed forage rape ( L.) or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture ( L./), Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment, Volume 227, 2016, Pages 11-23, ISSN 0167-8809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.04.029.<br /><br />Abstract</p>\r\n<p>There is increasing scrutiny of the impact of grazing systems on the wider environment. Urine deposition during grazing has a dominant influence on inorganic nitrogen (N) loss to air and water, and in particular on emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. A series of three field trials were conducted to determine N2O emission factors of urine (EF3: N2O-N emitted as % of urine N applied) from animals on two different forage diets: forage rape (Brassica napus L.) and a conventional ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perenne L./Trifolium repens). Emission factors were measured over two winter trials and one summer trial, using both sheep and cattle urine. All three trials were conducted on a poorly drained soil. It was found that there was a tendency for a higher EF3 for urine from animals on a forage rape diet, both when applied to the forage rape soil and when applied to the pasture soil, although differences were not significant on an individual trial basis. When the data for all three trials was combined in a meta-analysis, urine from forage rape-fed animals had a significantly higher EF3 than urine from pasture-fed animals (1.54 vs. 1.20%). This was despite background emissions from the soil under forage rape being higher than from the soil under pasture. Our results suggest that there may be scope to influence N2O emissions via forage type on offer.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.04.029\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'C.J. Hoogendoorn, J. Luo, C.M. Lloyd-West, B.P. Devantier, S.B. Lindsey, S. Sun, D. Pacheco, Y. Li, P.W. Theobald, A. Judge, Nitrous oxide emission factors for urine from sheep and cattle fed forage rape ( L.) or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture ( L./), Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 227, 2016, Pages 11-23, ISSN 0167-8809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.04.029.Abstract\r\nThere is increasing scrutiny of the impact of grazing systems on the wider environment. Urine deposition during grazing has a dominant influence on inorganic nitrogen (N) loss to air and water, and in particular on emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. A series of three field trials were conducted to determine N2O emission factors of urine (EF3: N2O-N emitted as % of urine N applied) from animals on two different forage diets: forage rape (Brassica napus L.) and a conventional ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perenne L./Trifolium repens). Emission factors were measured over two winter trials and one summer trial, using both sheep and cattle urine. All three trials were conducted on a poorly drained soil. It was found that there was a tendency for a higher EF3 for urine from animals on a forage rape diet, both when applied to the forage rape soil and when applied to the pasture soil, although differences were not significant on an individual trial basis. When the data for all three trials was combined in a meta-analysis, urine from forage rape-fed animals had a significantly higher EF3 than urine from pasture-fed animals (1.54 vs. 1.20%). This was despite background emissions from the soil under forage rape being higher than from the soil under pasture. Our results suggest that there may be scope to influence N2O emissions via forage type on offer.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-05-12', '2016-05-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Nitrous oxide emission factors for urine from sheep and cattle fed forage rape (Brassica napus L.) or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture (Lolium perenne L./Trifolium repens)', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(355, '', 'complete genome sequence of Eubacterium limosum SA11, a metabolically versatile rumen acetogen', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Kelly, W. J., G. Henderson, et al. (2016). \"The complete genome sequence of Eubacterium limosum SA11, a metabolically versatile rumen acetogen.\" Standards in Genomic Sciences 11(1): 26.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Acetogens are a specialized group of anaerobic bacteria able to produce acetate from CO2 and H2 via the Wood&ndash;Ljungdahl pathway. In some gut environments acetogens can compete with methanogens for H2, and as a result rumen acetogens are of interest in the development of microbial approaches for methane mitigation. The acetogen Eubacterium limosum SA11 was isolated from the rumen of a New Zealand sheep and its genome has been sequenced to examine its potential application in methane mitigation strategies, particularly in situations where hydrogenotrophic methanogens are inhibited resulting in increased H2 levels in the rumen. The 4.15 Mb chromosome of SA11 has an average G&thinsp;+&thinsp;C content of 47 %, and encodes 3805 protein-coding genes. There is a single prophage inserted in the chromosome, and several other gene clusters appear to have been acquired by horizontal transfer. These include genes for cell wall glycopolymers, a type VII secretion system, cell surface proteins and chemotaxis. SA11 is able to use a variety of organic substrates in addition to H2/CO2, with acetate and butyrate as the principal fermentation end-products, and genes involved in these metabolic pathways have been identified. An unusual feature is the presence of 39 genes encoding trimethylamine methyltransferase family proteins, more than any other bacterial genome. Overall, SA11 is a metabolically versatile organism, but its ability to grow on such a wide range of substrates suggests it may not be a suitable candidate to take the place of hydrogen-utilizing methanogens in the rumen.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0147-9\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'Kelly, W. J., G. Henderson, et al. (2016). \"The complete genome sequence of Eubacterium limosum SA11, a metabolically versatile rumen acetogen.\" Standards in Genomic Sciences 11(1): 26.\r\n \r\nAcetogens are a specialized group of anaerobic bacteria able to produce acetate from CO2 and H2 via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. In some gut environments acetogens can compete with methanogens for H2, and as a result rumen acetogens are of interest in the development of microbial approaches for methane mitigation. The acetogen Eubacterium limosum SA11 was isolated from the rumen of a New Zealand sheep and its genome has been sequenced to examine its potential application in methane mitigation strategies, particularly in situations where hydrogenotrophic methanogens are inhibited resulting in increased H2 levels in the rumen. The 4.15 Mb chromosome of SA11 has an average G + C content of 47 %, and encodes 3805 protein-coding genes. There is a single prophage inserted in the chromosome, and several other gene clusters appear to have been acquired by horizontal transfer. These include genes for cell wall glycopolymers, a type VII secretion system, cell surface proteins and chemotaxis. SA11 is able to use a variety of organic substrates in addition to H2/CO2, with acetate and butyrate as the principal fermentation end-products, and genes involved in these metabolic pathways have been identified. An unusual feature is the presence of 39 genes encoding trimethylamine methyltransferase family proteins, more than any other bacterial genome. Overall, SA11 is a metabolically versatile organism, but its ability to grow on such a wide range of substrates suggests it may not be a suitable candidate to take the place of hydrogen-utilizing methanogens in the rumen.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-03-15', '2016-03-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'complete genome sequence of Eubacterium limosum SA11, a metabolically versatile rumen acetogen', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(356, '', 'Draft Genome Sequence of the Rumen Methanogen Methanobrevibacter olleyae YLM1Draft Genome Sequence of the Rumen Methanogen Methanobrevibacter olleyae YLM1', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Kelly WJ, Li D, Lambie SC, Cox F, Attwood GT, Altermann E, Leahy SC. 2016. Draft genome sequence of the rumen methanogen&nbsp;Methanobrevibacter olleyae&nbsp;YLM1. Genome Announc 4(2):e00232-16. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00232-16.</p>\r\n<p><em>Methanobrevibacter olleyae</em>&nbsp;YLM1 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen, isolated from the rumen of a lamb. Its genome has been sequenced to provide information on the genomic diversity of rumen methanogens and support the development of approaches to reduce methane formation by ruminants.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://genomea.asm.org/content/4/2/e00232-16.full\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'Kelly WJ, Li D, Lambie SC, Cox F, Attwood GT, Altermann E, Leahy SC. 2016. Draft genome sequence of the rumen methanogen Methanobrevibacter olleyae YLM1. Genome Announc 4(2):e00232-16. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00232-16.\r\nMethanobrevibacter olleyae YLM1 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen, isolated from the rumen of a lamb. Its genome has been sequenced to provide information on the genomic diversity of rumen methanogens and support the development of approaches to reduce methane formation by ruminants.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-04-07', '2016-04-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Draft Genome Sequence of the Rumen Methanogen Methanobrevibacter olleyae YLM1', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(357, '', 'The complete genome sequence of Eubacterium limosum SA11, a metabolically versatile rumen acetogen', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Kelly, W. J., G. Henderson, et al. (2016). \"The complete genome sequence of Eubacterium limosum SA11, a metabolically versatile rumen acetogen.\" Standards in Genomic Sciences 11(1): 26.</p>\r\n<p>Acetogens are a specialized group of anaerobic bacteria able to produce acetate from CO2 and H2 via the Wood&ndash;Ljungdahl pathway. In some gut environments acetogens can compete with methanogens for H2, and as a result rumen acetogens are of interest in the development of microbial approaches for methane mitigation. The acetogen Eubacterium limosum SA11 was isolated from the rumen of a New Zealand sheep and its genome has been sequenced to examine its potential application in methane mitigation strategies, particularly in situations where hydrogenotrophic methanogens are inhibited resulting in increased H2 levels in the rumen. The 4.15&nbsp;Mb chromosome of SA11 has an average G&thinsp;+&thinsp;C content of 47&nbsp;%, and encodes 3805 protein-coding genes. There is a single prophage inserted in the chromosome, and several other gene clusters appear to have been acquired by horizontal transfer. These include genes for cell wall glycopolymers, a type VII secretion system, cell surface proteins and chemotaxis. SA11 is able to use a variety of organic substrates in addition to H2/CO2, with acetate and butyrate as the principal fermentation end-products, and genes involved in these metabolic pathways have been identified. An unusual feature is the presence of 39 genes encoding trimethylamine methyltransferase family proteins, more than any other bacterial genome. Overall, SA11 is a metabolically versatile organism, but its ability to grow on such a wide range of substrates suggests it may not be a suitable candidate to take the place of hydrogen-utilizing methanogens in the rumen.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0147-9\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Kelly, W. J., G. Henderson, et al. (2016). \"The complete genome sequence of Eubacterium limosum SA11, a metabolically versatile rumen acetogen.\" Standards in Genomic Sciences 11(1): 26.\r\nAcetogens are a specialized group of anaerobic bacteria able to produce acetate from CO2 and H2 via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. In some gut environments acetogens can compete with methanogens for H2, and as a result rumen acetogens are of interest in the development of microbial approaches for methane mitigation. The acetogen Eubacterium limosum SA11 was isolated from the rumen of a New Zealand sheep and its genome has been sequenced to examine its potential application in methane mitigation strategies, particularly in situations where hydrogenotrophic methanogens are inhibited resulting in increased H2 levels in the rumen. The 4.15 Mb chromosome of SA11 has an average G + C content of 47 %, and encodes 3805 protein-coding genes. There is a single prophage inserted in the chromosome, and several other gene clusters appear to have been acquired by horizontal transfer. These include genes for cell wall glycopolymers, a type VII secretion system, cell surface proteins and chemotaxis. SA11 is able to use a variety of organic substrates in addition to H2/CO2, with acetate and butyrate as the principal fermentation end-products, and genes involved in these metabolic pathways have been identified. An unusual feature is the presence of 39 genes encoding trimethylamine methyltransferase family proteins, more than any other bacterial genome. Overall, SA11 is a metabolically versatile organism, but its ability to grow on such a wide range of substrates suggests it may not be a suitable candidate to take the place of hydrogen-utilizing methanogens in the rumen.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-03-15', '2016-03-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'The complete genome sequence of Eubacterium limosum SA11, a metabolically versatile rumen acetogen', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(358, '', 'Complete Genome Sequence of Methanogenic Archaeon ISO4-G1, a Member of the Methanomassiliicoccales, Isolated from a Sheep Rumen', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Kelly WJ, Li D, Lambie SC, Jeyanathan J, Cox F, Li Y, Attwood GT, Altermann E, Leahy SC. 2016. Complete genome sequence of methanogenic archaeon ISO4-G1, a member of the&nbsp;<em>Methanomassiliicoccales</em>, isolated from a sheep rumen. Genome Announc 4(2):e00221-16. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00221-16.</p>\r\n<p>Methanogenic archaeon ISO4-G1 is a methylotrophic methanogen belonging to the order&nbsp;<em>Methanomassiliicoccales</em>&nbsp;that was isolated from a sheep rumen. Its genome has been sequenced to provide information on the genetic diversity of rumen methanogens in order to develop technologies for ruminant methane mitigation.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://genomea.asm.org/content/4/2/e00221-16.full\">Read more</a>&nbsp;</strong>(external website)</p>', 'Kelly WJ, Li D, Lambie SC, Jeyanathan J, Cox F, Li Y, Attwood GT, Altermann E, Leahy SC. 2016. Complete genome sequence of methanogenic archaeon ISO4-G1, a member of the Methanomassiliicoccales, isolated from a sheep rumen. Genome Announc 4(2):e00221-16. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00221-16.\r\nMethanogenic archaeon ISO4-G1 is a methylotrophic methanogen belonging to the order Methanomassiliicoccales that was isolated from a sheep rumen. Its genome has been sequenced to provide information on the genetic diversity of rumen methanogens in order to develop technologies for ruminant methane mitigation.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-04-07', '2016-04-07', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Complete Genome Sequence of Methanogenic Archaeon ISO4-G1, a Member of the Methanomassiliicoccales, Isolated from a Sheep Rumen', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(359, '', 'Buccal swabbing as a non-invasive method to determine bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic microbial community structure in the rumen', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Kittelmann, S., M. R. Kirk, et al. (2015). \"Buccal Swabbing as a Noninvasive Method To Determine Bacterial, Archaeal, and Eukaryotic Microbial Community Structures in the Rumen.\" Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81(21): 7470-7483.</p>\r\n<p>Analysis of rumen microbial community structure based on small-subunit rRNA marker genes in metagenomic DNA samples provides important insights into the dominant taxa present in the rumen and allows assessment of community differences between individuals or in response to treatments applied to ruminants. However, natural animal-to-animal variation in rumen microbial community composition can limit the power of a study considerably, especially when only subtle differences are expected between treatment groups. Thus, trials with large numbers of animals may be necessary to overcome this variation. Because ruminants pass large amounts of rumen material to their oral cavities when they chew their cud, oral samples may contain good representations of the rumen microbiota and be useful in lieu of rumen samples to study rumen microbial communities. We compared bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic community structures in DNAs extracted from buccal swabs to those in DNAs from samples collected directly from the rumen by use of a stomach tube for sheep on four different diets. After bioinformatic depletion of potential oral taxa from libraries of samples collected via buccal swabs, bacterial communities showed significant clustering by diet (R = 0.37; analysis of similarity [ANOSIM]) rather than by sampling method (R = 0.07). Archaeal, ciliate protozoal, and anaerobic fungal communities also showed significant clustering by diet rather than by sampling method, even without adjustment for potentially orally associated microorganisms. These findings indicate that buccal swabs may in future allow quick and noninvasive sampling for analysis of rumen microbial communities in large numbers of ruminants.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://aem.asm.org/content/early/2015/08/11/AEM.02385-15\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'Kittelmann, S., M. R. Kirk, et al. (2015). \"Buccal Swabbing as a Noninvasive Method To Determine Bacterial, Archaeal, and Eukaryotic Microbial Community Structures in the Rumen.\" Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81(21): 7470-7483.\r\nAnalysis of rumen microbial community structure based on small-subunit rRNA marker genes in metagenomic DNA samples provides important insights into the dominant taxa present in the rumen and allows assessment of community differences between individuals or in response to treatments applied to ruminants. However, natural animal-to-animal variation in rumen microbial community composition can limit the power of a study considerably, especially when only subtle differences are expected between treatment groups. Thus, trials with large numbers of animals may be necessary to overcome this variation. Because ruminants pass large amounts of rumen material to their oral cavities when they chew their cud, oral samples may contain good representations of the rumen microbiota and be useful in lieu of rumen samples to study rumen microbial communities. We compared bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic community structures in DNAs extracted from buccal swabs to those in DNAs from samples collected directly from the rumen by use of a stomach tube for sheep on four different diets. After bioinformatic depletion of potential oral taxa from libraries of samples collected via buccal swabs, bacterial communities showed significant clustering by diet (R = 0.37; analysis of similarity [ANOSIM]) rather than by sampling method (R = 0.07). Archaeal, ciliate protozoal, and anaerobic fungal communities also showed significant clustering by diet rather than by sampling method, even without adjustment for potentially orally associated microorganisms. These findings indicate that buccal swabs may in future allow quick and noninvasive sampling for analysis of rumen microbial communities in large numbers of ruminants.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2015-08-14', '2015-08-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Buccal swabbing as a non-invasive method to determine bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic microbial community structure in the rumen', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(360, '', 'Does gibberellin biosynthesis play a critical role in the growth of Lolium perenne? Evidence from a transcriptional analysis of gibberellin and carbohydrate metabolic genes after defoliation', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Liu, Q., C. S. Jones, et al. (2015). \"Does gibberellin biosynthesis play a critical role in the growth of Lolium perenne? Evidence from a transcriptional analysis of gibberellin and carbohydrate metabolic genes after defoliation.\" Frontiers in Plant Science 6(NOVEMBER).</p>\r\n<p>Global meat and milk production depends to a large extent on grazed pastures, with Lolium perenne being the major forage grass in temperate regions. Defoliation and subsequent regrowth of leaf blades is a major and essential event with respect to L. perenne growth and productivity. Following defoliation, carbohydrates (mainly fructans and sucrose) have to be mobilized from heterotrophic tissues to provide energy and carbon for regrowth of photosynthetic tissues. This mobilization of reserve carbohydrates requires a substantial change in the expression of genes coding for enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Here we tested the hypothesis that gibberellins (GA) are at the core of the processes regulating the expression of these genes. Thus, we examined the transcript profiles of genes involved in carbohydrate and GA metabolic pathways across a time course regrowth experiment. Our results show that following defoliation, the immediate reduction of carbohydrate concentrations in growing tissues is associated with a concomitant increase in the expression of genes encoding carbohydrate mobilizing invertases, and was also associated with a strong decrease in the expression of fructan synthesizing fructosyltransferase genes. We also show that the decrease in fructan levels is preceded by increased expression of the GA activating gene GA3-oxidase and decreased expression of the GA inactivating gene GA2-oxidase in sheaths. GA3-oxidase expression was negatively, while GA2-oxidase positively linked to sucrose concentrations. This study provides indicative evidence that gibberellins might play a role in L. perenne regrowth following defoliation and we hypothesize that there is a link between gibberellin regulation and sugar metabolism in L. perenne. &copy; 2015 Liu, Jones, Parsons, Xue and Rasmussen.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2015.00944/full\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Liu, Q., C. S. Jones, et al. (2015). \"Does gibberellin biosynthesis play a critical role in the growth of Lolium perenne? Evidence from a transcriptional analysis of gibberellin and carbohydrate metabolic genes after defoliation.\" Frontiers in Plant Science 6(NOVEMBER).\r\nGlobal meat and milk production depends to a large extent on grazed pastures, with Lolium perenne being the major forage grass in temperate regions. Defoliation and subsequent regrowth of leaf blades is a major and essential event with respect to L. perenne growth and productivity. Following defoliation, carbohydrates (mainly fructans and sucrose) have to be mobilized from heterotrophic tissues to provide energy and carbon for regrowth of photosynthetic tissues. This mobilization of reserve carbohydrates requires a substantial change in the expression of genes coding for enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Here we tested the hypothesis that gibberellins (GA) are at the core of the processes regulating the expression of these genes. Thus, we examined the transcript profiles of genes involved in carbohydrate and GA metabolic pathways across a time course regrowth experiment. Our results show that following defoliation, the immediate reduction of carbohydrate concentrations in growing tissues is associated with a concomitant increase in the expression of genes encoding carbohydrate mobilizing invertases, and was also associated with a strong decrease in the expression of fructan synthesizing fructosyltransferase genes. We also show that the decrease in fructan levels is preceded by increased expression of the GA activating gene GA3-oxidase and decreased expression of the GA inactivating gene GA2-oxidase in sheaths. GA3-oxidase expression was negatively, while GA2-oxidase positively linked to sucrose concentrations. This study provides indicative evidence that gibberellins might play a role in L. perenne regrowth following defoliation and we hypothesize that there is a link between gibberellin regulation and sugar metabolism in L. perenne. © 2015 Liu, Jones, Parsons, Xue and Rasmussen.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2015-11-03', '2015-11-03', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Does gibberellin biosynthesis play a critical role in the growth of Lolium perenne? Evidence from a transcriptional analysis of gibberellin and carbohydrate metabolic genes after defoliation', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(361, '', 'Can pH amendments in grazed pastures help reduce N2O emissions from denitrification? - The effects of liming and urine addition on the completion of denitrification in fluvial and volcanic soils', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>McMillan, A. M. S., P. Pal, et al. (2016). \"Can pH amendments in grazed pastures help reduce N2O emissions from denitrification? - The effects of liming and urine addition on the completion of denitrification in fluvial and volcanic soils.\" Soil Biology and Biochemistry 93: 90-104.</p>\r\n<p>Soil pH plays a critical role in determining the overall rate of several important processes in the agricultural nitrogen cycle. During denitrification, the activity of nitrous oxide reductase (N2O-R) is reduced at low pH. This effect has led to suggestions that soil pH adjustment via liming to enhance the activity of this enzyme might be a viable agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation strategy by enhancing the reduction of N2O in the soil to climatically inert N2. We assessed the effect of liming on the apparent activity of N2O-R by measuring the denitrification end products, N2O and N2, in a series of short-term anaerobic incubations. We compared a weakly-buffered fluvial soil and a well-buffered, volcanic soil under different incubation temperatures and in the presence or absence of a ~600 kg ha-1 cow urine-N amendment. Our results indicated that the liming effect was heavily modulated by soil type, temperature, and urine amendment. Liming (at rates of 1.5 and 3.0 t ha-1 for the volcanic soil and at rates of 5 and 10 t ha-1 for the fluvial soil) caused pH increases of between 0.43 and 1.25 pH units. The highest reductions in N2O in the fluvial soil occurred when the 1.5 t ha-1 rate was used in the fluvial soils under urine addition and at the higher temperature. The combined flux of N2O + N2 did not change with liming. However, an interaction of soil type and urine amendment caused large differences in the partitioning of the denitrification end-products between N2O and N2 - an effect that overwhelmed the relatively modest effects of liming. When the soils were amended with urine-N, the resulting denitrification gases from the volcanic soil were mostly in the form of N2O (60-77%), whereas in the fluvial soil the denitrification products were mostly in the form of N2 and a much smaller portion were in the form of N2O (11-45%). Nevertheless, we found liming-induced enhancements of N2O-R of 15-20% (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in urine-amended, fluvial soil. We suggest some possible mechanisms that would explain such large differences in the N2O/(N2O + N2) product ratio.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071715003727\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'McMillan, A. M. S., P. Pal, et al. (2016). \"Can pH amendments in grazed pastures help reduce N2O emissions from denitrification? - The effects of liming and urine addition on the completion of denitrification in fluvial and volcanic soils.\" Soil Biology and Biochemistry 93: 90-104.\r\nSoil pH plays a critical role in determining the overall rate of several important processes in the agricultural nitrogen cycle. During denitrification, the activity of nitrous oxide reductase (N2O-R) is reduced at low pH. This effect has led to suggestions that soil pH adjustment via liming to enhance the activity of this enzyme might be a viable agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation strategy by enhancing the reduction of N2O in the soil to climatically inert N2. We assessed the effect of liming on the apparent activity of N2O-R by measuring the denitrification end products, N2O and N2, in a series of short-term anaerobic incubations. We compared a weakly-buffered fluvial soil and a well-buffered, volcanic soil under different incubation temperatures and in the presence or absence of a ~600 kg ha-1 cow urine-N amendment. Our results indicated that the liming effect was heavily modulated by soil type, temperature, and urine amendment. Liming (at rates of 1.5 and 3.0 t ha-1 for the volcanic soil and at rates of 5 and 10 t ha-1 for the fluvial soil) caused pH increases of between 0.43 and 1.25 pH units. The highest reductions in N2O in the fluvial soil occurred when the 1.5 t ha-1 rate was used in the fluvial soils under urine addition and at the higher temperature. The combined flux of N2O + N2 did not change with liming. However, an interaction of soil type and urine amendment caused large differences in the partitioning of the denitrification end-products between N2O and N2 - an effect that overwhelmed the relatively modest effects of liming. When the soils were amended with urine-N, the resulting denitrification gases from the volcanic soil were mostly in the form of N2O (60-77%), whereas in the fluvial soil the denitrification products were mostly in the form of N2 and a much smaller portion were in the form of N2O (11-45%). Nevertheless, we found liming-induced enhancements of N2O-R of 15-20% (P &lt; 0.05) in urine-amended, fluvial soil. We suggest some possible mechanisms that would explain such large differences in the N2O/(N2O + N2) product ratio.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2015-11-04', '2015-11-04', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '444', 'Can pH amendments in grazed pastures help reduce N2O emissions from denitrification? - The effects of liming and urine addition on the completion of denitrification in fluvial and volcanic soils', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(362, '', 'Establishment of Aporrectodea longa and measurement of dung carbon incorporation in soils under permanent pasture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Schon, N. L., A. D. Mackay, et al. (2016). \"Establishment of Aporrectodea longa and measurement of dung carbon incorporation in soils under permanent pasture.\" European Journal of Soil Biology 75: 174-179.</p>\r\n<p>Earthworm populations often have a large biomass in pasture soils and can significantly accelerate the disappearance of organic matter from the soil surface and its accumulation in soil layers. This field study investigated the influence of the anecic earthworm Aporrectodea longa on bulk soil C in permanent pastures two years after their introduction. We used the approach of measuring soil C and 13C after the application of C-enriched dung to paddocks with and without established A. longa populations (&sim;50 m&minus;2). At three sites with differing soil types, dung incorporation into the soil was limited, suggesting that densities were still too low to influence bulk soil C. In a fourth pasture where A. longa had been present for 23 years, and had reached a density of 190 m&minus;2, more dung-derived C was detected to 300 mm depth in the soil profile compared with the control without A. longa.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1164556316300620\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Schon, N. L., A. D. Mackay, et al. (2016). \"Establishment of Aporrectodea longa and measurement of dung carbon incorporation in soils under permanent pasture.\" European Journal of Soil Biology 75: 174-179.\r\nEarthworm populations often have a large biomass in pasture soils and can significantly accelerate the disappearance of organic matter from the soil surface and its accumulation in soil layers. This field study investigated the influence of the anecic earthworm Aporrectodea longa on bulk soil C in permanent pastures two years after their introduction. We used the approach of measuring soil C and 13C after the application of C-enriched dung to paddocks with and without established A. longa populations (∼50 m−2). At three sites with differing soil types, dung incorporation into the soil was limited, suggesting that densities were still too low to influence bulk soil C. In a fourth pasture where A. longa had been present for 23 years, and had reached a density of 190 m−2, more dung-derived C was detected to 300 mm depth in the soil profile compared with the control without A. longa. \r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-07-20', '2016-07-20', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Establishment of Aporrectodea longa and measurement of dung carbon incorporation in soils under permanent pasture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(363, '', 'Estimates of annual leaching losses of dissolved organic carbon from pastures on Allophanic Soils grazed by dairy cattle, Waikato, New Zealand', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sparling, G. P., E. J. Chibnall, et al. (2016). \"Estimates of annual leaching losses of dissolved organic carbon from pastures on Allophanic Soils grazed by dairy cattle, Waikato, New Zealand.\" New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 59(1): 32-49.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux on a conventional New Zealand dairy farm was measured for 1 year to assess the contribution from DOC to the total farm C budget. Soil solution was collected using ceramic cups at 60 cm depth. Soil drainage was calculated from a water balance model using rainfall, evaporation and soil water storage data from two eddy covariance systems. Solution was collected approximately every 14 days. The DOC concentration was 5.7&plusmn;15.6 &micro;g C ml-1 (mean and standard deviation). No significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in DOC concentrations were detected between the four soil types, the two sampling areas, nor date of sampling. The accumulative amount of DOC leached was obtained by combining the soil solution concentrations with the daily estimates of drainage. The mean annual amount of DOC leached was 13?29 kg C ha-1 y-1and the contributed 2?5% to the net farm annual carbon balance.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00288233.2015.1120222\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Sparling, G. P., E. J. Chibnall, et al. (2016). \"Estimates of annual leaching losses of dissolved organic carbon from pastures on Allophanic Soils grazed by dairy cattle, Waikato, New Zealand.\" New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 59(1): 32-49.\r\nAbstract\r\nDissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux on a conventional New Zealand dairy farm was measured for 1 year to assess the contribution from DOC to the total farm C budget. Soil solution was collected using ceramic cups at 60 cm depth. Soil drainage was calculated from a water balance model using rainfall, evaporation and soil water storage data from two eddy covariance systems. Solution was collected approximately every 14 days. The DOC concentration was 5.7±15.6 µg C ml-1 (mean and standard deviation). No significant differences (P<0.05) in DOC concentrations were detected between the four soil types, the two sampling areas, nor date of sampling. The accumulative amount of DOC leached was obtained by combining the soil solution concentrations with the daily estimates of drainage. The mean annual amount of DOC leached was 13?29 kg C ha-1 y-1and the contributed 2?5% to the net farm annual carbon balance.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-02-15', '2016-02-16', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '410', 'Estimates of annual leaching losses of dissolved organic carbon from pastures on Allophanic Soils grazed by dairy cattle, Waikato, New Zealand', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(364, '', 'Forage brassica: a feed to mitigate enteric methane emissions?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun Xuezhao, Pacheco David, Luo Dongwen (2016) Forage brassica: a feed to mitigate enteric methane emissions?.&nbsp;<em>Animal Production Science</em>&nbsp;<strong>56</strong>, 451-456.</p>\r\n<p>A series of experiments was conducted in New Zealand to evaluate the potential of forage brassicas for mitigation of enteric methane emissions. Experiments involved sheep and cattle fed winter and summer varieties of brassica forage crops. In the sheep-feeding trials, it was demonstrated that several species of forage brassicas can result, to a varying degree, in a lower methane yield (g methane per kg of DM intake) than does ryegrass pasture. Pure forage rape fed as a winter crop resulted in 37% lower methane yields than did pasture. Increasing the proportion of forage rape in the diet of sheep fed pasture linearly decreased methane yield. Feeding forage rape to cattle also resulted in 44% lower methane yield than did feeding pasture. In conclusion, reductions in methane emission are achievable by feeding forage brassicas, especially winter forage rape, to sheep and cattle. Investigating other aspects of these crops is warranted to establish their value as a viable mitigation tool in pastoral farming.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.publish.csiro.au/an/AN15516\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Sun Xuezhao, Pacheco David, Luo Dongwen (2016) Forage brassica: a feed to mitigate enteric methane emissions?. Animal Production Science 56, 451-456.\r\nA series of experiments was conducted in New Zealand to evaluate the potential of forage brassicas for mitigation of enteric methane emissions. Experiments involved sheep and cattle fed winter and summer varieties of brassica forage crops. In the sheep-feeding trials, it was demonstrated that several species of forage brassicas can result, to a varying degree, in a lower methane yield (g methane per kg of DM intake) than does ryegrass pasture. Pure forage rape fed as a winter crop resulted in 37% lower methane yields than did pasture. Increasing the proportion of forage rape in the diet of sheep fed pasture linearly decreased methane yield. Feeding forage rape to cattle also resulted in 44% lower methane yield than did feeding pasture. In conclusion, reductions in methane emission are achievable by feeding forage brassicas, especially winter forage rape, to sheep and cattle. Investigating other aspects of these crops is warranted to establish their value as a viable mitigation tool in pastoral farming.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-02-09', '2016-02-09', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Forage brassica: a feed to mitigate enteric methane emissions?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(365, '', 'A modified version of the Molly rumen model to quantify methane emissions from sheep', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Vetharaniam, I., R. E. Vibart, et al. (2015). \"A modified version of the Molly rumen model to quantify methane emissions from sheep1.\" Journal of Animal Science 93(7): 3551-3563.</p>\r\n<p>We modified the rumen submodel of the Molly dairy cow model to simulate the rumen of a sheep and predict its methane emissions. We introduced a rumen hydrogen (H2) pool as a dynamic variable, which (together with the microbial pool in Molly) was used to predict methane production, to facilitate future consideration of thermodynamic control of methanogenesis. The new model corrected a misspecification of the equation of microbial H2 utilization in Molly95, which could potentially give rise to unrealistic predictions under conditions of low intake rates. The new model included a function to correct biases in the estimation of net H2 production based on the default stoichiometric relationships in Molly95, with this function specified in terms of level of intake. Model parameters for H2 and methane production were fitted to experimental data that included fresh temperate forages offered to sheep at a wide range of intake levels and then tested against independent data. The new model provided reasonable estimates relative to the calibration data set, but a different parameterization was needed to improve its predicted ability relative to the validation data set. Our results indicate that, although feedback inhibition on H2 production and methanogen activity increased with feeding level, other feedback effects that vary with diet composition need to be considered in future work on modeling rumen digestion in Molly.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jas/abstracts/93/7/3551\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Vetharaniam, I., R. E. Vibart, et al. (2015). \"A modified version of the Molly rumen model to quantify methane emissions from sheep1.\" Journal of Animal Science 93(7): 3551-3563.\r\nWe modified the rumen submodel of the Molly dairy cow model to simulate the rumen of a sheep and predict its methane emissions. We introduced a rumen hydrogen (H2) pool as a dynamic variable, which (together with the microbial pool in Molly) was used to predict methane production, to facilitate future consideration of thermodynamic control of methanogenesis. The new model corrected a misspecification of the equation of microbial H2 utilization in Molly95, which could potentially give rise to unrealistic predictions under conditions of low intake rates. The new model included a function to correct biases in the estimation of net H2 production based on the default stoichiometric relationships in Molly95, with this function specified in terms of level of intake. Model parameters for H2 and methane production were fitted to experimental data that included fresh temperate forages offered to sheep at a wide range of intake levels and then tested against independent data. The new model provided reasonable estimates relative to the calibration data set, but a different parameterization was needed to improve its predicted ability relative to the validation data set. Our results indicate that, although feedback inhibition on H2 production and methanogen activity increased with feeding level, other feedback effects that vary with diet composition need to be considered in future work on modeling rumen digestion in Molly.\r\n \r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2015-06-26', '2015-06-26', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'A modified version of the Molly rumen model to quantify methane emissions from sheep', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(366, '', 'A mechanistic model of hydrogen', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Yuancheng Wang, Peter H. Janssen, Tammy A. Lynch, Bruce van Brunt, David Pacheco, A mechanistic model of hydrogen&ndash;methanogen dynamics in the rumen, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Volume 393, 21 March 2016, Pages 75-81, ISSN 0022-5193</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Existing mathematical models to estimate methane production in the rumen are based on calculation of hydrogen balances without considering the presence of methanogens. In this study, a mechanistic model of methane production is proposed that depicts the interaction between hydrogen concentration and methanogens in the rumen. Analytical results show that it meets biological expectations, namely increased fractional passage rate leads to a greater growth rate of methanogens, and a greater steady state hydrogen concentration. This model provides a basis on which to develop a more comprehensive model of methane production in the rumen that includes thermodynamics and feed fermentation pathways.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022519316000333\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'Yuancheng Wang, Peter H. Janssen, Tammy A. Lynch, Bruce van Brunt, David Pacheco, A mechanistic model of hydrogen–methanogen dynamics in the rumen, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Volume 393, 21 March 2016, Pages 75-81, ISSN 0022-5193\r\nAbstractExisting mathematical models to estimate methane production in the rumen are based on calculation of hydrogen balances without considering the presence of methanogens. In this study, a mechanistic model of methane production is proposed that depicts the interaction between hydrogen concentration and methanogens in the rumen. Analytical results show that it meets biological expectations, namely increased fractional passage rate leads to a greater growth rate of methanogens, and a greater steady state hydrogen concentration. This model provides a basis on which to develop a more comprehensive model of methane production in the rumen that includes thermodynamics and feed fermentation pathways.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-01-15', '2016-01-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'A mechanistic model of hydrogen', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(367, '', 'Cows, Sheep and Science: A Scientific Perspective on Biological Emissions from Agriculture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The science is clear. When debating emissions, consider your goals. This paper was commissioned by the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment in the context of the Commissioner&rsquo;s investigation into the merits of an &ldquo;all-gases, all-sectors&rsquo;&rdquo; Emissions Trading Scheme. Motu brought together a group of New Zealand climate change and agriculture specialists to respond to five specific questions, and their corollaries, posed by the Commissioner.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://motu.nz/our-work/environment-and-resources/agricultural-economics/no-cost-barriers/agricultural-greenhouse-gas-emissions/cows-sheep-and-science-a-scientific-perspective-on-biological-emissions-from-agriculture/\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'The science is clear. When debating emissions, consider your goals. This paper was commissioned by the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment in the context of the Commissioner’s investigation into the merits of an “all-gases, all-sectors’” Emissions Trading Scheme. Motu brought together a group of New Zealand climate change and agriculture specialists to respond to five specific questions, and their corollaries, posed by the Commissioner.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-10-31', '2016-10-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Cows, Sheep and Science: A Scientific Perspective on Biological Emissions from Agriculture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(368, '', 'Greenhouse gas research projects announced', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Greenhouse gas research projects announced | Radio New Zealand News       <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary u-divider-bottom@until-medium\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-news article-news-66725\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>The Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre has announced $15 million worth of projects - its first long-term grants.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/66725/greenhouse-gas-research-projects-announced\">Read more </a>(external website)</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Greenhouse gas research projects announced | Radio New Zealand News       \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre has announced $15 million worth of projects - its first long-term grants.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2011-01-21', '2011-01-21', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Greenhouse gas research projects announced', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(369, '', 'Scientists look at new plants to reduce emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Scientists look at new plants to reduce emissions | Radio New Zealand News       <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary u-divider-bottom@until-medium\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-news article-news-67014\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>AgResearch scientists are looking at whether farmers might be able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by growing high-yielding pasture plants with a lower nitrogen content.</p>\r\n<p>The project is one of 18 science programmes to receive the first funding from the Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Centre formed last year to co-ordinate research efforts.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/rural/67014/scientists-look-at-new-plants-to-reduce-emissions\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Scientists look at new plants to reduce emissions | Radio New Zealand News       \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch scientists are looking at whether farmers might be able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by growing high-yielding pasture plants with a lower nitrogen content.\r\nThe project is one of 18 science programmes to receive the first funding from the Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Centre formed last year to co-ordinate research efforts.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2011-01-25', '2011-01-25', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Scientists look at new plants to reduce emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(370, '', 'Scientists look at new plants to reduce emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Scientists look at new plants to reduce emissions | Radio New Zealand News       <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary u-divider-bottom@until-medium\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-news article-news-67014\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>AgResearch scientists are looking at whether farmers might be able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by growing high-yielding pasture plants with a lower nitrogen content.</p>\r\n<p>The project is one of 18 science programmes to receive the first funding from the Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Centre formed last year to co-ordinate research efforts.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/rural/67014/scientists-look-at-new-plants-to-reduce-emissions\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Scientists look at new plants to reduce emissions | Radio New Zealand News       \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch scientists are looking at whether farmers might be able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by growing high-yielding pasture plants with a lower nitrogen content.\r\nThe project is one of 18 science programmes to receive the first funding from the Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Centre formed last year to co-ordinate research efforts.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2011-01-25', '2011-01-25', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Scientists look at new plants to reduce emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(371, '', 'Lower methane emissions still years away', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Lower methane emissions still years away | Radio New Zealand News       <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary u-divider-bottom@until-medium\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-news article-news-73402\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>Agresearch says it is still five to 10 years away from providing practical solutions to reduce methane emissions in livestock.</p>\r\n<p>Methane is New Zealand\'s most prominent greenhouse gas and farm animals such as sheep, cattle and deer are major sources of that.</p>\r\n<p>Research work to curb emissions is being done by the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium and the Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/rural/73402/lower-methane-emissions-still-years-away\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Lower methane emissions still years away | Radio New Zealand News       \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAgresearch says it is still five to 10 years away from providing practical solutions to reduce methane emissions in livestock.\r\nMethane is New Zealand\'s most prominent greenhouse gas and farm animals such as sheep, cattle and deer are major sources of that.\r\nResearch work to curb emissions is being done by the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium and the Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2011-04-20', '2011-04-20', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Lower methane emissions still years away', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(373, '', 'Is seaweed the answer to NZ\'s methane problem?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Is seaweed the answer to NZ\'s methane problem? | Nine To Noon, 9:31 am on 14 October 2016 | RNZ <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-audio article-audio-201819956\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>Livestock is one of New Zealand\'s biggest climate change issues and the methane they produce makes up almost a third of the country\'s greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Researcher Rob Kinley is a Canadian researcher with CSIRO - the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation\'s at James Cook University in Queensland.</p>\r\n<p>...</p>\r\n<p>Deputy director Andy Reisinger of the Greenhouse Gas Research Centre said there were some concerns with the algae because it produced bromoform, which was thought to be a carcinogen.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-audio article-audio-201819956\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>New Zealand research scientists were working towards using the same methane-reduction chemicals which would not produce any animal health problems at all, he said.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/audio/201819956/is-seaweed-the-answer-to-nz\'s-methane-problem\">Read full article </a></strong>(external website)</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Is seaweed the answer to NZ\'s methane problem? | Nine To Noon, 9:31 am on 14 October 2016 | RNZ \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLivestock is one of New Zealand\'s biggest climate change issues and the methane they produce makes up almost a third of the country\'s greenhouse gas emissions. \r\nResearcher Rob Kinley is a Canadian researcher with CSIRO - the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation\'s at James Cook University in Queensland.\r\n...\r\nDeputy director Andy Reisinger of the Greenhouse Gas Research Centre said there were some concerns with the algae because it produced bromoform, which was thought to be a carcinogen. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand research scientists were working towards using the same methane-reduction chemicals which would not produce any animal health problems at all, he said.\r\nRead full article (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-10-14', '2016-10-14', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Is seaweed the answer to NZ\'s methane problem?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(379, '', 'Science solutions to agricultural emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Science solutions to agricultural emissions | Nine To Noon, 9:44 am on 17 December 2015 | RNZ      <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-audio article-audio-201783207\">\r\n<p>With the completion of the COP 21 climate negotiations in Paris the government is suggesting a scientific solution to agricultural emissions will be a major part of New Zealand\'s contribution to keeping global warming at bay. Overall agriculture is estimated to be responsible for up to a third of global emissions and roughly half of New Zealand\'s emissions. New Zealand is part of a Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases through the Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre based in Palmerston North. Dr Andy Reisinger is the centre\'s deputy director.</p>\r\n<p>Featuring: Dr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director</p>\r\n<h3>Related</h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 220px;\" width=\"424\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"FAQ.jpg\" src=\"user/image/thumb/533/FAQ.jpg\" alt=\"FAQ.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><br /><a href=\"faq-1,listing,350,what-is-the-nzagrc.html\">What is the NZAGRC?</a></h3>\r\n<p>01/07/15 | &nbsp;The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre is funded by the Ministry for Primary...</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"faq-1,listing,350,what-is-the-nzagrc.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"balloon.png\" src=\"user/image/thumb/535/balloon.png\" alt=\"balloon.png\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><strong><a href=\"industry.html\">The Situation: Industry</a></strong></h3>\r\n<p>New Zealand farmers are already contributing to lowering&nbsp;New Zealand\'s agricultural greenhouse gas...</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"industry.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"balloon.png\" src=\"user/image/thumb/535/balloon.png\" alt=\"balloon.png\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"science.html\">The Situation: Science</a></h3>\r\n<p><a href=\"science.html\">The NZAGRC and PGgRc are focused on development of efficient, cost effective farm solutions through the..<br /></a></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"science.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Science solutions to agricultural emissions | Nine To Noon, 9:44 am on 17 December 2015 | RNZ      \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWith the completion of the COP 21 climate negotiations in Paris the government is suggesting a scientific solution to agricultural emissions will be a major part of New Zealand\'s contribution to keeping global warming at bay. Overall agriculture is estimated to be responsible for up to a third of global emissions and roughly half of New Zealand\'s emissions. New Zealand is part of a Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases through the Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre based in Palmerston North. Dr Andy Reisinger is the centre\'s deputy director.\r\nFeaturing: Dr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director\r\nRelated\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhat is the NZAGRC?\r\n01/07/15 |  The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre is funded by the Ministry for Primary...\r\nRead more\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Situation: Industry\r\nNew Zealand farmers are already contributing to lowering New Zealand\'s agricultural greenhouse gas...\r\nRead more\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Situation: Science\r\nThe NZAGRC and PGgRc are focused on development of efficient, cost effective farm solutions through the..\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2015-12-17', '2015-12-17', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Science solutions to agricultural emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(374, '', 'New tools needed to cut agriculture emissions - study', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    New tools needed to cut agriculture emissions - study | Radio New Zealand News       <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary u-divider-bottom@until-medium\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-news article-news-304123\">\r\n<p>Not including agriculture in efforts to tackle climate change will make it very difficult to keep global warming within the agreed 2&deg;C limit, new research says.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/304123/new-tools-needed-to-cut-agriculture-emissions-study\">Read more</a> </strong>(external website)</p>\r\n<h3>Related</h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 19px;\" width=\"454\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;\"><img src=\"user/image/eventright/525/gcb_cover.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"101\" height=\"128\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"science-publications,listing,306,reducing-emissions-from-agriculture-to-meet-the-2-degrees-celcius-target.html\">Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 degrees Celcius target</a></h3>\r\n<p>11/07/16 | Wollenberg, E., Richards, M., Smith, P., Havl&iacute;k, P., Obersteiner, M., Tubiello, F. N., Herold, M., Gerber, P., Carter, S., Reisinger, A., van Vuuren, D. P., Dickie, A., Neufeldt, H., Sander, B. O., Wassmann, R., Sommer, R., Amonette, J....&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"science-publications,listing,306,reducing-emissions-from-agriculture-to-meet-the-2-degrees-celcius-target.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'New tools needed to cut agriculture emissions - study | Radio New Zealand News       \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNot including agriculture in efforts to tackle climate change will make it very difficult to keep global warming within the agreed 2°C limit, new research says.\r\nRead more (external website)\r\nRelated\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nReducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 degrees Celcius target\r\n11/07/16 | Wollenberg, E., Richards, M., Smith, P., Havlík, P., Obersteiner, M., Tubiello, F. N., Herold, M., Gerber, P., Carter, S., Reisinger, A., van Vuuren, D. P., Dickie, A., Neufeldt, H., Sander, B. O., Wassmann, R., Sommer, R., Amonette, J.... Read more', '', '', '', '', '2016-05-17', '2016-05-17', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'New tools needed to cut agriculture emissions - study', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(375, '', 'Agriculture biggest methane source since 2007', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Agriculture biggest methane source since 2007 | Checkpoint | RNZ      <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-audio article-audio-201792883\">\r\n<div class=\"article__summary\">\r\n<p>Scientists say new research blaming farming for recent rises in the greenhouse gas methane show it\'s time for New Zealand to take urgent action to curb agricultural emissions. Ruth Hill reports.</p>\r\n<p>Features: Dr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director; Mark Aspin, PGgRc Manager</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/checkpoint/audio/201792883/agriculture-biggest-methane-source-since-2007\">Read more</a>&nbsp;</strong>(external website)</p>\r\n<h3>Related</h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 65px;\" width=\"437\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;\"><img src=\"user/image/eventthumb/533/FAQ.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"faq-1,listing,350,what-is-the-nzagrc.html\">What is the NZAGRC?</a></h3>\r\n<p class=\"date\">01/07/15 | The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre is funded by the Ministry for ...</p>\r\n<p class=\"date\"><a href=\"faq-1,listing,350,what-is-the-nzagrc.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><img src=\"user/image/small/216/PGgRc.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"82\" height=\"70\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"nzfunds-pggrc.html\">PGgRc</a></h3>\r\n<p>The Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGgRc) is a consortium of agricultural industry organisations that invest their funds&nbsp;...</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"nzfunds-pggrc.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"balloon.png\" src=\"user/image/thumb/535/balloon.png\" alt=\"balloon.png\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"science.html\">The Situation: Science</a></h3>\r\n<p>The NZAGRC&nbsp;and PGgRc&nbsp;are&nbsp;focused on development of efficient, cost effective farm solutions through ...</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"science.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Agriculture biggest methane source since 2007 | Checkpoint | RNZ      \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nScientists say new research blaming farming for recent rises in the greenhouse gas methane show it\'s time for New Zealand to take urgent action to curb agricultural emissions. Ruth Hill reports.\r\nFeatures: Dr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director; Mark Aspin, PGgRc Manager\r\nRead more (external website)\r\nRelated\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhat is the NZAGRC?\r\n01/07/15 | The New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre is funded by the Ministry for ...\r\nRead more\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPGgRc\r\nThe Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGgRc) is a consortium of agricultural industry organisations that invest their funds ...\r\nRead more\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Situation: Science\r\nThe NZAGRC and PGgRc are focused on development of efficient, cost effective farm solutions through ...\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-03-11', '2016-03-11', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Agriculture biggest methane source since 2007', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(376, '', 'What can NZ dairy farmers do?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>New Zealand dairy farmers are already part of the solution to limit climate change.</p>\r\n<p>On average, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of milk product (and meat) produced on farm has dropped by about 1% per year for at least the past 20 years.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a href=\"dairy-sector.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'New Zealand dairy farmers are already part of the solution to limit climate change.\r\nOn average, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of milk product (and meat) produced on farm has dropped by about 1% per year for at least the past 20 years. \r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What can NZ dairy farmers do to reduce GHG emissions?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(377, '', 'What can NZ beef and sheep farmers do?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>New Zealand beef and sheep farmers are already part of the solution to limit climate change.</p>\r\n<p>On average, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of meat product (and milk) produced on farm has dropped by about 1% per year for at least the past 20 years.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"beef-sheep-sector.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'New Zealand beef and sheep farmers are already part of the solution to limit climate change.\r\nOn average, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of meat product (and milk) produced on farm has dropped by about 1% per year for at least the past 20 years.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What can NZ beef and sheep farmers do to reduce GHG emissions?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(378, '', 'What can NZ deer farmers do?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>New Zealand deer&nbsp;farmers are already part of the solution to limit climate change.</p>\r\n<p>On average, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of meat product (and milk) produced on farm has dropped by about 1% per year for at least the past 20 years.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"deer-sector.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'New Zealand deer farmers are already part of the solution to limit climate change.\r\nOn average, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of meat product (and milk) produced on farm has dropped by about 1% per year for at least the past 20 years.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What can NZ deer farmers do to reduce GHG emissions?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(380, '', 'Is a global deal on climate change finally within reach?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Insight for 15 November 2015 - Climate Summit - Talkfest or Opportunity? | Insight | RNZ      <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-audio article-audio-201778644\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>After years of halting progress, this year\'s United Nations Climate Change Conference looks set to finally nail down a global deal to combat rising temperatures.&nbsp;But if it fails, will&nbsp;the UN framework take a back seat to a raft of agreements between individual nations?</p>\r\n<p>...</p>\r\n<p>Insight for 15 November 2015 - Climate Summit - Talkfest or Opportunity? | Insight | RNZ <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-audio article-audio-201778644\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>The deputy director of the New Zealand agricultural greenhouse gas research centre, Andy Reisinger, said while it was important to have a target, it was not known whether there was a dramatic change in the consequences of climate change between 1.9 and 2.2<strong>&deg;</strong>.</p>\r\n<p>\"Two degrees is often presented as a threshold, but there is no singular threshold that is located at 2<strong>&deg;&nbsp;</strong>that you can identify scientifically, it\'s much more a political target.</p>\r\n<p>\"A politically set target of 2<strong>&deg;&nbsp;</strong>is really important to provide a benchmark for providing mitigation objectives, but in a way, thankfully, there is nothing that says the world is fine at 1.9<strong>&deg;</strong>&nbsp;but goes to hell in a handbasket at 2.1<strong>&deg;</strong>.</p>\r\n<p>\"But it is also important to recognise that the world isn\'t fine at 1.9<strong>&deg;</strong>&nbsp;- there\'s a lot of damages that we\'re seeing already that that will escalate further.\"</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/insight/audio/201778644/insight-for-15-november-2015-climate-summit-talkfest-or-opportunity\">Read full article</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n<h3>Related</h3>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 19px;\" width=\"454\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;\"><img src=\"user/image/eventright/525/gcb_cover.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"101\" height=\"128\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"science-publications,listing,306,reducing-emissions-from-agriculture-to-meet-the-2-degrees-celcius-target.html\">Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 degrees Celcius target</a></h3>\r\n<p>11/07/16 | Wollenberg, E., Richards, M., Smith, P., Havl&iacute;k, P., Obersteiner, M., Tubiello, F. N., Herold, M., Gerber, P., Carter, S., Reisinger, A., van Vuuren, D. P., Dickie, A., Neufeldt, H., Sander, B. O., Wassmann, R., Sommer, R., Amonette, J....&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"science-publications,listing,306,reducing-emissions-from-agriculture-to-meet-the-2-degrees-celcius-target.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Insight for 15 November 2015 - Climate Summit - Talkfest or Opportunity? | Insight | RNZ      \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAfter years of halting progress, this year\'s United Nations Climate Change Conference looks set to finally nail down a global deal to combat rising temperatures. But if it fails, will the UN framework take a back seat to a raft of agreements between individual nations?\r\n...\r\nInsight for 15 November 2015 - Climate Summit - Talkfest or Opportunity? | Insight | RNZ \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe deputy director of the New Zealand agricultural greenhouse gas research centre, Andy Reisinger, said while it was important to have a target, it was not known whether there was a dramatic change in the consequences of climate change between 1.9 and 2.2°.\r\n\"Two degrees is often presented as a threshold, but there is no singular threshold that is located at 2° that you can identify scientifically, it\'s much more a political target.\r\n\"A politically set target of 2° is really important to provide a benchmark for providing mitigation objectives, but in a way, thankfully, there is nothing that says the world is fine at 1.9° but goes to hell in a handbasket at 2.1°.\r\n\"But it is also important to recognise that the world isn\'t fine at 1.9° - there\'s a lot of damages that we\'re seeing already that that will escalate further.\"\r\nRead full article (external website)\r\nRelated\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nReducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 degrees Celcius target\r\n11/07/16 | Wollenberg, E., Richards, M., Smith, P., Havlík, P., Obersteiner, M., Tubiello, F. N., Herold, M., Gerber, P., Carter, S., Reisinger, A., van Vuuren, D. P., Dickie, A., Neufeldt, H., Sander, B. O., Wassmann, R., Sommer, R., Amonette, J.... Read more', '', '', '', '', '2015-11-15', '2015-11-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Is a global deal on climate change finally within reach?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(381, '', '\'First Step\' in Reducing Methane Emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The programme has been looking for new types of inhibitors of methane production from the rumen. This can be regarded as a first step in the process towards developing something that can be used on the farm. Peter Janssen, AgResearch</p>\r\n<p>A team of AgResearch scientists has identified five compounds that reduce methane emissions from livestock by up to 90 per cent in initial short-term trials, providing a technology that could significantly reduce New Zealand&rsquo;s greenhouse gas emissions.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourchangingworld/audio/201752185/\'first-step\'-in-reducing-methane-emissions\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 78px;\" width=\"508\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"user/image/eventthumb/328/jointbrandlogo.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div class=\"left\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div class=\"right\">\r\n<h3><a href=\"media,listing,178,media-release-27-april-2015.html\">Media Release: 27 April 2015</a></h3>\r\n<p class=\"date\">29/04/15 | New Zealand scientists have identified animal-safe compounds that can reduce methane emissions...</p>\r\n<p class=\"more\"><a href=\"media,listing,178,media-release-27-april-2015.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', 'The programme has been looking for new types of inhibitors of methane production from the rumen. This can be regarded as a first step in the process towards developing something that can be used on the farm. Peter Janssen, AgResearch\r\nA team of AgResearch scientists has identified five compounds that reduce methane emissions from livestock by up to 90 per cent in initial short-term trials, providing a technology that could significantly reduce New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions.\r\nRead more (external website)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMedia Release: 27 April 2015\r\n29/04/15 | New Zealand scientists have identified animal-safe compounds that can reduce methane emissions...\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2015-04-30', '2015-04-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', '\'First Step\' in Reducing Methane Emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(382, '', 'Methane find \'first step\' in cutting greenhouse gas', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Methane find \'first step\' in cutting greenhouse gas | Radio New Zealand News       <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary u-divider-bottom@until-medium\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-news article-news-272246\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>A team of AgResearch scientists has identified five compounds that reduce methane emissions from livestock by up to 90 percent in initial short-term trials, providing a technology that could significantly reduce New Zealand\'s greenhouse gas emissions.</p>\r\n<p>Methane find \'first step\' in cutting greenhouse gas | Radio New Zealand News <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary u-divider-bottom@until-medium\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-news article-news-272246\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>The announcement was made today at the Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation conference in Palmerston North.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/272246/methane-find-\\\'first-step\\\'-in-cutting-greenhouse-gas\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n<h3>Related</h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 63px;\" width=\"480\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"user/image/eventthumb/328/jointbrandlogo.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"media,listing,178,media-release-27-april-2015.html\">Media Release: 27 April 2015</a></h3>\r\n<p class=\"date\">29/04/15 |&nbsp;New Zealand scientists have identified animal-safe compounds that can reduce methane emissions from sheep &amp; cattle...</p>\r\n<p class=\"more\"><a href=\"media,listing,178,media-release-27-april-2015.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"user/image/eventthumb/328/jointbrandlogo.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"methane.html\">Methane Research Programme</a></h3>\r\n<p>The NZAGRC-PGgRc methane research programme&nbsp;builds on the NZAGRC\'s 2010-2013 methane science objectives ...</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"methane.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Read mn</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Methane find \'first step\' in cutting greenhouse gas | Radio New Zealand News       \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nA team of AgResearch scientists has identified five compounds that reduce methane emissions from livestock by up to 90 percent in initial short-term trials, providing a technology that could significantly reduce New Zealand\'s greenhouse gas emissions.\r\nMethane find \'first step\' in cutting greenhouse gas | Radio New Zealand News \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe announcement was made today at the Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation conference in Palmerston North.\r\nRead more (external website)\r\nRelated\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMedia Release: 27 April 2015\r\n29/04/15 | New Zealand scientists have identified animal-safe compounds that can reduce methane emissions from sheep & cattle...\r\nRead more\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMethane Research Programme\r\nThe NZAGRC-PGgRc methane research programme builds on the NZAGRC\'s 2010-2013 methane science objectives ...\r\nRead more\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nRead mn', '', '', '', '', '2015-04-28', '2015-04-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Methane find \'first step\' in cutting greenhouse gas', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(383, '', 'Future Food Security in a Warming Planet', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Insight for 3 August 2014 - Future Food Security | Insight | RNZ      <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-audio article-audio-20143969\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>Super Typhoons and record temperatures hog the global warming headlines, but weather changes are also threatening the ability of farmers to grow food.</p>\r\n<p>Specialists from plant breeders, to human rights advocates to climate scientists all told Radio New Zealand\'s<em> Insight </em>the ability to have secure and reliable food production will deteriorate as the planet heats up.</p>\r\n<p>...</p>\r\n<p>Insight for 3 August 2014 - Future Food Security | Insight | RNZ <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-audio article-audio-20143969\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>But its not just the Pacific where agriculture is being affected, the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\'s report sounded a warning for key crops like wheat and maize.</p>\r\n<p>A contributing author Dr Andy Reisinger says yields are dropping below what they could have been were it not for climate change.</p>\r\n<p>He says gains in wheat and maize yields are now slowing, while the population soars with 200,000 more people on Earth everyday and those in developing countries are the worst affected.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/insight/audio/20143969/insight-for-3-august-2014-future-food-security\">Read full article </a></strong>(external website)</p>\r\n<h3>Related</h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 13px;\" width=\"478\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"IPCC.jpg\" src=\"user/image/thumb/311/IPCC.jpg\" alt=\"IPCC.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h3><a href=\"ipcc.html\">Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change</a></h3>\r\n<p>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change...</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"ipcc.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"user/image/eventthumb/253/Dr%20Andy%20Reisinger\" alt=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h3><a href=\"staff,listing,242,andy-reisinger.html\">Andy Reisinger</a></h3>\r\n<p class=\"date\">Dr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director (International) Dr Andy Reisinger joined the NZAGRC team in November 2010...</p>\r\n<p class=\"date\"><a href=\"staff,listing,242,andy-reisinger.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Insight for 3 August 2014 - Future Food Security | Insight | RNZ      \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSuper Typhoons and record temperatures hog the global warming headlines, but weather changes are also threatening the ability of farmers to grow food.\r\nSpecialists from plant breeders, to human rights advocates to climate scientists all told Radio New Zealand\'s Insight the ability to have secure and reliable food production will deteriorate as the planet heats up.\r\n...\r\nInsight for 3 August 2014 - Future Food Security | Insight | RNZ \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBut its not just the Pacific where agriculture is being affected, the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\'s report sounded a warning for key crops like wheat and maize.\r\nA contributing author Dr Andy Reisinger says yields are dropping below what they could have been were it not for climate change.\r\nHe says gains in wheat and maize yields are now slowing, while the population soars with 200,000 more people on Earth everyday and those in developing countries are the worst affected.\r\nRead full article (external website)\r\nRelated\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIntergovernmental Panel for Climate Change\r\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change...\r\nRead more\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nAndy Reisinger\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director (International) Dr Andy Reisinger joined the NZAGRC team in November 2010...\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2014-08-04', '2014-08-04', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Future Food Security in a Warming Planet', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(384, '', 'Fire, flood, rising sea threaten future', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Fire, flood, rising sea threaten future | Radio New Zealand News       <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary u-divider-bottom@until-medium\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-news article-news-240283\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>Wildfires, more frequent and severe floods, and higher risks to coastal infrastructure due to rising seas are just some of the impacts New Zealanders can expect from climate change in coming decades.</p>\r\n<p>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on Monday officially released its report on impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, which identifies eight key risks that will affect New Zealand and Australia as temperatures continue to rise in step with increased greenhouse gas emissions.</p>\r\n<p>...</p>\r\n<p>Fire, flood, rising sea threaten future | Radio New Zealand News <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary u-divider-bottom@until-medium\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-news article-news-240283\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>The chapter\'s coordinating lead author, Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre deputy director Andy Reisinger, says wildfires could be more destructive in New Zealand\'s as our native forests are not adapted to it.</p>\r\n<p>\"The other point is of course that much of how New Zealand has dealt with rising greenhouse gas emissions so far was to plant forestry that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere, and it\'s ironic that there\'s now a rising risk in releasing such stored carbon in wildfires.\"</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/240283/fire,-flood,-rising-sea-threaten-future\">Read full article</a></strong> (external website)</p>\r\n<h3>Related</h3>\r\n<table width=\"478\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"IPCC.jpg\" src=\"user/image/thumb/311/IPCC.jpg\" alt=\"IPCC.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h3><a href=\"ipcc.html\">Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change</a></h3>\r\n<p>The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change...</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"ipcc.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img src=\"user/image/eventthumb/253/Dr%20Andy%20Reisinger\" alt=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<div class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h3><a href=\"staff,listing,242,andy-reisinger.html\">Andy Reisinger</a></h3>\r\n<p class=\"date\">Dr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director (International) Dr Andy Reisinger joined the NZAGRC team in November 2010...</p>\r\n<p class=\"date\"><a href=\"staff,listing,242,andy-reisinger.html\">Read more</a></p>\r\n</div>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Fire, flood, rising sea threaten future | Radio New Zealand News       \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWildfires, more frequent and severe floods, and higher risks to coastal infrastructure due to rising seas are just some of the impacts New Zealanders can expect from climate change in coming decades.\r\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on Monday officially released its report on impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, which identifies eight key risks that will affect New Zealand and Australia as temperatures continue to rise in step with increased greenhouse gas emissions.\r\n...\r\nFire, flood, rising sea threaten future | Radio New Zealand News \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe chapter\'s coordinating lead author, Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre deputy director Andy Reisinger, says wildfires could be more destructive in New Zealand\'s as our native forests are not adapted to it.\r\n\"The other point is of course that much of how New Zealand has dealt with rising greenhouse gas emissions so far was to plant forestry that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere, and it\'s ironic that there\'s now a rising risk in releasing such stored carbon in wildfires.\"\r\nRead full article (external website)\r\nRelated\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIntergovernmental Panel for Climate Change\r\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change...\r\nRead more\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nAndy Reisinger\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director (International) Dr Andy Reisinger joined the NZAGRC team in November 2010...\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2014-03-31', '2014-04-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Fire, flood, rising sea threaten future', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(385, '', 'Methane yield phenotypes linked to differential gene expression in the sheep rumen microbiome', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Shi, W., C. Moon, et al. (2014). \"Methane yield phenotypes linked to differential gene expression in the sheep rumen microbiome.\" Genome Research.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Ruminant livestock represent the single largest anthropogenic source of the potent greenhouse gas methane, which is generated by methanogenic archaea residing in ruminant digestive tracts. While differences between individual animals of the same breed in the amount of methane produced have been observed, the basis for this variation remains to be elucidated. To explore the mechanistic basis of this methane production, we measured methane yields from 22 sheep, which revealed that methane yields are a reproducible quantitative trait. Deep metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing demonstrated the presence of methanogens both in the highest and lowest methane-producing sheep, with a similar abundance of methanogens and methanogenesis pathway genes in high and low methane emitters. However, transcription of methanogenesis pathway genes was substantially increased in sheep with high methane yields. These results identify a discrete set of rumen methanogens whose methanogenesis pathway transcription profiles correlate with methane yields and provide new targets for CH4 mitigation at the levels of microbiota composition and transcriptional regulation.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2014/06/06/gr.168245.113.abstract\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Shi, W., C. Moon, et al. (2014). \"Methane yield phenotypes linked to differential gene expression in the sheep rumen microbiome.\" Genome Research.\r\n \r\nAbstractRuminant livestock represent the single largest anthropogenic source of the potent greenhouse gas methane, which is generated by methanogenic archaea residing in ruminant digestive tracts. While differences between individual animals of the same breed in the amount of methane produced have been observed, the basis for this variation remains to be elucidated. To explore the mechanistic basis of this methane production, we measured methane yields from 22 sheep, which revealed that methane yields are a reproducible quantitative trait. Deep metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing demonstrated the presence of methanogens both in the highest and lowest methane-producing sheep, with a similar abundance of methanogens and methanogenesis pathway genes in high and low methane emitters. However, transcription of methanogenesis pathway genes was substantially increased in sheep with high methane yields. These results identify a discrete set of rumen methanogens whose methanogenesis pathway transcription profiles correlate with methane yields and provide new targets for CH4 mitigation at the levels of microbiota composition and transcriptional regulation.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2014-06-06', '2014-06-06', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Methane yield phenotypes linked to differential gene expression in the sheep rumen microbiome', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(387, '', 'What is emissions intensity?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Emissions intensity is the emissions per unit of product.</p>\r\n<p>On average, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of meat/milk product produced on farm in New Zealand has dropped by about 1% per year for at least the past 20 years. &nbsp;Technically, the emissioner per unit of product has decreased because farming has become more efficient. Improved animal genetics and management, combined with better grassland managed and feeding practices mean that farms are using resource more efficiently to increase their outputs.</p>\r\n<p>However, New Zealand\'s total agricultural greenhouse gas emissions have increased because overall production has grown substantially in response to international demand. &nbsp;Without efficiency improvements, total emissions would have grown by almost 40% over the 1990-2014 period to deliver the same amount of product.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"dairy-sector.html\">Read more about dairy sector emissions</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"beef-sheep-sector.html\">Read more about beef and sheep sector emissions</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"deer-sector.html\">Read more about deer sector emissions</a></strong></p>\r\n<h3>Emissions trends</h3>\r\n<p><img class=\"mce-popup\" title=\"emissions_trends-2990-2014.jpg\" src=\"user/image/raw/545/emissions_trends-2990-2014.jpg\" alt=\"emissions_trends-2990-2014.jpg\" width=\"666\" height=\"972\" data-href=\"popup/image/raw/545/emissions_trends-2990-2014.jpg\" /></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"questions.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'Emissions intensity is the emissions per unit of product.\r\nOn average, greenhouse gas emissions per unit of meat/milk product produced on farm in New Zealand has dropped by about 1% per year for at least the past 20 years.  Technically, the emissioner per unit of product has decreased because farming has become more efficient. Improved animal genetics and management, combined with better grassland managed and feeding practices mean that farms are using resource more efficiently to increase their outputs.\r\nHowever, New Zealand\'s total agricultural greenhouse gas emissions have increased because overall production has grown substantially in response to international demand.  Without efficiency improvements, total emissions would have grown by almost 40% over the 1990-2014 period to deliver the same amount of product.\r\nRead more about dairy sector emissions\r\nRead more about beef and sheep sector emissions\r\nRead more about deer sector emissions\r\nEmissions trends\r\n\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What is emissions intensity?', '', 'GHG emissions, agriculture, methane, nitrous oxide, nz farming, dairy farm, beef and sheep, greenhouse gas, GHG', '', 4, 'Y'),
(388, '', 'How much could DCD help reduce emissions?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Nitrification inhibitors slow the conversion of ammonium (NH4+), deposited into the soil in the form of urine, to nitrate (NO3), which leaches into waterways. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is released into the atmosphere as part of this process. DCD (dicyandiamide) is a nitrification inhibitor that has proven to be effective in reducing nitrate leaching while boosting pasture growth.</p>\r\n<p>The NZAGRC has assessed DCD and a similar product, DMPP. Both were equally effective in reducing nitrous oxide emissions from urine patches in grazed pasture, with emissions reductions of about 60% under a range of conditions.</p>\r\n<p>However, DCD was taken off the New Zealand market after the discovery of residues in milk. Future options to meet international trade requirements are being considered.</p>\r\n<p>But nitrification inhibitors are not cost-effective if the only motivation for using them is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. At an application cost between $100 and $250 per hectare, and given that DCD is effective only over a five-month period during winter, farmers would be spending more than $200 for every tonne of CO2-equivalent emissions avoided.</p>\r\n<p>In some dairy catchments, however, nitrification inhibitors may be an important way to meet water quality requirements; emissions reductions would be a beneficial side effect. A technologically similar option, but based on current evidence without any residues, is the use of urease inhibitors.</p>\r\n<p>These restrict the conversion of urea and urine to ammonium in the first place and are particularly effective in restricting emissions from applied N fertilisers. As they break down very quickly in the&nbsp;soil they are less effective in reducing emissions from urine patches where emissions can occur over a substantial period.</p>\r\n<p>The cost and benefits for New Zealand-specific climate and soil types, and pastoral farming systems, are not well documented as yet.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"nitrous-oxide.html\">Read more about other New Zealand nitrous oxide emissions mitigation research</a></strong></p>', 'Nitrification inhibitors slow the conversion of ammonium (NH4+), deposited into the soil in the form of urine, to nitrate (NO3), which leaches into waterways. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is released into the atmosphere as part of this process. DCD (dicyandiamide) is a nitrification inhibitor that has proven to be effective in reducing nitrate leaching while boosting pasture growth.\r\nThe NZAGRC has assessed DCD and a similar product, DMPP. Both were equally effective in reducing nitrous oxide emissions from urine patches in grazed pasture, with emissions reductions of about 60% under a range of conditions.\r\nHowever, DCD was taken off the New Zealand market after the discovery of residues in milk. Future options to meet international trade requirements are being considered.\r\nBut nitrification inhibitors are not cost-effective if the only motivation for using them is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. At an application cost between $100 and $250 per hectare, and given that DCD is effective only over a five-month period during winter, farmers would be spending more than $200 for every tonne of CO2-equivalent emissions avoided.\r\nIn some dairy catchments, however, nitrification inhibitors may be an important way to meet water quality requirements; emissions reductions would be a beneficial side effect. A technologically similar option, but based on current evidence without any residues, is the use of urease inhibitors.\r\nThese restrict the conversion of urea and urine to ammonium in the first place and are particularly effective in restricting emissions from applied N fertilisers. As they break down very quickly in the soil they are less effective in reducing emissions from urine patches where emissions can occur over a substantial period.\r\nThe cost and benefits for New Zealand-specific climate and soil types, and pastoral farming systems, are not well documented as yet.\r\nRead more about other New Zealand nitrous oxide emissions mitigation research', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'How much could DCD help reduce emissions?', '', 'DCD, NZ, nitrification, n2o, nitrous oxide', '', 4, 'Y'),
(389, '', 'Overseas technicians train on methane measurement', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>    Overseas technicians train on methane measurement | Radio New Zealand News       <!-- [if lt IE 9]>\r\n  <script src=\"/x/respond-d4014b76b30329f3084e05977533388839c00431b090326f1c0172f5d919540e.js\"></script>\r\n  <![endif]--></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"documentContent\" class=\"content\">\r\n<div class=\"content__primary u-divider-bottom@until-medium\">\r\n<div class=\"article article-news article-news-126176\">\r\n<div class=\"article__body\">\r\n<p>Scientists from developing countries are in Palmerston North for a training course on measuring methane emissions from forage-fed farm animals.</p>\r\n<p>Nine agricultural science technicians from South East Asia and South America are at New Zealand\'s Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre for the three week course.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/rural/126176/overseas-technicians-train-on-methane-measurement\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Overseas technicians train on methane measurement | Radio New Zealand News       \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nScientists from developing countries are in Palmerston North for a training course on measuring methane emissions from forage-fed farm animals.\r\nNine agricultural science technicians from South East Asia and South America are at New Zealand\'s Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre for the three week course.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2013-01-22', '2013-01-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', 'Overseas technicians train on methane measurement', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
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(390, '', 'What options are available to limit emissions growth?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<h4>Options to further enhance production efficiency</h4>\r\n<p>New Zealand already operates a highly efficient and productive pastoral system. Over the past 20 years, farmers have steadily improved feed and nutrition, animal genetics, pasture management, and animal health. These provide permanent, cumulative gains: globally, for instance, genetic improvement is estimated to account for an average 0.5-1% efficiency increase per animal per year. The best way to keep reducing New Zealand&rsquo;s greenhouse gas intensity is for farmers to continue to increase the production efficiency of their operations as much as possible, and as fast as possible.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"industry.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>By continuing to push production efficiencies, farmers could further reduce emissions intensity and constrain the expected growth in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions as overall animal production continues to increase.</p>\r\n<h4><strong>Options to reduce growth in absolute emissions</strong></h4>\r\n<p>Most of the additional currently available options to reduce the growth in absolute emissions are related to the dairy sector, which employs a greater diversity of management strategies and feed inputs than the almost entirely grazing-based sheep and beef sectors. The economic efficiency of those options will vary greatly between farms and farm systems and has not been assessed yet for New Zealand as a whole.</p>\r\n<p>USE MORE LOW-NITROGEN FEED</p>\r\n<p>New Zealand pasture-based diets provide more nitrogen to animals than necessary for their optimal growth and productivity. Livestock<br />excrete this surplus nitrogen in their dung and urine, where it contributes to nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions.<br />Dairy production in New Zealand is increasingly making use of supplementary feed to improve animal performance and balance<br />year-to-year and seasonal variations in grass growth. Many of the supplementary feeds contain less nitrogen than normal pastures and<br />thus could help reduce nitrous oxide emissions on farms. Feeds include domestically-grown supplementary feed, commonly maize silage, hay<br />and silage, and imported supplements, such as palm kernel expeller (PKE). Whether increased use of supplementary feeds is viable depends<br />on international milk prices and domestic environmental regulations. If feeds are imported from overseas, care also needs to be taken<br />to avoid &lsquo;pollution swapping&rsquo; &ndash; where New Zealand could achieve emissions reductions and higher production by driving up emissions<br />offshore &ndash; and to keep an eye on any biosecurity issues.</p>\r\n<p>REDUCE NITROGEN FERTILISER USE</p>\r\n<p>Another option is to use less nitrogen fertiliser per hectare or per animal. This requires careful management of nutrient flows, for<br />example by using more purchased feed and/or growing forages with a higher yield per hectare, and optimising the use of animal manures.<br />Fertiliser use per animal increased throughout the 1990s and peaked around 2004, but has declined since while productivity per animal has<br />continued to increase. There is reason to believe this can be pushed further without compromising production, although it may increase<br />risk to farmers and require higher farm management skills. Reducing overall nitrogen fertiliser use would also help improve water quality.</p>\r\n<p>MANAGE MANURE FROM HOUSED ANIMALS</p>\r\n<p>Dairy production in New Zealand is intensifying; temporary housing is becoming more common to avoid pasture damage in wet weather, or to<br />control nitrate leaching to waterways. Confinement of animals means that a greater proportion of dung and urine can be captured and treated<br />before being spread back onto land. Farmers can avoid spreading manure when soils are wet and nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate<br />leaching losses are high.</p>\r\n<p>But there are two key challenges:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>more research is needed to determine the potential nitrous oxide reduction from spreading manure at different times, compared to<br />urine and dung being deposited directly</li>\r\n<li>storing manure generates methane from anaerobic ponds which may offset any reductions in nitrous oxide emissions. To make manure<br />storage a mitigation option, the methane has to be captured and either flared or used to generate biogas. This can be costly; options<br />and economic viability depend on the volume of manure treated.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>The optimal balance between grazing and housing, and tools for minimizing emissions from housed animals, will continue to evolve over<br />the coming years and will also reflect other environmental goals such as reducing nitrate leaching.</p>\r\n<p>MAINTAINING CARBON INPUTS TO SOILS</p>\r\n<p>It has been difficult to demonstrate practices for New Zealand soils that reliably increase soil carbon, as the effectiveness of any management practice is highly dependent on climate and existing soil carbon stocks and management history.</p>\r\n<p>Globally, one of the most robust good practices is to avoid overgrazing to ensure constant grass cover and production to continue carbon inputs<br />to soil and to reduce erosion risk. Farmers can also reduce the risk of soil carbon losses by avoiding too intense disturbance of the plant/soil<br />system such as frequent cultivation.</p>\r\n<p>Overall in New Zealand, there is no consistent trend in soil carbon stocks in flat land. There is some evidence of increasing soil carbon<br />stocks in hill country, but the reasons for this are not clear yet (it could simply reflect a slow recovery of top soils following the initial clearing of<br />forests, or it could reflect improved management practices).&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"soil-carbon.html\">Read more&nbsp;</a></strong></p>', 'Options to further enhance production efficiency\r\nNew Zealand already operates a highly efficient and productive pastoral system. Over the past 20 years, farmers have steadily improved feed and nutrition, animal genetics, pasture management, and animal health. These provide permanent, cumulative gains: globally, for instance, genetic improvement is estimated to account for an average 0.5-1% efficiency increase per animal per year. The best way to keep reducing New Zealand’s greenhouse gas intensity is for farmers to continue to increase the production efficiency of their operations as much as possible, and as fast as possible.\r\nRead more\r\nBy continuing to push production efficiencies, farmers could further reduce emissions intensity and constrain the expected growth in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions as overall animal production continues to increase.\r\nOptions to reduce growth in absolute emissions\r\nMost of the additional currently available options to reduce the growth in absolute emissions are related to the dairy sector, which employs a greater diversity of management strategies and feed inputs than the almost entirely grazing-based sheep and beef sectors. The economic efficiency of those options will vary greatly between farms and farm systems and has not been assessed yet for New Zealand as a whole.\r\nUSE MORE LOW-NITROGEN FEED\r\nNew Zealand pasture-based diets provide more nitrogen to animals than necessary for their optimal growth and productivity. Livestockexcrete this surplus nitrogen in their dung and urine, where it contributes to nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions.Dairy production in New Zealand is increasingly making use of supplementary feed to improve animal performance and balanceyear-to-year and seasonal variations in grass growth. Many of the supplementary feeds contain less nitrogen than normal pastures andthus could help reduce nitrous oxide emissions on farms. Feeds include domestically-grown supplementary feed, commonly maize silage, hayand silage, and imported supplements, such as palm kernel expeller (PKE). Whether increased use of supplementary feeds is viable dependson international milk prices and domestic environmental regulations. If feeds are imported from overseas, care also needs to be takento avoid ‘pollution swapping’ – where New Zealand could achieve emissions reductions and higher production by driving up emissionsoffshore – and to keep an eye on any biosecurity issues.\r\nREDUCE NITROGEN FERTILISER USE\r\nAnother option is to use less nitrogen fertiliser per hectare or per animal. This requires careful management of nutrient flows, forexample by using more purchased feed and/or growing forages with a higher yield per hectare, and optimising the use of animal manures.Fertiliser use per animal increased throughout the 1990s and peaked around 2004, but has declined since while productivity per animal hascontinued to increase. There is reason to believe this can be pushed further without compromising production, although it may increaserisk to farmers and require higher farm management skills. Reducing overall nitrogen fertiliser use would also help improve water quality.\r\nMANAGE MANURE FROM HOUSED ANIMALS\r\nDairy production in New Zealand is intensifying; temporary housing is becoming more common to avoid pasture damage in wet weather, or tocontrol nitrate leaching to waterways. Confinement of animals means that a greater proportion of dung and urine can be captured and treatedbefore being spread back onto land. Farmers can avoid spreading manure when soils are wet and nitrous oxide emissions and nitrateleaching losses are high.\r\nBut there are two key challenges:\r\n\r\nmore research is needed to determine the potential nitrous oxide reduction from spreading manure at different times, compared tourine and dung being deposited directly\r\nstoring manure generates methane from anaerobic ponds which may offset any reductions in nitrous oxide emissions. To make manurestorage a mitigation option, the methane has to be captured and either flared or used to generate biogas. This can be costly; optionsand economic viability depend on the volume of manure treated.\r\n\r\nThe optimal balance between grazing and housing, and tools for minimizing emissions from housed animals, will continue to evolve overthe coming years and will also reflect other environmental goals such as reducing nitrate leaching.\r\nMAINTAINING CARBON INPUTS TO SOILS\r\nIt has been difficult to demonstrate practices for New Zealand soils that reliably increase soil carbon, as the effectiveness of any management practice is highly dependent on climate and existing soil carbon stocks and management history.\r\nGlobally, one of the most robust good practices is to avoid overgrazing to ensure constant grass cover and production to continue carbon inputsto soil and to reduce erosion risk. Farmers can also reduce the risk of soil carbon losses by avoiding too intense disturbance of the plant/soilsystem such as frequent cultivation.\r\nOverall in New Zealand, there is no consistent trend in soil carbon stocks in flat land. There is some evidence of increasing soil carbonstocks in hill country, but the reasons for this are not clear yet (it could simply reflect a slow recovery of top soils following the initial clearing offorests, or it could reflect improved management practices). Read more', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What options are available to limit emissions growth?', 'Current good practice options that are available to limit GHG emissions growth in New Zealand', 'methane, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, fertiliser, dairy sector, GHG emissions, greenhouse gas, sheep and beef sector', '', 4, 'Y'),
(391, '', 'What GHG reduction options are 2-5 years away?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>New options for reducing total emissions may become available in the next few years, based on evidence from laboratory studies and small-scale animal trials. The critical challenge for those options is to commercialise them and ensure they are viable within New Zealand farming systems.</p>\r\n<p>BREEDING LOW-EMITTING SHEEP AND CATTLE</p>\r\n<p>Research has found that some animals emit less methane than others and that this trait is genetic and can be passed on to their offspring. This has been demonstrated clearly for sheep, and low-emission traits could be available in breeding indices by as early as 2017. Work on cattle began in 2015, and researchers hope that lessons learnt from the sheep programme will allow faster progress for cattle, so that the commercial availability of low-emitting cattle could be as little as five years away. Based on data obtained to date, naturally low-emitting animals appear to be as productive as average animals, so there would be no direct financial penalty from selecting these sheep. There is still an opportunity cost, however, since adding this additional breeding trait lowers the rate of gain in achieving other breeding objectives. Dollar estimates of this opportunity cost are being explored, but specific policies or market premiums for &lsquo;climate-friendly&rsquo; animals may be necessary to encourage widespread adoption of low-emitting sheep. Further work is also continuing to conclusively demonstrate in a range of practical situations that there is no production penalty associated with the low emission trait or any trade off with nitrous oxide emissions.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"breeding.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>LOW METHANE FEEDS AND FEED ADDITIVES<br />Brassicas have been tested extensively in sheep in New Zealand and forage rape has consistently reduced methane emissions by 20-30% when fed as full diet. Limited work has been done with cattle but the results are also very encouraging. However, it appears that in some circumstances nitrous oxide emissions can increase considerably when brassicas are grazed, and implications for animal health of any increased use also need further study. If these issues can be overcome, greater use of forage rape may yield overall emissions reductions. Preliminary studies with fodder beet have shown reduction in methane when fed at &gt;75% of the diet. However the consequences of feeding fodder beet at such high levels need to be studied further.</p>\r\n<p>Other feeds or feed additives have also been shown to reduce methane production in animals in some studies. However this does not necessarily mean they will work under New Zealand conditions: &nbsp;</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>there is strong evidence that high cereal diets can reduce methane emissions per unit of product; but cereal must<br />make up at least 30-60% of the diet. This makes it unlikely to be cost-effective for New Zealand&rsquo;s pastoral grazing<br />systems. It is also important to factor in the emissions generated to produce and transport the cereal feed</li>\r\n<li>lipid supplementation (fats such as tallow) appears to reduce emissions by up to 20% in some circumstances, but<br />results from New Zealand studies have shown no decreases. This may be because New Zealand&rsquo;s pasture-based diets<br />differ from the mixed diets used in overseas testing&nbsp;</li>\r\n<li>limited testing of New Zealand&rsquo;s largest imported feed, PKE (palm kernel expeller), has found no effect on methane<br />emissions</li>\r\n<li>diets containing maize silage, the most common non-pasture feed in the dairy industry, have also been found to have<br />no consistent effect on methane emissions and the effect could depend on the percentage of silage in the diet</li>\r\n<li>tannin-containing plants reduce emissions generally but have poor agronomic characteristics</li>\r\n<li>garlic and essential oils (e.g. from sandalwood) added to feed have been found to reduce methane emissions in some<br />trials but can taint milk and their very high costs rule currently them out as practical mitigation approaches</li>\r\n<li>some biochemical substances, including some antibiotics and growth promoters (e.g. monensin), have been shown<br />to reduce methane emissions in intensive feedlot systems but they seem to have limited effects in pasture-based<br />systems. There can also be strong market resistance to the use of such substances</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"feeds.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>METHANE INHIBITORS &ndash; FEEDLOT OPERATIONS</p>\r\n<p>Researchers are looking for animal-safe compounds that would suppress the methane-producing microbes in the rumen and thus reduce overall methane emissions from animals, without side effects. An inhibitor suitable mainly for feedlot animals has been successfully tested in long-term trials overseas, where it has been shown to reduce methane emissions by 30%. This inhibitor is being developed by the Dutch company DSM, with commercial release planned by 2019. However, this inhibitor is unlikely to be effective in grazing systems as it relies on it being mixed in with cattle feed. Work is underway to develop inhibitors suitable for New Zealand grazing systems (see What options are more than 5 years away?).</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"inhibitors.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>LOW-NITROGEN FEEDS AND ENHANCED PLANT GROWTH AT LOWER NITROGEN LEVELS</p>\r\n<p>Research to date has demonstrated that nitrification inhibitors are viable tools from an emissions and soil health perspective. While use of the commercial product DCD has been suspended, researchers are investigating whether some plants naturally produce nitrification inhibitors that could be promoted for more widespread use in New Zealand&rsquo;s pastures. Some plants also influence the balance and composition of urine and dung and thus could influence the emissions of nitrous oxide from pastures; the use of such plants could be promoted more widely if they show no negative effects on productivity. <strong><a href=\"nitrous-oxide.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>Some substances promote plant growth without relying on high nitrogen inputs, such as the commercially-available natural plant hormone gibberellin. Currently available evidence, mainly from short-term trials, suggests that gibberellin could be used to maintain herbage production when nitrogen fertilizer use is reduced. Further work to confirm these initial findings and analyse the long-term effects of repeated gibberellin use is underway.&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"fact-sheets,listing,203,reducing-new-zealands-agricultural-emissions-gibberellins.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>BIOCHAR</p>\r\n<p>There is good evidence that biochar (organic matter carbonised under controlled conditions) represents a very stable form of carbon, so it could be used to store more carbon in soils. Research has indicated that specific biochars could also help reduce nitrous oxide emissions although the specific mechanisms are not yet clear; other potential benefits for improving soil functions and reducing emissions from pastures are also being tested. However, the main challenge at present to any widespread use of biochar in a pastoral system remains its cost and the large area that would need to be covered, which makes this strategy not economically feasible for NZ farmers.</p>', 'New options for reducing total emissions may become available in the next few years, based on evidence from laboratory studies and small-scale animal trials. The critical challenge for those options is to commercialise them and ensure they are viable within New Zealand farming systems.\r\nBREEDING LOW-EMITTING SHEEP AND CATTLE\r\nResearch has found that some animals emit less methane than others and that this trait is genetic and can be passed on to their offspring. This has been demonstrated clearly for sheep, and low-emission traits could be available in breeding indices by as early as 2017. Work on cattle began in 2015, and researchers hope that lessons learnt from the sheep programme will allow faster progress for cattle, so that the commercial availability of low-emitting cattle could be as little as five years away. Based on data obtained to date, naturally low-emitting animals appear to be as productive as average animals, so there would be no direct financial penalty from selecting these sheep. There is still an opportunity cost, however, since adding this additional breeding trait lowers the rate of gain in achieving other breeding objectives. Dollar estimates of this opportunity cost are being explored, but specific policies or market premiums for ‘climate-friendly’ animals may be necessary to encourage widespread adoption of low-emitting sheep. Further work is also continuing to conclusively demonstrate in a range of practical situations that there is no production penalty associated with the low emission trait or any trade off with nitrous oxide emissions.\r\nRead more\r\nLOW METHANE FEEDS AND FEED ADDITIVESBrassicas have been tested extensively in sheep in New Zealand and forage rape has consistently reduced methane emissions by 20-30% when fed as full diet. Limited work has been done with cattle but the results are also very encouraging. However, it appears that in some circumstances nitrous oxide emissions can increase considerably when brassicas are grazed, and implications for animal health of any increased use also need further study. If these issues can be overcome, greater use of forage rape may yield overall emissions reductions. Preliminary studies with fodder beet have shown reduction in methane when fed at >75% of the diet. However the consequences of feeding fodder beet at such high levels need to be studied further.\r\nOther feeds or feed additives have also been shown to reduce methane production in animals in some studies. However this does not necessarily mean they will work under New Zealand conditions:  \r\n\r\nthere is strong evidence that high cereal diets can reduce methane emissions per unit of product; but cereal mustmake up at least 30-60% of the diet. This makes it unlikely to be cost-effective for New Zealand’s pastoral grazingsystems. It is also important to factor in the emissions generated to produce and transport the cereal feed\r\nlipid supplementation (fats such as tallow) appears to reduce emissions by up to 20% in some circumstances, butresults from New Zealand studies have shown no decreases. This may be because New Zealand’s pasture-based dietsdiffer from the mixed diets used in overseas testing \r\nlimited testing of New Zealand’s largest imported feed, PKE (palm kernel expeller), has found no effect on methaneemissions\r\ndiets containing maize silage, the most common non-pasture feed in the dairy industry, have also been found to haveno consistent effect on methane emissions and the effect could depend on the percentage of silage in the diet\r\ntannin-containing plants reduce emissions generally but have poor agronomic characteristics\r\ngarlic and essential oils (e.g. from sandalwood) added to feed have been found to reduce methane emissions in sometrials but can taint milk and their very high costs rule currently them out as practical mitigation approaches\r\nsome biochemical substances, including some antibiotics and growth promoters (e.g. monensin), have been shownto reduce methane emissions in intensive feedlot systems but they seem to have limited effects in pasture-basedsystems. There can also be strong market resistance to the use of such substances\r\n\r\nRead more\r\nMETHANE INHIBITORS – FEEDLOT OPERATIONS\r\nResearchers are looking for animal-safe compounds that would suppress the methane-producing microbes in the rumen and thus reduce overall methane emissions from animals, without side effects. An inhibitor suitable mainly for feedlot animals has been successfully tested in long-term trials overseas, where it has been shown to reduce methane emissions by 30%. This inhibitor is being developed by the Dutch company DSM, with commercial release planned by 2019. However, this inhibitor is unlikely to be effective in grazing systems as it relies on it being mixed in with cattle feed. Work is underway to develop inhibitors suitable for New Zealand grazing systems (see What options are more than 5 years away?).\r\nRead more\r\nLOW-NITROGEN FEEDS AND ENHANCED PLANT GROWTH AT LOWER NITROGEN LEVELS\r\nResearch to date has demonstrated that nitrification inhibitors are viable tools from an emissions and soil health perspective. While use of the commercial product DCD has been suspended, researchers are investigating whether some plants naturally produce nitrification inhibitors that could be promoted for more widespread use in New Zealand’s pastures. Some plants also influence the balance and composition of urine and dung and thus could influence the emissions of nitrous oxide from pastures; the use of such plants could be promoted more widely if they show no negative effects on productivity. Read more\r\nSome substances promote plant growth without relying on high nitrogen inputs, such as the commercially-available natural plant hormone gibberellin. Currently available evidence, mainly from short-term trials, suggests that gibberellin could be used to maintain herbage production when nitrogen fertilizer use is reduced. Further work to confirm these initial findings and analyse the long-term effects of repeated gibberellin use is underway. Read more\r\nBIOCHAR\r\nThere is good evidence that biochar (organic matter carbonised under controlled conditions) represents a very stable form of carbon, so it could be used to store more carbon in soils. Research has indicated that specific biochars could also help reduce nitrous oxide emissions although the specific mechanisms are not yet clear; other potential benefits for improving soil functions and reducing emissions from pastures are also being tested. However, the main challenge at present to any widespread use of biochar in a pastoral system remains its cost and the large area that would need to be covered, which makes this strategy not economically feasible for NZ farmers.', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What GHG reduction options are 2-5 years away?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(392, '', 'What GHG reduction options are more than 5 years away?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Some key research supported by the NZAGRC and PGgRc is now at, or approaching, proof of concept stage; other research is still developing fundamental understanding to identify future options. Results from laboratory or experimental settings so far are promising, but scientists are attempting world firsts here and even after proof of concept has been obtained in an animal trial, it could take five years or more before the<br />new technologies under development can be used widely.</p>\r\n<p>METHANE INHIBITORS &ndash; GRAZING SYSTEMS</p>\r\n<p>\'New Zealand&rsquo;s predominantly grazing system means that an inhibitor could at best be given twice daily (restricting its use to<br />intensive dairy systems) or through a bolus (capsules that can be swallowed safely by the animal and release the inhibitor slowly<br />over a time of days to months).</p>\r\n<p>Many thousands of compounds have been screened and more than 100 target compounds have been analysed in the laboratory; the top five to ten compounds have been tested since 2014 in animal trials in New Zealand. Some have shown promising first results with methane reductions of 30% or more, albeit so far only in short-term trials of 2-16 days. The key for New Zealand is to find inhibitors that are effective at low concentrations (for ease of administration) for pasture-based diets, are low cost, have low toxicity, carry no food safety risks and have no negative effects on productivity. While development of a suitable compound and release mechanism may be feasible sooner, ensuring that there are no residues or negative effects on productivity, and that the compound does not conflict with the expectations of New Zealand&rsquo;s key export markets will take more time. On current progress, the commercial availability of an inhibitor suitable for use on New Zealand farms is expected to take until 2023 or later.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"inhibitors.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>METHANE VACCINES</p>\r\n<p>New Zealand scientists are working to produce a vaccine that stimulates the animal to produce antibodies that suppress key methane-generating microbes in the rumen of livestock.</p>\r\n<p>Prototype vaccines have demonstrated that they can generate antibodies that can alter the microbial populations and methane production in laboratory studies. Further trials are underway to demonstrate that these have an effect on methane emissions in both sheep and cattle. A vaccine would have to achieve a minimum 20% emissions reduction per animal, without reducing productivity, to be worthwhile developing.</p>\r\n<p>Another line of enquiry is the use of nanobeads, microscopic beads produced by bacteria, to carry enzymes than can suppress methane-generating microbes in the rumen. While still at the fundamental inquiry stage, such approaches hold promise because they offer new and additional ways of interrupting methane production in the rumen and that could be integrated with other technologies.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"vaccine.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-EMISSIONS FORAGES AND ACTIVE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS</p>\r\n<p>Wherever pilot studies identify plants that help lower greenhouse gas emissions, this offers two avenues for further development: the active compound that influences methane or nitrous oxide emissions could be isolated and produced commercially for use as a feed additive or the trait that generates the compound could be incorporated into other pasture species through plant breeding programmes. Both approaches would be expected to take significant time for development even after the active compound has been identified and its mode of action understood. Work is starting to identify naturally occurring nitrification inhibitors that could reduce nitrous oxide emissions without introducing new chemicals into the food chain.</p>\r\n<p>It may also be possible to develop pasture species that requires less nitrogen in the first place. So far, research has identified a gene that could support the breeding of higher yielding ryegrass cultivars that do not need as much nitrogen and thus could further help reduce fertiliser inputs. There is potential to incorporate such low greenhouse gas traits into pasture. <strong><a href=\"nitrous-oxide.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>INTERACTIONS OF PLANTS AND SOIL MICROBES</p>\r\n<p>Soil microbes play a crucial role in the transformation of dung, urine and fertiliser into undesired nitrate or nitrous oxide, or into beneficial or at least harmless forms of nitrogen. Research is underway in New Zealand and elsewhere to better understand how soil microbial communities differ depending on soil type, climate and pasture management, and to see if changes in management practice could promote those organisms that reduce or bypass environmentally negative outcomes. For example, some plants encourage microbial processes that reduce nitrate to inert and environmentally harmless nitrogen gas, and work is beginning to see if these properties can be enhanced and exploited through pasture management or forage breeding. <strong><a href=\"nitrous-oxide.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>ENHANCING SOIL CARBON SINKS</p>\r\n<p>If more carbon can be absorbed and kept in the soil, this could offset greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. This is particularly challenging in New Zealand when soil carbon stocks are already high, and it is equally important to ensure any new management practices aimed at enhancing production do not result in carbon losses from soil. For many management practices, their long-term impact on soil carbon remains anecdotal and/or highly dependent on local conditions including management history. Research is testing the effect of a range of management practices at different sites, and is developing models and measurement techniques to understand and test options for different conditions and locations. Short term changes in carbon stocks are not necessarily a good indicator of the long-term potential for grasslands to store carbon, making long-term modelling essential to develop robust advice.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"soil-carbon.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'Some key research supported by the NZAGRC and PGgRc is now at, or approaching, proof of concept stage; other research is still developing fundamental understanding to identify future options. Results from laboratory or experimental settings so far are promising, but scientists are attempting world firsts here and even after proof of concept has been obtained in an animal trial, it could take five years or more before thenew technologies under development can be used widely.\r\nMETHANE INHIBITORS – GRAZING SYSTEMS\r\n\'New Zealand’s predominantly grazing system means that an inhibitor could at best be given twice daily (restricting its use tointensive dairy systems) or through a bolus (capsules that can be swallowed safely by the animal and release the inhibitor slowlyover a time of days to months).\r\nMany thousands of compounds have been screened and more than 100 target compounds have been analysed in the laboratory; the top five to ten compounds have been tested since 2014 in animal trials in New Zealand. Some have shown promising first results with methane reductions of 30% or more, albeit so far only in short-term trials of 2-16 days. The key for New Zealand is to find inhibitors that are effective at low concentrations (for ease of administration) for pasture-based diets, are low cost, have low toxicity, carry no food safety risks and have no negative effects on productivity. While development of a suitable compound and release mechanism may be feasible sooner, ensuring that there are no residues or negative effects on productivity, and that the compound does not conflict with the expectations of New Zealand’s key export markets will take more time. On current progress, the commercial availability of an inhibitor suitable for use on New Zealand farms is expected to take until 2023 or later.\r\nRead more\r\nMETHANE VACCINES\r\nNew Zealand scientists are working to produce a vaccine that stimulates the animal to produce antibodies that suppress key methane-generating microbes in the rumen of livestock.\r\nPrototype vaccines have demonstrated that they can generate antibodies that can alter the microbial populations and methane production in laboratory studies. Further trials are underway to demonstrate that these have an effect on methane emissions in both sheep and cattle. A vaccine would have to achieve a minimum 20% emissions reduction per animal, without reducing productivity, to be worthwhile developing.\r\nAnother line of enquiry is the use of nanobeads, microscopic beads produced by bacteria, to carry enzymes than can suppress methane-generating microbes in the rumen. While still at the fundamental inquiry stage, such approaches hold promise because they offer new and additional ways of interrupting methane production in the rumen and that could be integrated with other technologies.\r\nRead more\r\nFURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-EMISSIONS FORAGES AND ACTIVE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS\r\nWherever pilot studies identify plants that help lower greenhouse gas emissions, this offers two avenues for further development: the active compound that influences methane or nitrous oxide emissions could be isolated and produced commercially for use as a feed additive or the trait that generates the compound could be incorporated into other pasture species through plant breeding programmes. Both approaches would be expected to take significant time for development even after the active compound has been identified and its mode of action understood. Work is starting to identify naturally occurring nitrification inhibitors that could reduce nitrous oxide emissions without introducing new chemicals into the food chain.\r\nIt may also be possible to develop pasture species that requires less nitrogen in the first place. So far, research has identified a gene that could support the breeding of higher yielding ryegrass cultivars that do not need as much nitrogen and thus could further help reduce fertiliser inputs. There is potential to incorporate such low greenhouse gas traits into pasture. Read more\r\nINTERACTIONS OF PLANTS AND SOIL MICROBES\r\nSoil microbes play a crucial role in the transformation of dung, urine and fertiliser into undesired nitrate or nitrous oxide, or into beneficial or at least harmless forms of nitrogen. Research is underway in New Zealand and elsewhere to better understand how soil microbial communities differ depending on soil type, climate and pasture management, and to see if changes in management practice could promote those organisms that reduce or bypass environmentally negative outcomes. For example, some plants encourage microbial processes that reduce nitrate to inert and environmentally harmless nitrogen gas, and work is beginning to see if these properties can be enhanced and exploited through pasture management or forage breeding. Read more\r\nENHANCING SOIL CARBON SINKS\r\nIf more carbon can be absorbed and kept in the soil, this could offset greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. This is particularly challenging in New Zealand when soil carbon stocks are already high, and it is equally important to ensure any new management practices aimed at enhancing production do not result in carbon losses from soil. For many management practices, their long-term impact on soil carbon remains anecdotal and/or highly dependent on local conditions including management history. Research is testing the effect of a range of management practices at different sites, and is developing models and measurement techniques to understand and test options for different conditions and locations. Short term changes in carbon stocks are not necessarily a good indicator of the long-term potential for grasslands to store carbon, making long-term modelling essential to develop robust advice.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What GHG reduction options are more than 5 years away?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(393, '', 'How much difference could new GHG emissions reduction technologies make?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Widespread adoption of an effective vaccine/inhibitor package, together with the breeding of low methane-emitting animals, could deliver large emissions reductions &ndash; substantially larger than all other mitigation options combined.</p>\r\n<p>If successful, such a package could release New Zealand farmers from the current situation where even best practice efforts to reduce emissions intensity are not enough to reduce total emissions from agriculture.</p>\r\n<p>Apart from low-emitting sheep, however, the effectiveness and long-term sustainability of the technologies still have to be demonstrated in real farm situations.</p>\r\n<p>Adoption rates will have a big effect on the net emission reductions across the livestock sector. If an inhibitor reduces methane emissions by 30% but only 10% of farmers use it, total methane emissions would be reduced by only 3% (and total greenhouse gas emissions reduction would be even smaller because this option would not reduce nitrous oxide).</p>\r\n<p>So, the success of new technologies such as vaccines, inhibitors and low-emissions animals will also depend on how their adoption can be encouraged widely across New Zealand, including international market responses.</p>\r\n<p>Ensuring new technologies meet all necessary regulatory requirements, such as no residues in milk or meat, will be a major test in the further development of these technologies.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"methane.html\">Read more about methane technologies in development</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"faq-1,listing,390,what-options-are-available-to-limit-emissions-growth.html\">Read more about current best practice options&nbsp;</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"faq-1,listing,387,what-is-emissions-intensity.html\">Read more about emissions intensity</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"realities-magic-potions-clarivoyance.html\">Read more about research pipelines and the requirements for a success&nbsp;</a></strong></p>', 'Widespread adoption of an effective vaccine/inhibitor package, together with the breeding of low methane-emitting animals, could deliver large emissions reductions – substantially larger than all other mitigation options combined.\r\nIf successful, such a package could release New Zealand farmers from the current situation where even best practice efforts to reduce emissions intensity are not enough to reduce total emissions from agriculture.\r\nApart from low-emitting sheep, however, the effectiveness and long-term sustainability of the technologies still have to be demonstrated in real farm situations.\r\nAdoption rates will have a big effect on the net emission reductions across the livestock sector. If an inhibitor reduces methane emissions by 30% but only 10% of farmers use it, total methane emissions would be reduced by only 3% (and total greenhouse gas emissions reduction would be even smaller because this option would not reduce nitrous oxide).\r\nSo, the success of new technologies such as vaccines, inhibitors and low-emissions animals will also depend on how their adoption can be encouraged widely across New Zealand, including international market responses.\r\nEnsuring new technologies meet all necessary regulatory requirements, such as no residues in milk or meat, will be a major test in the further development of these technologies.\r\nRead more about methane technologies in development\r\nRead more about current best practice options \r\nRead more about emissions intensity\r\nRead more about research pipelines and the requirements for a success', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'How much difference could new GHG emissions reduction technologies make?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(394, '', 'How do we make sure reduction options work on farms?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Farms are complex operations, and changes in one part of the system can affect production and emissions in other parts.</p>\r\n<p>It is crucial to understand how individual options to reduce emissions fit into the overall farm system and farming practice: their impact on farm profitability and production, their implications for other environmental and social goals, and not least whether they are consistent with how farming in New Zealand is seen and marketed overseas.</p>\r\n<p>Many good practice options are already an integral part of New Zealand farming. <strong><a href=\"faq-1,listing,390,what-options-are-available-to-limit-emissions-growth.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>New approaches will need to undergo careful testing and evaluation to ensure they can be used and will be viable for New Zealand farming systems and meet market requirements.<strong><a href=\"realities-magic-potions-clarivoyance.html\"> Read more</a></strong></p>\r\n<p>The NZAGRC and PGgRc have partnered with industry to identify and demonstrate the greenhouse gas impacts of current and potential future farming practices, and to show how the results of the various research streams can be brought together into integrated systems on the farm. <strong><a href=\"integrated-systems.html\">Read more</a></strong>&nbsp;</p>', 'Farms are complex operations, and changes in one part of the system can affect production and emissions in other parts.\r\nIt is crucial to understand how individual options to reduce emissions fit into the overall farm system and farming practice: their impact on farm profitability and production, their implications for other environmental and social goals, and not least whether they are consistent with how farming in New Zealand is seen and marketed overseas.\r\nMany good practice options are already an integral part of New Zealand farming. Read more\r\nNew approaches will need to undergo careful testing and evaluation to ensure they can be used and will be viable for New Zealand farming systems and meet market requirements. Read more\r\nThe NZAGRC and PGgRc have partnered with industry to identify and demonstrate the greenhouse gas impacts of current and potential future farming practices, and to show how the results of the various research streams can be brought together into integrated systems on the farm. Read more', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'How do we make sure GHG reduction options work on farms?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(395, '', 'Course gives rural greenhouse gas skills', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>A new course enabling its students to better understand how greenhouse gases and policies aimed at curbing them will affect farming is likely to become a standard qualification in the future for rural professionals.&nbsp;Richard Rennie&nbsp;spoke to two experts instrumental in getting it off the ground.</p>\r\n<p>The Dairy Action for Climate Change plan announced at the National Fieldays includes a commitment to put rural professionals through the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Management course.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://farmersweekly.co.nz/section/dairy/view/course-gives-rural-greenhouse-gas-skills\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'A new course enabling its students to better understand how greenhouse gases and policies aimed at curbing them will affect farming is likely to become a standard qualification in the future for rural professionals. Richard Rennie spoke to two experts instrumental in getting it off the ground.\r\nThe Dairy Action for Climate Change plan announced at the National Fieldays includes a commitment to put rural professionals through the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Management course.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-07-12', '2017-07-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '546', 'Course gives rural greenhouse gas skills', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(396, '', 'Greenhouse gas awareness of livestock\'s contribution to emissions rises among farmers', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>More farmers are&nbsp;aware of the impact of livestock on global warming, says an&nbsp;agricultural greenhouse research expert.</p>\r\n<p>New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre director Dr Harry Clark&nbsp;said farmer awareness of their greenhouse gas contribution was at a much higher level than 15 years ago.</p>\r\n<p>This extended to&nbsp;growing recognition of international agreement to cut greenhouse gases, such as the Paris agreement, he said.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/90958834/greenhouse-gas-awareness-of-livestocks-contribution-to-emissions-rises-among-farmers\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'More farmers are aware of the impact of livestock on global warming, says an agricultural greenhouse research expert.\r\nNew Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre director Dr Harry Clark said farmer awareness of their greenhouse gas contribution was at a much higher level than 15 years ago.\r\nThis extended to growing recognition of international agreement to cut greenhouse gases, such as the Paris agreement, he said.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-29', '2017-03-29', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '547', 'Greenhouse gas awareness of livestock\'s contribution to emissions rises among farmers', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(397, '', 'Cutting emissions not impossible', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Pastoral grazing systems and already efficient farms make reducing greenhouse gas emissions a challenge but not impossible.</p>\r\n<p>And despite efficiencies already made, further cuts would be necessary in global agricultural emissions to achieve the target in the Paris climate accord, Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre deputy director Dr Andy Reisinger said.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://farmersweekly.co.nz/section/dairy/view/cutting-emissions-not-impossible\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Pastoral grazing systems and already efficient farms make reducing greenhouse gas emissions a challenge but not impossible.\r\nAnd despite efficiencies already made, further cuts would be necessary in global agricultural emissions to achieve the target in the Paris climate accord, Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre deputy director Dr Andy Reisinger said.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-05-26', '2016-05-26', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '546', 'Cutting emissions not impossible', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(398, '', 'Dr Andy Reisinger: livestock impact on climate change set to rise', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The impact of agriculture on global warming could be as high&nbsp;as&nbsp;14&nbsp;per cent says an agricultural greenhouse gas specialist.</p>\r\n<p>But livestock may be even higher globally at 19 per cent.</p>\r\n<p>Andy&nbsp;Reisinger&#8203; the deputy director (International) of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre said while the numbers were contentious, livestock made&nbsp;a substantial impact on climate change.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/91005604/dr-andy-reisinger-livestock-impact-on-climate-change-set-to-rise\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'The impact of agriculture on global warming could be as high as 14 per cent says an agricultural greenhouse gas specialist.\r\nBut livestock may be even higher globally at 19 per cent.\r\nAndy Reisinger​ the deputy director (International) of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre said while the numbers were contentious, livestock made a substantial impact on climate change.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-04-03', '2017-04-03', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '547', 'Dr Andy Reisinger: livestock impact on climate change set to rise', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(399, '', 'Annual Report 2016', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p class=\"details\">This is the full public annual report for 2015/16.</p>\r\n<p class=\"details\"><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"NZAGRC 2016 Annual Report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1478/NZAGRC%202016%20Annual%20Report.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> NZAGRC 2016 Annual Report.pdf</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(1.64MB)</span></span></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'This is the full public annual report for 2015/16.\r\n NZAGRC 2016 Annual Report.pdf (1.64MB)', '', '', '', '', '2017-07-25', '2017-07-25', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '548', 'NZAGRC Annual Report 2016', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(400, '', 'Reducing NZ\'s agricultural GHGs: Methane Inhibitors', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>This publication provides an&nbsp;overview of how we may be able to use compounds that suppress an animal\'s methanogen population effectively without causing unwanted side effects in their health, welfare or production. It covers some of the commonly asked questions regarding sources of methane, enteric methane formation, the role of methanogens, what the NZAGRC and PGgRc research programme on methane inhibitors is investigating and, importantly, the timeline for an inhibitor\'s commercial availability.</p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"NZAGRC-PGgRc_FS_Methane Inhibitors.pdf.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1479/NZAGRC-PGgRc_FS_Methane%20Inhibitors.pdf.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> NZAGRC-PGgRc_FS_Methane Inhibitors.pdf.pdf</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(1.39MB)</span></span></p>', 'This publication provides an overview of how we may be able to use compounds that suppress an animal\'s methanogen population effectively without causing unwanted side effects in their health, welfare or production. It covers some of the commonly asked questions regarding sources of methane, enteric methane formation, the role of methanogens, what the NZAGRC and PGgRc research programme on methane inhibitors is investigating and, importantly, the timeline for an inhibitor\'s commercial availability.\r\n NZAGRC-PGgRc_FS_Methane Inhibitors.pdf.pdf (1.39MB)', '', '', '', '', '2017-07-28', '2017-07-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '549', 'Reducing New Zealand\'s agricultural greenhouse gases: Methane Inhibitors', 'This factsheet overviews the current NZAGRC-PGgRc research programme that looks at how we may be able to use compounds that suppress methanogens effectively without causing unwanted side effects.', 'methane, ch4, nz ghg, nz farming, ruminant methane, enteric methane, solution, reduce ghg, reduce methane, dairy farm, pastoral, nzagrc, pggrc', '', 4, 'Y'),
(401, '', 'Why do we need to measure?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Agriculture produces greenhouse gas emissions in a number of ways: direct emissions by livestock, emissions from the production of livestock feed, energy use in fertiliser manufacture, farm operations such as milking, refrigeration and housing, and food storage and transport.</p>\r\n<p>Globally, direct emissions from livestock and feed production make up about 80% of total agriculture emissions. This percentage is even higher in New Zealand (97%) because of the dominance of the livestock sector. Most of our animals spend all their time outside grazing on pasture. This poses a stiff challenge for the measurement, quantification and mitigation of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. New Zealand has invested significantly in the search for cost effective measures to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, and this has required New Zealand scientists to develop best practice techniques for quantifying these emissions.</p>\r\n<h3>Why we need to measure</h3>\r\n<p>There are five key reasons why measurement matters for New Zealand agriculture:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>To understand trends and identify how much agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions relative to other sectors both nationally and internationally</li>\r\n<li>To develop effective ways to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. identifying naturally low methane<br />emitting animals for breeding programmes</li>\r\n<li>To find out whether actions intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are effective when they are applied in practice</li>\r\n<li>To meet international obligations to monitor progress against commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequent agreements</li>\r\n<li>To enable companies to monitor and report on their greenhouse gas footprint.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p>Read more about methane measurement</p>\r\n<p>Read more about nitrous oxide measurement</p>\r\n<p>Read more about reducing aricultural greenhouse gas emissions research</p>\r\n<p>Read more about New Zealand\'s greenhouse gas emissions profile</p>', 'Agriculture produces greenhouse gas emissions in a number of ways: direct emissions by livestock, emissions from the production of livestock feed, energy use in fertiliser manufacture, farm operations such as milking, refrigeration and housing, and food storage and transport.\r\nGlobally, direct emissions from livestock and feed production make up about 80% of total agriculture emissions. This percentage is even higher in New Zealand (97%) because of the dominance of the livestock sector. Most of our animals spend all their time outside grazing on pasture. This poses a stiff challenge for the measurement, quantification and mitigation of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. New Zealand has invested significantly in the search for cost effective measures to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, and this has required New Zealand scientists to develop best practice techniques for quantifying these emissions.\r\nWhy we need to measure\r\nThere are five key reasons why measurement matters for New Zealand agriculture:\r\n\r\nTo understand trends and identify how much agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions relative to other sectors both nationally and internationally\r\nTo develop effective ways to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. identifying naturally low methaneemitting animals for breeding programmes\r\nTo find out whether actions intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are effective when they are applied in practice\r\nTo meet international obligations to monitor progress against commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequent agreements\r\nTo enable companies to monitor and report on their greenhouse gas footprint.\r\n\r\nRead more about methane measurement\r\nRead more about nitrous oxide measurement\r\nRead more about reducing aricultural greenhouse gas emissions research\r\nRead more about New Zealand\'s greenhouse gas emissions profile', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'Why do we need to measure greenhouse gas emissions?', 'It\'s important to measure New Zealand\'s agricultural greenhouse gas emissions.  Find out more about how we measure them and why we need to measure them', 'methane, nitrous oxide, measurement, why, faq, dairy farm, sf6, respiration chamber, pac, greenfeed', '', 4, 'Y'),
(402, '', 'What are the role of methanogens?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Methanogens belong to a group of ancient microbes known as archaea. They have evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and occupy oxygen-free niches such as peat bogs and anaerobic gut systems.</p>\r\n<p>In the rumen, methanogens modify the fermentation process, but they are not thought&nbsp;to be essential to the host animal. They are opportunists, taking advantage of one of the by-products of fermentation in the rumen: hydrogen gas. This provides an energy source<br />and methanogens combine it with carbon dioxide to produce methane and water. The methane is released into the atmosphere when the animal belches. The methanogens&rsquo; use of hydrogen represents a loss of dietary energy to the animal. The small blue cells in the image below methanogen cells in the gut contents of a sheep.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><img class=\"\" title=\"p16_methanogen.jpg\" src=\"user/image/medium/550/p16_methanogen.jpg\" alt=\"p16_methanogen.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></p>\r\n<p>Read more about enteric fermentation</p>\r\n<p>Read more about NZ methane mitigation research</p>', 'Methanogens belong to a group of ancient microbes known as archaea. They have evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and occupy oxygen-free niches such as peat bogs and anaerobic gut systems.\r\nIn the rumen, methanogens modify the fermentation process, but they are not thought to be essential to the host animal. They are opportunists, taking advantage of one of the by-products of fermentation in the rumen: hydrogen gas. This provides an energy sourceand methanogens combine it with carbon dioxide to produce methane and water. The methane is released into the atmosphere when the animal belches. The methanogens’ use of hydrogen represents a loss of dietary energy to the animal. The small blue cells in the image below methanogen cells in the gut contents of a sheep. \r\n\r\nRead more about enteric fermentation\r\nRead more about NZ methane mitigation research', '', '', '', '', '2017-07-31', '2017-07-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '550', 'What are the role of methanogens?', 'A short description of he role of methanogens in the production of methane in ruminant animals.', 'methane, methanogen, enteric fermentation, ruminant, rumen', '', 4, 'Y'),
(403, '', 'What is enteric fermentation?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<h3>The rumen: One of the most efficient fibre decomposing systems</h3>\r\n<p>The rumen first evolved 50 million years ago, giving mammals access to plant foods they would other not be able to digest.</p>\r\n<p>The rumen is the first and largest part of the multi-chambered stomach of grass eating ruminant animals. &nbsp;It acts as a fermentation vat where microbes break down plant cellulose into smaller compounds that deliver energy to the animal. This process is known as enteric fermentation.</p>\r\n<p><img class=\"\" title=\"rumen.jpg\" src=\"user/image/medium/551/rumen.jpg\" alt=\"rumen.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></p>\r\n<p>Inside the anaerobic (oxygen starved) conditions of the rumen, a complex and highly apated microbiome has evolved that includes different types of microbes:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>bacteria</li>\r\n<li>archaea</li>\r\n<li>fungi</li>\r\n<li>protozoa</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>The majority of these microbes live in symbiosis with the ruminant animal. The microbes partially ferment the feed which generates energy for themselves and delivers volatile fatty acids, water soulable vitamins and high quality proteins to the animal. In turn, the animal host maintains oxygen free conditions in the rumen and provides an ideal environment for the microbes to thrive.</p>\r\n<p><img class=\"mce-popup\" title=\"P44129 - Rumen function diagram FA.jpg\" src=\"user/image/raw/611/P44129 - Rumen function diagram FA.jpg\" alt=\"P44129 - Rumen function diagram FA.jpg\" width=\"786\" height=\"556\" data-href=\"popup/image/raw/611/P44129 - Rumen function diagram FA.jpg\" /></p>', 'The rumen: One of the most efficient fibre decomposing systems\r\nThe rumen first evolved 50 million years ago, giving mammals access to plant foods they would other not be able to digest.\r\nThe rumen is the first and largest part of the multi-chambered stomach of grass eating ruminant animals.  It acts as a fermentation vat where microbes break down plant cellulose into smaller compounds that deliver energy to the animal. This process is known as enteric fermentation.\r\n\r\nInside the anaerobic (oxygen starved) conditions of the rumen, a complex and highly apated microbiome has evolved that includes different types of microbes:\r\n\r\nbacteria\r\narchaea\r\nfungi\r\nprotozoa\r\n\r\nThe majority of these microbes live in symbiosis with the ruminant animal. The microbes partially ferment the feed which generates energy for themselves and delivers volatile fatty acids, water soulable vitamins and high quality proteins to the animal. In turn, the animal host maintains oxygen free conditions in the rumen and provides an ideal environment for the microbes to thrive.', '', '', '', '', '2017-07-31', '2017-07-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What is enteric fermentation?', 'An overview of what enteric fermentation is and how the rumen produces methane', 'ruminant, rumen, enteric fermentation, methane, ch4, dairy, farm', '', 4, 'Y'),
(404, '', 'What are respiration chambers?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<h3>How they work</h3>\r\n<p>Respiration chambers are animal-friendly closed circuit containers in which animals are contained while their gas output is measured. The <a href=\"images.html\"><strong>New Zealand Animal Ruminant Methane Measurement Centre</strong></a> at AgResearch, part-funded by the NZAGRC, is a dedicated measurement facility, comprising 24 chambers for sheep and four for cattle. Since its opening in April 2011, over 6500 sheep and more than 750 cattle have been measured. After up to a week of acclimatisation in open-sided crates, the animals enter the respiration chambers which are made of perspex and arranged side-by-side so animals can see each other. Automated systems continuously sample the air entering and leaving the chambers, to measure the amount of methane formed by the animals. Temperature, humidity and air flow are continuously controlled.</p>\r\n<p>Technicians top up each animal&rsquo;s food and water at regular intervals, and remove dung and urine. Time spent in the chambers is generally restricted to two days. All animal experiments are subject to strict animal ethics approval procedures, and animals are monitored for their welfare in the chambers; if animals refuse to eat or show signs of distress they are released. If environmental conditions change inside the chambers, the chamber doors open automatically and release the animals.</p>\r\n<h3>Why do it</h3>\r\n<p>The &lsquo;gold standard&rsquo; in scientific experiments is to keep every element of an experiment the same except for the one factor you are investigating, e.g. the type of feed. In methane research, animal respiration chambers are close to this ideal standard; researchers know exactly what is going into and coming out of an animal and can change the feed, compare the methane emitted from genetically-different animals, or test the effectiveness of a treatment, e.g. a vaccine.</p>\r\n<h3>Challenges</h3>\r\n<p>Animals can be kept in chambers for only a limited period of time, so measurements essentially provide only a &lsquo;snapshot&rsquo; of emissions. To infer longerterm average emissions, say in different physiological stages e.g. pregnancy or lactation, scientists have to rely on repeat measurements.</p>\r\n<p>The ability to keep things largely constant remains the prime advantage of respiration chambers &ndash; but also its main drawback as this does not reflect the real world. For example, in the paddock, different animals might naturally select a different mix of feed, and some may be naturally more active than others. In a chamber, they do not have that choice. Overall, chambers are the most precise measurement method but they&nbsp;are labour and resource intensive, and the number of animals that can be measured is limited by the number of chambers available.</p>\r\n<h3>Further reading</h3>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%; text-align: center;\"><img class=\"\" title=\"balloon.png\" src=\"user/image/thumb/535/balloon.png\" alt=\"balloon.png\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"methane-1.html\">Methane as a greenhouse gas</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"jointbrandlogo.jpg\" src=\"user/image/small/328/jointbrandlogo.jpg\" alt=\"jointbrandlogo.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h4><a href=\"methane.html\">NZAGRC-PGgRc methane research programme</a></h4>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"AllianceLogo\" src=\"user/image/small/239/Alliance Lockup-white-temp_2.JPG\" alt=\"AllianceLogo\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h4><strong><a href=\"https://globalresearchalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/GRA-MAN-Facility-BestPract-2012-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Technical manual on Respiration chamber design</a>&nbsp;</strong>(external website)</h4>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p><br /><br /></p>', 'How they work\r\nRespiration chambers are animal-friendly closed circuit containers in which animals are contained while their gas output is measured. The New Zealand Animal Ruminant Methane Measurement Centre at AgResearch, part-funded by the NZAGRC, is a dedicated measurement facility, comprising 24 chambers for sheep and four for cattle. Since its opening in April 2011, over 6500 sheep and more than 750 cattle have been measured. After up to a week of acclimatisation in open-sided crates, the animals enter the respiration chambers which are made of perspex and arranged side-by-side so animals can see each other. Automated systems continuously sample the air entering and leaving the chambers, to measure the amount of methane formed by the animals. Temperature, humidity and air flow are continuously controlled.\r\nTechnicians top up each animal’s food and water at regular intervals, and remove dung and urine. Time spent in the chambers is generally restricted to two days. All animal experiments are subject to strict animal ethics approval procedures, and animals are monitored for their welfare in the chambers; if animals refuse to eat or show signs of distress they are released. If environmental conditions change inside the chambers, the chamber doors open automatically and release the animals.\r\nWhy do it\r\nThe ‘gold standard’ in scientific experiments is to keep every element of an experiment the same except for the one factor you are investigating, e.g. the type of feed. In methane research, animal respiration chambers are close to this ideal standard; researchers know exactly what is going into and coming out of an animal and can change the feed, compare the methane emitted from genetically-different animals, or test the effectiveness of a treatment, e.g. a vaccine.\r\nChallenges\r\nAnimals can be kept in chambers for only a limited period of time, so measurements essentially provide only a ‘snapshot’ of emissions. To infer longerterm average emissions, say in different physiological stages e.g. pregnancy or lactation, scientists have to rely on repeat measurements.\r\nThe ability to keep things largely constant remains the prime advantage of respiration chambers – but also its main drawback as this does not reflect the real world. For example, in the paddock, different animals might naturally select a different mix of feed, and some may be naturally more active than others. In a chamber, they do not have that choice. Overall, chambers are the most precise measurement method but they are labour and resource intensive, and the number of animals that can be measured is limited by the number of chambers available.\r\nFurther reading\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMethane as a greenhouse gas\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC-PGgRc methane research programme\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTechnical manual on Respiration chamber design (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What are respiration chambers?', 'What are respiration chambers and how are they useful for measuring methane expelled by ruminant animals?', 'methane, ch4, calorimeter, sheep in a box, measuring, measurement, measure, nz, agriculture, ghg, greenhouse gas', '', 4, 'Y'),
(405, '', 'What is the SF6 tracer technique?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<h3>How they work</h3>\r\n<p>This technique was devised to answer the question &lsquo;How much methane does an animal grazing freely in a field produce over a given period (usually one 24-hour feeding cycle)?&rsquo; Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert gas that is easy to detect even in minute amounts. In experiments using this technique, a &lsquo;permeation tube&rsquo; containing SF6 is inserted into an animal&rsquo;s rumen via the mouth. This tube will slowly release SF6 over time at a predetermined rate and the released gas will be emitted via the mouth. The animal is fitted with a lightweight &lsquo;yoke&rsquo;, which carries an air-evacuated canister that slowly draws air at a steady rate from near the animal&rsquo;s nostrils.</p>\r\n<p>When the animal belches, it releases both SF6 and methane from its nostrils, and some of this is sucked into the canister (along with air surrounding the animal). Canisters are changed daily so that a series of repeat 24&nbsp;hour measurements can be obtained. The air accumulated<br />in the canister is analysed later to determine the ratio of SF6 to methane in the sample.</p>\r\n<p>Since the amount of SF6 that is released from the permeation tube over a given period is known, scientists can use the measured ratio of SF6 to methane to calculate how much methane the animal has released over the same period.</p>\r\n<h3>Why do it</h3>\r\n<p>Measurements are made under realistic conditions and can continue for longer periods of time.</p>\r\n<h3>Challenges</h3>\r\n<p>Unlike respiration chambers, there is no easy way to measure exactly what the animals are eating while grazing. Feed&nbsp;intake can be inferred from the animal&rsquo;s size and weight gain/milk production, or from&nbsp;dung collection, but these are subject to large errors. The SF6 tracer technique is also labour intensive: gas collection canisters are generally changed every 24 hours, for about five to eight days.</p>\r\n<p>Overall, the technique is not as accurate as respiration chambers.</p>\r\n<h3>Read more</h3>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"methane-1.html\">Methane as a greenhouse gas</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"methane.html\">NZAGRC-PGgRc methane research programme</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://globalresearchalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/SF6-Guidelines-all-chapters-web.pdf\">Guidelines for use of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique</a></strong>&nbsp;(external website)</p>', 'How they work\r\nThis technique was devised to answer the question ‘How much methane does an animal grazing freely in a field produce over a given period (usually one 24-hour feeding cycle)?’ Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert gas that is easy to detect even in minute amounts. In experiments using this technique, a ‘permeation tube’ containing SF6 is inserted into an animal’s rumen via the mouth. This tube will slowly release SF6 over time at a predetermined rate and the released gas will be emitted via the mouth. The animal is fitted with a lightweight ‘yoke’, which carries an air-evacuated canister that slowly draws air at a steady rate from near the animal’s nostrils.\r\nWhen the animal belches, it releases both SF6 and methane from its nostrils, and some of this is sucked into the canister (along with air surrounding the animal). Canisters are changed daily so that a series of repeat 24 hour measurements can be obtained. The air accumulatedin the canister is analysed later to determine the ratio of SF6 to methane in the sample.\r\nSince the amount of SF6 that is released from the permeation tube over a given period is known, scientists can use the measured ratio of SF6 to methane to calculate how much methane the animal has released over the same period.\r\nWhy do it\r\nMeasurements are made under realistic conditions and can continue for longer periods of time.\r\nChallenges\r\nUnlike respiration chambers, there is no easy way to measure exactly what the animals are eating while grazing. Feed intake can be inferred from the animal’s size and weight gain/milk production, or from dung collection, but these are subject to large errors. The SF6 tracer technique is also labour intensive: gas collection canisters are generally changed every 24 hours, for about five to eight days.\r\nOverall, the technique is not as accurate as respiration chambers.\r\nRead more\r\nMethane as a greenhouse gas\r\nNZAGRC-PGgRc methane research programme\r\nGuidelines for use of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-08-31', '2016-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', 'What is the SF6 tracer technique?', 'What is the SF6 tracer technique and how is it used to measure methane emitted by ruminant animals?', 'sf6, tracer, niwa, methane, measure, ghg, greenhouse gas, dairy, cows, nz, farming, sheep', '', 4, 'Y'),
(406, '', 'OPINION: Farmers advocate takes wrong message from climate reports - Andy Reisinger', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>As a climate scientist, I strongly rebut Tuesday\'s opinion piece by Robin Grieve who claimed he was relating facts from the Motu Research report, Cows, Sheep and Science: A Scientific Perspective on Biological Emissions from Agriculture, that I co-authored, and a report from the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, both of which came out last year.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=11909465\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'As a climate scientist, I strongly rebut Tuesday\'s opinion piece by Robin Grieve who claimed he was relating facts from the Motu Research report, Cows, Sheep and Science: A Scientific Perspective on Biological Emissions from Agriculture, that I co-authored, and a report from the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, both of which came out last year.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-08-24', '2017-08-24', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'OPINION: Farmers advocate takes wrong message from climate reports - Andy Reisinger', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(407, '', 'New scholarship to support greenhouse gas research', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>A new $400,000 scholarship programme to build global expertise on climate change, agriculture and food security will boost New Zealand&rsquo;s contribution to agricultural greenhouse gas research say Climate Change Minister Paula Bennett and Primary Industries Minister Nathan Guy.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new-scholarship-support-greenhouse-gas-research\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'A new $400,000 scholarship programme to build global expertise on climate change, agriculture and food security will boost New Zealand’s contribution to agricultural greenhouse gas research say Climate Change Minister Paula Bennett and Primary Industries Minister Nathan Guy.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-08-29', '2017-08-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '239', 'New scholarship to support greenhouse gas research', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(408, '', 'Greenhouse Gas Workshops for Rural Professionals', '', '', '<p>DairyNZ is hosting a series of Greenhouse Gas Workshops around the country during the month of September for Rural Professionals.</p>\r\n<p>The workshops have been designed to provide the information rural professionals need to help farmers lower their greenhouse gas footprint.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://www.dairynz.co.nz/environment/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-roadshows/\">Find a workshop in your region here</a></p>', 'DairyNZ is hosting a series of Greenhouse Gas Workshops around the country during the month of September for Rural Professionals.\r\nThe workshops have been designed to provide the information rural professionals need to help farmers lower their greenhouse gas footprint.\r\nFind a workshop in your region here', '', '', '', '', '2017-09-04', '2017-09-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '100', 'DairyNZ\'s Greenhouse Gas Workshops for Rural Professionals', 'DairyNZ is hosting a series of Greenhouse Gas Workshops around the country during the month of September for Rural Professionals.', 'climate change, ghg, methane, farmers, nz farming, farming, greenhouse gas, ch4, workshop, learn, development', '', 4, 'Y'),
(409, '', 'Spikey receives prestigious environmental sustainability award', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Spikey, a New Zealand innovation that is supported by the NZAGRC and the Global Research Alliance (GRA), has recently been awarded a prestigious&nbsp;environmental&nbsp;sustainability award by the professional body for engineers, IPENZ.</p>\r\n<p>Spikey&mdash;so called because it is made up of&nbsp;long&nbsp;row of spiked discs that&nbsp;contact&nbsp;the soil when the device is towed over a paddock&mdash;is the brainchild of Pastoral Robotics Ltd. It detects fresh cow urine patches and treats them with environmentally safe chemicals that help more of the nitrate formed from the urea fertilise grass,&nbsp;increasing growth.&nbsp;This results in less harmful nitrate&nbsp;leaching&nbsp;into&nbsp;aquifers, lakes and rivers&mdash;Pastoral Robotics estimates Spikey will reduce nitrate leaching by&nbsp;up to&nbsp;50 percent&mdash;and an increase in grass growth&nbsp;by up to 15&nbsp;percent.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>The NZAGRC helped fund Pastoral Robotics to&nbsp;optimise&nbsp;the on-farm performance of&nbsp;Spike<sup>&reg;</sup>, and the Centre is also currently funding Spikey to be further developed as a research tool, using money from the GRA.&nbsp; The enhanced version&mdash;Spikey<sup>&reg;</sup>&mdash;will be used to create 3D maps of the location, size and shape of urine patches to help estimate both direct and indirect emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O). The enhanced detail that Spikey&reg; is aiming to provide will enable targeted management and mitigation treatments that will potentially reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions across the wide range of grazed pasture soils in New Zealand and other GRA member countries.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>The NZAGRC was delighted that Spikey&rsquo;s potential as a game changer for the industry was recognised last month, with Pastoral Robotics receiving the Arthur Mead Environmental Award for best project at the annual IPENZ Auckland Branch awards dinner. The award is conferred for projects that make a significant contribution to preserving, conserving and improving the environment while addressing sustainability and potential adverse environmental effects.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"locating-urine-patch.html\">Read more about Spikey</a></strong></p>\r\n<p><strong><img class=\"\" title=\"Spikey_winners_2.jpg\" src=\"user/image/medium/573/Spikey_winners_2.jpg\" alt=\"Spikey_winners_2.jpg\" data-href=\"\" />&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class=\"\" title=\"Spikey.jpg\" src=\"user/image/medium/574/Spikey.jpg\" alt=\"Spikey.jpg\" data-href=\"\" />&nbsp;&nbsp;<img class=\"\" title=\"Spikey_2.jpg\" src=\"user/image/medium/575/Spikey_2.jpg\" alt=\"Spikey_2.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></strong></p>', 'Spikey, a New Zealand innovation that is supported by the NZAGRC and the Global Research Alliance (GRA), has recently been awarded a prestigious environmental sustainability award by the professional body for engineers, IPENZ.\r\nSpikey—so called because it is made up of long row of spiked discs that contact the soil when the device is towed over a paddock—is the brainchild of Pastoral Robotics Ltd. It detects fresh cow urine patches and treats them with environmentally safe chemicals that help more of the nitrate formed from the urea fertilise grass, increasing growth. This results in less harmful nitrate leaching into aquifers, lakes and rivers—Pastoral Robotics estimates Spikey will reduce nitrate leaching by up to 50 percent—and an increase in grass growth by up to 15 percent. \r\nThe NZAGRC helped fund Pastoral Robotics to optimise the on-farm performance of Spike®, and the Centre is also currently funding Spikey to be further developed as a research tool, using money from the GRA.  The enhanced version—Spikey®—will be used to create 3D maps of the location, size and shape of urine patches to help estimate both direct and indirect emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). The enhanced detail that Spikey® is aiming to provide will enable targeted management and mitigation treatments that will potentially reduce N2O emissions across the wide range of grazed pasture soils in New Zealand and other GRA member countries. \r\nThe NZAGRC was delighted that Spikey’s potential as a game changer for the industry was recognised last month, with Pastoral Robotics receiving the Arthur Mead Environmental Award for best project at the annual IPENZ Auckland Branch awards dinner. The award is conferred for projects that make a significant contribution to preserving, conserving and improving the environment while addressing sustainability and potential adverse environmental effects.\r\nRead more about Spikey', '', '', '', '', '2017-09-03', '2017-09-03', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '572', 'Spikey has been awarded a prestigious environmental sustainability award', 'Spikey has been awarded a prestigious environmental sustainability award by IPENZ', 'environmental sustainability, ghg, nitrate leaching, pastoral robotics, geoff bates,  NH4, Arthur Mead, nitrous oxide, n2o, Environmental Award ', '', 4, 'Y'),
(410, '', 'Sheep from low-methane-yield selection lines created on alfalfa pellets also have lower methane yield under pastoral farming conditions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p style=\"color: #58595b; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">Jonker, A., S. Hickey, C. Pinares-Pati&ntilde;o, J. McEwan, S. Olinga, A. D&iacute;az, G. Molano, S. MacLean, E. Sandoval, R. Harland, D. Birch, B. Bryson, K. Knowler, and S. Rowe. 2017. Sheep from low-methane-yield selection lines created on alfalfa pellets also have lower methane yield under pastoral farming conditions. J. Anim. Sci. 0. doi:10.2527/jas.2017.1709</p>\r\n<div id=\"wrapper\" style=\"color: #58595b; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<p style=\"color: #58595b; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">Selection lines of sheep with low and high CH4 yield (g/kg DMI; CH4/DMI) are being developed on the basis of feeding pelleted alfalfa hay at 2.0 times maintenance ME requirements in respiration chambers, but their divergence under predominant grazing conditions, as in New Zealand, is not known. The objectives of this study were to determine CH4 emissions and rumen fermentation characteristics in sheep from low and high CH4/DMI selection lines while grazing pasture. Two grazing experiments were conducted with 42 selection line ewes in March 2013 (Exp. 1) and 98 selection line progeny ewe hoggets in October/November 2014 (Exp. 2), with CH4 emissions estimated by the SF6 tracer technique and DMI estimated by titanium oxide in combination with natural long-chain n-alkanes. Total daily CH4 production (g/d) was similar between high and low CH4/DMI selection line sheep in Exp. 1 and lower for low CH4/DMI progeny compared with high CH4/DMI progeny in Exp. 2 (P &lt; 0.05). The CH4/DMI tended to be 20% lower for low CH4/DMI line sheep compared with high CH4/DMI selection line sheep in Exp. 1 (P &lt; 0.10) and was 15% lower for the low CH4/DMI line in Exp. 2 (P &lt; 0.01). Total VFA concentration and concentrations (mM) of acetate, butyrate, and isobutyrate plus isovalerate were lower (P &lt; 0.05) for low CH4/DMI line sheep compared with high CH4/DMI selection line sheep in both experiments. The current study indicates that differences in CH4/DMI and VFA concentrations in selection line sheep, previously established on alfalfa pellets, are also present to a similar magnitude when grazing pasture.</p>\r\n<p style=\"color: #58595b; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #282829; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jas/articles/0/0/jas.2017.1709?noSSO=1\">Read more&nbsp;</a></strong>(external link)</p>\r\n<ul style=\"color: #58595b; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">\r\n<li>This study was funded by the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (<a style=\"color: #282829; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"http://www.pggrc.co.nz/\">www.pggrc.co.nz</a>) and New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (<a style=\"color: #282829; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/\">www.nzagrc.org.nz</a>). Stephen Olinga and Alexey D&iacute;az were financially supported by the LEARN Awards Programme (<a style=\"color: #282829; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"http://www.livestockemissions.net/\">www.livestockemissions.net</a>).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Jonker, A., S. Hickey, C. Pinares-Patiño, J. McEwan, S. Olinga, A. Díaz, G. Molano, S. MacLean, E. Sandoval, R. Harland, D. Birch, B. Bryson, K. Knowler, and S. Rowe. 2017. Sheep from low-methane-yield selection lines created on alfalfa pellets also have lower methane yield under pastoral farming conditions. J. Anim. Sci. 0. doi:10.2527/jas.2017.1709\r\n \r\nSelection lines of sheep with low and high CH4 yield (g/kg DMI; CH4/DMI) are being developed on the basis of feeding pelleted alfalfa hay at 2.0 times maintenance ME requirements in respiration chambers, but their divergence under predominant grazing conditions, as in New Zealand, is not known. The objectives of this study were to determine CH4 emissions and rumen fermentation characteristics in sheep from low and high CH4/DMI selection lines while grazing pasture. Two grazing experiments were conducted with 42 selection line ewes in March 2013 (Exp. 1) and 98 selection line progeny ewe hoggets in October/November 2014 (Exp. 2), with CH4 emissions estimated by the SF6 tracer technique and DMI estimated by titanium oxide in combination with natural long-chain n-alkanes. Total daily CH4 production (g/d) was similar between high and low CH4/DMI selection line sheep in Exp. 1 and lower for low CH4/DMI progeny compared with high CH4/DMI progeny in Exp. 2 (P < 0.05). The CH4/DMI tended to be 20% lower for low CH4/DMI line sheep compared with high CH4/DMI selection line sheep in Exp. 1 (P < 0.10) and was 15% lower for the low CH4/DMI line in Exp. 2 (P < 0.01). Total VFA concentration and concentrations (mM) of acetate, butyrate, and isobutyrate plus isovalerate were lower (P < 0.05) for low CH4/DMI line sheep compared with high CH4/DMI selection line sheep in both experiments. The current study indicates that differences in CH4/DMI and VFA concentrations in selection line sheep, previously established on alfalfa pellets, are also present to a similar magnitude when grazing pasture.\r\nRead more (external link)\r\n\r\nThis study was funded by the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (www.pggrc.co.nz) and New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (www.nzagrc.org.nz). Stephen Olinga and Alexey Díaz were financially supported by the LEARN Awards Programme (www.livestockemissions.net).', '', '', '', '', '2017-09-08', '2017-09-08', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Sheep from low-methane-yield selection lines created on alfalfa pellets also have lower methane yield under pastoral farming conditions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(411, '', 'Annual Report 2017', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"NZAGRC 2017 Annual Report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1726/NZAGRC%202017%20Annual%20Report.pdf\"><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"NZAGRC 2017 Annual Report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1726/NZAGRC%202017%20Annual%20Report.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> NZAGRC 2017 Annual Report.pdf</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(1.56MB)</span></span></a></span></p>', 'NZAGRC 2017 Annual Report.pdf (1.56MB)', '', '', '', '', '2017-09-30', '2017-09-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '606', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
