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(439, '', 'Livestock emissions must be cut, say scientists', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><strong>LIVESTOCK emissions will have to be cut if the world is to keep warming down to Paris Agreement levels, two top New Zealand scientists are warning.</strong></p>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div class=\"MiddleColumn\">\r\n<div class=\"ContentPanelFull\">\r\n<div class=\"StoryFirstPara\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div class=\"StorySecondPara\">\r\n<div class=\"normal\">\r\n<p>The scientists have found that methane, a short-lived greenhouse gas released by agricultural activities, has a much bigger impact on global warming than previously thought, and say that agricultural is directly responsible for nearly a quarter of global warming.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://carbonnews.co.nz/story.asp?storyID=13591\" target=\"_blank\">Read more</a></strong> (external website, paywall)<br /><br /></p>\r\n<h3>Further reading</h3>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img title=\"NZAGRClogo\" src=\"user/image/small/247/NZ%20AGRC%20Logo-POS-on%20WHITE-CMYK_Crop.jpg\" alt=\"NZAGRClogo\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"media,listing,433,new-research-shows-significant-impact-from-livestock-on-actual-warming.html\">Media release: New research shows significant impact from livestock on actual warming</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"user/image/eventright/525/gcb_cover.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"science-publications,listing,434,how-much-do-direct-livestock-emissions-actually-contribute-to-global-warming.html\">Scientific publication: How much do direct livestock emissions actually contribute to global warming?</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img title=\"AndyReisinger\" src=\"user/image/small/109/Andy_VUW.jpg\" alt=\"AndyReisinger\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"agricultural-emissions-their-role-in-climate-change-past-present-and-future.html\">Dr Andy Reisinger: Agricultural emissions: their role in climate change (video)</a>&nbsp;</h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'LIVESTOCK emissions will have to be cut if the world is to keep warming down to Paris Agreement levels, two top New Zealand scientists are warning.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nThe scientists have found that methane, a short-lived greenhouse gas released by agricultural activities, has a much bigger impact on global warming than previously thought, and say that agricultural is directly responsible for nearly a quarter of global warming.\r\nRead more (external website, paywall)\r\nFurther reading\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMedia release: New research shows significant impact from livestock on actual warming\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nScientific publication: How much do direct livestock emissions actually contribute to global warming?\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDr Andy Reisinger: Agricultural emissions: their role in climate change (video)', '', '', '', '', '2017-11-14', '2017-11-14', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(440, '', 'Low methane producing sheep could be way forward for NZ', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sheep giving off lower methane emissions are being bred by scientists now looking to see if they can produce&nbsp;leaner meat and more lambs.</p>\r\n<p>Methane from livestock is responsible for 33 per cent of New Zealand\'s greenhouse gas emissions. As part of international agreements, New Zealand is committed to cutting these emissions.</p>\r\n<p>\"New Zealand has the issue that they can\'t do this by cutting urban emissions or planting trees,\" AgResearch senior scientist Suzanne Rowe said.</p>\r\n<p>Scientists at Invermay have been involved in a five year programme to measure whether breeding sheep for low methane is likely to affect reproduction, productivity and health.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/sheep/96275430/low-methane-producing-sheep-could-be-way-forward-for-nz\" target=\"_blank\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'Sheep giving off lower methane emissions are being bred by scientists now looking to see if they can produce leaner meat and more lambs.\r\nMethane from livestock is responsible for 33 per cent of New Zealand\'s greenhouse gas emissions. As part of international agreements, New Zealand is committed to cutting these emissions.\r\n\"New Zealand has the issue that they can\'t do this by cutting urban emissions or planting trees,\" AgResearch senior scientist Suzanne Rowe said.\r\nScientists at Invermay have been involved in a five year programme to measure whether breeding sheep for low methane is likely to affect reproduction, productivity and health.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-08-30', '2017-08-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Low methane producing sheep could be way forward for NZ', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(441, '', 'Morning Rural News for 13 September 2017', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Listen to Suzanne Rowe discussing current low methane breeding work at Invermay</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ruralnews/audio/201858285/morning-rural-news-for-13-september-2017\" target=\"_blank\">Listen</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'Listen to Suzanne Rowe discussing current low methane breeding work at Invermay\r\nListen (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-09-13', '2017-09-13', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '528', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(445, '', 'Towards low emissions livestock: the GRA\'s Enteric Fermentation Flagship', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The GRA&rsquo;s Enteric Fermentation Flagship is beginning to take shape with four initial project proposals presented to the Council when it met in August.</p>\r\n<p>The Enteric Fermentation Flagship is being set up to support countries account for and reduce enteric methane emissions within a context of sustainable development and food security. It is focused on:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Development of solutions for reducing enteric methane emissions</li>\r\n<li>Improved quantification of emissions at national to farm scales</li>\r\n<li>Identification, testing and implementation of appropriate mitigation solutions in diverse situations</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>More than 50 project ideas were put forward by countries during the flagship&rsquo;s development over the last 12 months, including at the LRG meeting held in Washington D.C. in April this year. A prioritisation process whittled this down to four initial project ideas to present at the GRA Council meeting:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Profiling the Rumen Microbiome: breeding for productivity and environmental gains</li>\r\n<li>Feed for Yield: quantifying the effect of nutrition on enteric methane</li>\r\n<li>RumenPredict + : linking genetics, diet and the rumen to predict environmental outcomes</li>\r\n<li>Forages for the Future: mitigating enteric methane from grazing livestock</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p>These four were identified because they&nbsp;a) extended existing multi-country projects; and b) had an existing funding base, and therefore could get up and running quickly.</p>\r\n<p>The remaining group of project ideas will continue to be worked on by countries, as well as further project ideas gathered. For more information on progress with the GRA&rsquo;s three other research flagships, see <a href=\"policy,listing,447,gra-research-flagships.html\">http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/policy,listing,447,gra-research-flagships.html</a>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong>1. Profiling the rumen microbiome: breeding for productivity and environmental gain</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Who?</strong> Led by New Zealand and also involving Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Uruguay and African and other GRA countries.</p>\r\n<p>The project is an expansion of existing work in the LRG&rsquo;s Animal Selection, Genetics and Genomics Network, that is funded by New Zealand.</p>\r\n<p><strong>What?</strong> A method is being developed in New Zealand and Australia for rapid, low-cost profiling of sheep rumen microbiomes to identify low methane emitting animals.</p>\r\n<p>As a Flagship project, this work will be expanded to enable other countries to contribute and to include other ruminants e.g. cattle and goats. Initially, additional genetic profiling will be undertaken in dairy and beef systems in Australia, Brazil and across Africa. The project will identify animals with low methane as well as those better adapted to local circumstances.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Why?</strong> The new work will yield a method to support genetic selection of animals that doesn&rsquo;t require expensive infrastructure and can be used in live animals at any stage of production. The method can then be used to identify and select low-emitting animals that are also better adapted to sustain periods of feed restriction and low quality forage&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong>2. Feed for Yield: quantifying the effect of nutrition on enteric methane</strong></p>\r\n<p>Who? Led by the coordinators of the LRG&rsquo;s Feed &amp; Nutrition Network (USA and the Netherlands) and potentially involving all GRA countries.</p>\r\n<p>What? This project is a major expansion of existing work funded by ERA-GAS and known as CEDERS (see page 4). Databases on feed/ methane relationships will be broadened to include new data representing production systems and environments around the world. This will enable more specific methane yield (Ym) values to be developed for local feeds and production circumstances that can then be used by participating countries to improve their national inventories and to demonstrate mitigation. Expansion will focus on addressing the biggest gaps in current data, including tropical systems and systems relying on by-products for feed.</p>\r\n<p>Why? Manipulating feed type and supply is one of the main ways of mitigating enteric methane. More comprehensive and globally representative data is urgently needed to increase the understanding of the relationship between enteric methane and feed, to develop nationally appropriate mitigation options and to provide locally appropriate emission factors.</p>\r\n<p><strong>3. RumenPredict + : linking genetics, diet and the rumen to predict environmental outcomes</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Who?</strong> Led by the UK coordinator of the LRG&rsquo;s Rumen Microbial Genomics Network and potentially involving all GRA countries.</p>\r\n<p><strong>What?</strong> As with project 2, this project is a major expansion of existing work funded by ERA-GAS and known as RumenPredict (see page 4). It will use published data to develop a database that links genetics, diet and the rumen microbiome to environmental outputs. This exploitation of existing data will enable significant research gains in understanding how changes in the rumen microbiome alter rumen function and can reduce enteric methane emissions.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Why?</strong> Manipulating the microbes in the rumen is potentially a highly effective mitigation strategy. Global knowledge of the make-up and functioning of these microbial communities has increased substantially thanks to existing GRA collaborations such as the Global Rumen Census and the Hungate 1000. This project would build on past GRA projects by broadening the samples gathered to include a wider range of production environments. This in turn supports better forecasting of animal emissions and the most appropriate strategies for mitigation.</p>\r\n<p><strong>4. Forages for the Future: mitigating enteric methane from grazing livestock</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Who?</strong> Led by Canada and potentially involving all GRA countries.</p>\r\n<p><strong>What?</strong> This project will examine the practical and economic feasibility of the most promising feed-based solutions for reducing enteric methane in forage-based (grazing) systems. A database will be developed that compiles and summarises information obtained from GRA countries who have tested a range of mitigation approaches suitable for forage-fed ruminants. This will include novel local feeds, and novel feed additives and supplements.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Why?</strong> Many feed-based mitigation strategies have been identified (e.g. lipid-containing supplements, feeding compounds, legume forages etc). However, these can be challenging to apply at the local level for grazing ruminants. Providing a critical evaluation of the efficacy of the various strategies will help inform countries&rsquo; understanding of the options most appropriate to their production circumstances.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Funding for the flagship projects</strong></p>\r\n<p>Although all four projects have existing resourcing to draw on, additional funding will be needed to expand the existing projects. Countries and other research partners can make in-kind contributions by providing samples or data (depending on the project&rsquo;s needs) or cash funding to assist with the costs of increased project coordination, database development, analysis etc, e.g. by sponsoring a postdoctoral position. It is hoped that the GRA&rsquo;s &lsquo;GHG Nexus&rsquo; initiative might provide a means for attracting and coordinating some of this funding (see page 6). For more information on the Enteric Fermentation Flagship, please contact <a href=\"mailto:LRG-enquiry@nzagrc.org.nz\">LRG-enquiry@nzagrc.org.nz</a></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article originally appeared in the Livestock Reserach Group newsletter October 2017, which can be viewed at&nbsp;<a href=\"https://globalresearchalliance.org/library/livestock-research-group-newsletter-october-2017/\">https://globalresearchalliance.org/library/livestock-research-group-newsletter-october-2017</a>&nbsp;</em></p>', 'The GRA’s Enteric Fermentation Flagship is beginning to take shape with four initial project proposals presented to the Council when it met in August.\r\nThe Enteric Fermentation Flagship is being set up to support countries account for and reduce enteric methane emissions within a context of sustainable development and food security. It is focused on:\r\n\r\nDevelopment of solutions for reducing enteric methane emissions\r\nImproved quantification of emissions at national to farm scales\r\nIdentification, testing and implementation of appropriate mitigation solutions in diverse situations\r\n\r\nMore than 50 project ideas were put forward by countries during the flagship’s development over the last 12 months, including at the LRG meeting held in Washington D.C. in April this year. A prioritisation process whittled this down to four initial project ideas to present at the GRA Council meeting:\r\n\r\nProfiling the Rumen Microbiome: breeding for productivity and environmental gains\r\nFeed for Yield: quantifying the effect of nutrition on enteric methane\r\nRumenPredict + : linking genetics, diet and the rumen to predict environmental outcomes\r\nForages for the Future: mitigating enteric methane from grazing livestock\r\n\r\nThese four were identified because they a) extended existing multi-country projects; and b) had an existing funding base, and therefore could get up and running quickly.\r\nThe remaining group of project ideas will continue to be worked on by countries, as well as further project ideas gathered. For more information on progress with the GRA’s three other research flagships, see http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/policy,listing,447,gra-research-flagships.html \r\n1. Profiling the rumen microbiome: breeding for productivity and environmental gain\r\nWho? Led by New Zealand and also involving Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Uruguay and African and other GRA countries.\r\nThe project is an expansion of existing work in the LRG’s Animal Selection, Genetics and Genomics Network, that is funded by New Zealand.\r\nWhat? A method is being developed in New Zealand and Australia for rapid, low-cost profiling of sheep rumen microbiomes to identify low methane emitting animals.\r\nAs a Flagship project, this work will be expanded to enable other countries to contribute and to include other ruminants e.g. cattle and goats. Initially, additional genetic profiling will be undertaken in dairy and beef systems in Australia, Brazil and across Africa. The project will identify animals with low methane as well as those better adapted to local circumstances.\r\nWhy? The new work will yield a method to support genetic selection of animals that doesn’t require expensive infrastructure and can be used in live animals at any stage of production. The method can then be used to identify and select low-emitting animals that are also better adapted to sustain periods of feed restriction and low quality forage \r\n2. Feed for Yield: quantifying the effect of nutrition on enteric methane\r\nWho? Led by the coordinators of the LRG’s Feed & Nutrition Network (USA and the Netherlands) and potentially involving all GRA countries.\r\nWhat? This project is a major expansion of existing work funded by ERA-GAS and known as CEDERS (see page 4). Databases on feed/ methane relationships will be broadened to include new data representing production systems and environments around the world. This will enable more specific methane yield (Ym) values to be developed for local feeds and production circumstances that can then be used by participating countries to improve their national inventories and to demonstrate mitigation. Expansion will focus on addressing the biggest gaps in current data, including tropical systems and systems relying on by-products for feed.\r\nWhy? Manipulating feed type and supply is one of the main ways of mitigating enteric methane. More comprehensive and globally representative data is urgently needed to increase the understanding of the relationship between enteric methane and feed, to develop nationally appropriate mitigation options and to provide locally appropriate emission factors.\r\n3. RumenPredict + : linking genetics, diet and the rumen to predict environmental outcomes\r\nWho? Led by the UK coordinator of the LRG’s Rumen Microbial Genomics Network and potentially involving all GRA countries.\r\nWhat? As with project 2, this project is a major expansion of existing work funded by ERA-GAS and known as RumenPredict (see page 4). It will use published data to develop a database that links genetics, diet and the rumen microbiome to environmental outputs. This exploitation of existing data will enable significant research gains in understanding how changes in the rumen microbiome alter rumen function and can reduce enteric methane emissions.\r\nWhy? Manipulating the microbes in the rumen is potentially a highly effective mitigation strategy. Global knowledge of the make-up and functioning of these microbial communities has increased substantially thanks to existing GRA collaborations such as the Global Rumen Census and the Hungate 1000. This project would build on past GRA projects by broadening the samples gathered to include a wider range of production environments. This in turn supports better forecasting of animal emissions and the most appropriate strategies for mitigation.\r\n4. Forages for the Future: mitigating enteric methane from grazing livestock\r\nWho? Led by Canada and potentially involving all GRA countries.\r\nWhat? This project will examine the practical and economic feasibility of the most promising feed-based solutions for reducing enteric methane in forage-based (grazing) systems. A database will be developed that compiles and summarises information obtained from GRA countries who have tested a range of mitigation approaches suitable for forage-fed ruminants. This will include novel local feeds, and novel feed additives and supplements.\r\nWhy? Many feed-based mitigation strategies have been identified (e.g. lipid-containing supplements, feeding compounds, legume forages etc). However, these can be challenging to apply at the local level for grazing ruminants. Providing a critical evaluation of the efficacy of the various strategies will help inform countries’ understanding of the options most appropriate to their production circumstances.\r\nFunding for the flagship projects\r\nAlthough all four projects have existing resourcing to draw on, additional funding will be needed to expand the existing projects. Countries and other research partners can make in-kind contributions by providing samples or data (depending on the project’s needs) or cash funding to assist with the costs of increased project coordination, database development, analysis etc, e.g. by sponsoring a postdoctoral position. It is hoped that the GRA’s ‘GHG Nexus’ initiative might provide a means for attracting and coordinating some of this funding (see page 6). For more information on the Enteric Fermentation Flagship, please contact LRG-enquiry@nzagrc.org.nz\r\n\r\n \r\nThis article originally appeared in the Livestock Reserach Group newsletter October 2017, which can be viewed at https://globalresearchalliance.org/library/livestock-research-group-newsletter-october-2017', '', '', '', '', '2017-11-01', '2017-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '239', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(442, '', 'Low emissions development of the beef cattle sector in Argentina', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving productivity while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from beef production in Argentina.&nbsp; The overall objective of this study is to support Argentina in identifying low-cost strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions while contributing to the countries&rsquo; short- and long-term social and economic development and increasing resilience to climate change.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7671e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View report</a>&nbsp;(external website)</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/in-action/enteric-methane/en/\" target=\"_blank\">Read more about the project&nbsp;</a>(external website)</p>', 'The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving productivity while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from beef production in Argentina.  The overall objective of this study is to support Argentina in identifying low-cost strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions while contributing to the countries’ short- and long-term social and economic development and increasing resilience to climate change.\r\nView report (external website)\r\nRead more about the project (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-11-21', '2017-11-21', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '594', 'LOW-EMISSIONS DEVELOPMENT OF THE BEEF CATTLE SECTOR IN ARGENTINA', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(443, '', 'Options for low emission development in the Sri Lanka dairy sector', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating&nbsp;the potential for improving milk production while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from dairy production in Sri Lanka. The overall objective of this study is to support Sri Lanka in identifying low-cost strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions while contributing to the countries&rsquo; short- to long-term social and economic development and increasing resilience to climate change</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7673e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View report</a>&nbsp;(external website)</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/in-action/enteric-methane/en/\" target=\"_blank\">Read more about the project&nbsp;</a>(external website)</p>', 'The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving milk production while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from dairy production in Sri Lanka. The overall objective of this study is to support Sri Lanka in identifying low-cost strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions while contributing to the countries’ short- to long-term social and economic development and increasing resilience to climate change\r\nView report (external website)\r\nRead more about the project (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-11-21', '2017-11-21', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '595', 'Options for low-emission development in the Sri Lanka dairy sector ', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(444, '', 'Options for low emission development in the Kenya dairy sector ', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving milk production while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from dairy production in Kenya. The overall objective of this study is to support Kenya in identifying low-cost strategies to reduce enteric CH4 emissions while contributing to the country shortto long-term social and economic development and increasing resilience to climate change.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7669e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View report</a>&nbsp;(external website)</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/in-action/enteric-methane/en/\" target=\"_blank\">Read more about the project&nbsp;</a>(external website)</p>', 'The NZAGRC in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN has released a report evaluating the potential for improving milk production while reducing enteric methane emission intensity from dairy production in Kenya. The overall objective of this study is to support Kenya in identifying low-cost strategies to reduce enteric CH4 emissions while contributing to the country shortto long-term social and economic development and increasing resilience to climate change.\r\nView report (external website)\r\nRead more about the project (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-11-21', '2017-11-21', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '596', 'Options for low-emission development in the Kenya dairy sector ', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(446, '', 'IPCC author nominations for the 6th Assessment Report', '', '', '<p>Nomination of authors for the IPCC&rsquo;s Sixth Assessment Report close this month. Please see pages 1 and 2 of this newsletter for more details. Date: 27 October 2017 Website: https://www.ipcc.ch/apps/nominations/authors/public/</p>', 'Nomination of authors for the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report close this month. Please see pages 1 and 2 of this newsletter for more details. Date: 27 October 2017 Website: https://www.ipcc.ch/apps/nominations/authors/public/', '', '', '', '', '2017-10-27', '2017-10-27', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(447, '', 'GRA Research Flagships', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>When it met in 2016, the GRA Council approved the development of four flagship programmes as a way of defining research priorities and attracting resourcing.</p>\r\n<p>The flagships are:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Enteric fermentation</li>\r\n<li>Agricultural greenhouse gas inventories</li>\r\n<li>Soil carbon sequestration</li>\r\n<li>Water management in rice production</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p>The Council received presentations on each of the four flagships, and discussed the prospects for two further flagships &ndash; one on the &lsquo;circular food system&rsquo; and the other on nitrous oxide. The Netherlands will lead development of a taskforce to explore a flagship on circular food systems, and the Croplands Research Group will take the nitrous oxide flagship forward.</p>\r\n<p>Details on the Enteric Fermentation Flagship and its four initial projects are&nbsp;available at <a href=\"gra,listing,445,towards-low-emissions-livestock-the-gras-enteric-fermentation-flagship.html\">http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/gra,listing,445,towards-low-emissions-livestock-the-gras-enteric-fermentation-flagship.html</a></p>\r\n<p>In terms of the other two flagships of relevance to the LRG, the Council was presented with seven high-level project concepts for the Inventory Flagship, including development of guidance on incorporating mitigation into national inventories, guidance on higher Tier inventories, and guidance on incorporating manure management emissions in inventories; database and inventory refinement for greenhouse gas emissions associated with manure and nitrogen management; and regional or country specific project ideas.</p>\r\n<p>The Soil Carbon Sequestration Flagship will focus mostly on activities within the existing &lsquo;Coordination of International Research Cooperation on Soil Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture (CIRCASA) initiative, funded by the FACCE-JPI. CIRCASA aims to strengthen the international research community on soil carbon sequestration in relation to climate change and food security; improve our understanding of agricultural soil carbon sequestration and its potential for mitigation, adaptation and increasing food production; co-design a strategic research agenda with stakeholders on soil carbon sequestration; and create an &lsquo;International Research Consortium&rsquo; (funding model) in this area. The Flagship will also assess options for soil carbon sequestration in grazing systems and set up a &lsquo;soil microbiome for soil carbon&rsquo; network.</p>\r\n<p>The GRA Secretariat is now working with flagship leaders to collate the project ideas and identify which ones have the leadership, support and resourcing needed to succeed. Countries and partners will be invited to review this and indicate their support for specific activities. For more information on the flagships, please contact <a href=\"mailto:secretariat@globalresearchalliance.org\">secretariat@globalresearchalliance.org</a></p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><em>This article originally appeared in the Livestock Reserach Group newsletter October 2017, which can be viewed at&nbsp;<a href=\"https://globalresearchalliance.org/library/livestock-research-group-newsletter-october-2017/\">https://globalresearchalliance.org/library/livestock-research-group-newsletter-october-2017</a>&nbsp;</em></p>', 'When it met in 2016, the GRA Council approved the development of four flagship programmes as a way of defining research priorities and attracting resourcing.\r\nThe flagships are:\r\n\r\nEnteric fermentation\r\nAgricultural greenhouse gas inventories\r\nSoil carbon sequestration\r\nWater management in rice production\r\n\r\nThe Council received presentations on each of the four flagships, and discussed the prospects for two further flagships – one on the ‘circular food system’ and the other on nitrous oxide. The Netherlands will lead development of a taskforce to explore a flagship on circular food systems, and the Croplands Research Group will take the nitrous oxide flagship forward.\r\nDetails on the Enteric Fermentation Flagship and its four initial projects are available at http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/gra,listing,445,towards-low-emissions-livestock-the-gras-enteric-fermentation-flagship.html\r\nIn terms of the other two flagships of relevance to the LRG, the Council was presented with seven high-level project concepts for the Inventory Flagship, including development of guidance on incorporating mitigation into national inventories, guidance on higher Tier inventories, and guidance on incorporating manure management emissions in inventories; database and inventory refinement for greenhouse gas emissions associated with manure and nitrogen management; and regional or country specific project ideas.\r\nThe Soil Carbon Sequestration Flagship will focus mostly on activities within the existing ‘Coordination of International Research Cooperation on Soil Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture (CIRCASA) initiative, funded by the FACCE-JPI. CIRCASA aims to strengthen the international research community on soil carbon sequestration in relation to climate change and food security; improve our understanding of agricultural soil carbon sequestration and its potential for mitigation, adaptation and increasing food production; co-design a strategic research agenda with stakeholders on soil carbon sequestration; and create an ‘International Research Consortium’ (funding model) in this area. The Flagship will also assess options for soil carbon sequestration in grazing systems and set up a ‘soil microbiome for soil carbon’ network.\r\nThe GRA Secretariat is now working with flagship leaders to collate the project ideas and identify which ones have the leadership, support and resourcing needed to succeed. Countries and partners will be invited to review this and indicate their support for specific activities. For more information on the flagships, please contact secretariat@globalresearchalliance.org\r\n\r\n \r\nThis article originally appeared in the Livestock Reserach Group newsletter October 2017, which can be viewed at https://globalresearchalliance.org/library/livestock-research-group-newsletter-october-2017', '', '', '', '', '2017-11-01', '2017-11-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '239', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(448, '', 'Dairy Tomorrow: The future of New Zealand dairying', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>From dairytomorrow.co.nz:</p>\r\n<p>Over the past 15 years the dairy sector has taken significant steps towards being more sustainable, but with the global and local operating environment changing at rapid pace, there is more to be done.</p>\r\n<p>Farmers, industry leaders and stakeholders have&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.dairytomorrow.co.nz/what-we-heard/\">collaborated</a>&nbsp;to refresh the dairy industry strategy &ndash; our framework for making New Zealand dairying sustainable and responsible.</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.dairytomorrow.co.nz/\" target=\"_blank\">Read more </a>(external website)</p>', 'From dairytomorrow.co.nz:\r\nOver the past 15 years the dairy sector has taken significant steps towards being more sustainable, but with the global and local operating environment changing at rapid pace, there is more to be done.\r\nFarmers, industry leaders and stakeholders have collaborated to refresh the dairy industry strategy – our framework for making New Zealand dairying sustainable and responsible.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-11-23', '2017-11-23', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '100', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(449, '', 'Cutting Down on Cow Burps to Ease Climate Change', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Livestock has directly caused about a quarter of industrial-age warming. Scientists in New Zealand are working on an anti-burp vaccine for those methane-emitting cows.</p>\r\n<p>In a cream-colored metal barn two hours north of Wellington, New Zealand, a black-and-white dairy cow stands in what looks like an oversize fish tank. Through the transparent Plexiglas walls, she can see three other cows in adjacent identical cubicles munching their food in companionable silence. Tubes sprout from the tops of the boxes, exchanging fresh air for the stale stuff inside. The cows, their owners say, could help slow climate change.<br /><br /></p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-29/cutting-down-on-cow-burps-to-ease-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>\r\n<h3>Further reading</h3>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;\"><img class=\"\" title=\"pipeline_vaccine_thumbnail.jpg\" src=\"user/image/small/599/pipeline_vaccine_thumbnail.jpg\" alt=\"pipeline_vaccine_thumbnail.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h4><a href=\"vaccine.html\">Vaccine research programme</a></h4>\r\n<h3>&nbsp;</h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"FAQ.jpg\" src=\"user/image/thumb/533/FAQ.jpg\" alt=\"FAQ.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"faq-1,listing,404,what-are-respiration-chambers.html\">What are respiration chambers?</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', 'Livestock has directly caused about a quarter of industrial-age warming. Scientists in New Zealand are working on an anti-burp vaccine for those methane-emitting cows.\r\nIn a cream-colored metal barn two hours north of Wellington, New Zealand, a black-and-white dairy cow stands in what looks like an oversize fish tank. Through the transparent Plexiglas walls, she can see three other cows in adjacent identical cubicles munching their food in companionable silence. Tubes sprout from the tops of the boxes, exchanging fresh air for the stale stuff inside. The cows, their owners say, could help slow climate change.\r\nRead more (external website)\r\nFurther reading\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nVaccine research programme\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhat are respiration chambers?', '', '', '', '', '2017-11-30', '2017-11-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '598', 'Cutting Down on Cow Burps to Ease Climate Change', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(450, '', 'Enhancing life cycle impact assessment from climate science: Review of recent findings and recommendations for application to LCA', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Annie Levasseur, Ot&aacute;vio Cavalett, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, Thomas Gasser, Daniel J.A. Johansson, Susanne V. J&oslash;rgensen, Marco Raugei, Andy Reisinger, Greg Schivley, Anders Str&oslash;mman, Katsumasa Tanaka, Francesco Cherubini, Enhancing life cycle impact assessment from climate science: Review of recent findings and recommendations for application to LCA, In Ecological Indicators, Volume 71, 2016, Pages 163-174, ISSN 1470-160X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.049.<br /><br />Abstract:<br />Since the Global Warming Potential (GWP) was first presented in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) First Assessment Report, the metric has been scrutinized and alternative metrics have been suggested. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report gives a scientific assessment of the main recent findings from climate metrics research and provides the most up-to-date values for a subset of metrics and time horizons. The objectives of this paper are to perform a systematic review of available midpoint metrics (i.e. using an indicator situated in the middle of the cause-effect chain from emissions to climate change) for well-mixed greenhouse gases and near-term climate forcers based on the current literature, to provide recommendations for the development and use of characterization factors for climate change in life cycle assessment (LCA), and to identify research needs. This work is part of the &lsquo;Global Guidance on Environmental Life Cycle Impact Assessment&rsquo; project held by the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative and is intended to support a consensus finding workshop. In an LCA context, it can make sense to use several complementary metrics that serve different purposes, and from there get an understanding about the robustness of the LCA study to different perspectives and metrics. We propose a step-by-step approach to test the sensitivity of LCA results to different modelling choices and provide recommendations for specific issues such as the consideration of climate-carbon feedbacks and the inclusion of pollutants with cooling effects (negative metric values).</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X16303776?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Annie Levasseur, Otávio Cavalett, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, Thomas Gasser, Daniel J.A. Johansson, Susanne V. Jørgensen, Marco Raugei, Andy Reisinger, Greg Schivley, Anders Strømman, Katsumasa Tanaka, Francesco Cherubini, Enhancing life cycle impact assessment from climate science: Review of recent findings and recommendations for application to LCA, In Ecological Indicators, Volume 71, 2016, Pages 163-174, ISSN 1470-160X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.049.Abstract:Since the Global Warming Potential (GWP) was first presented in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) First Assessment Report, the metric has been scrutinized and alternative metrics have been suggested. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report gives a scientific assessment of the main recent findings from climate metrics research and provides the most up-to-date values for a subset of metrics and time horizons. The objectives of this paper are to perform a systematic review of available midpoint metrics (i.e. using an indicator situated in the middle of the cause-effect chain from emissions to climate change) for well-mixed greenhouse gases and near-term climate forcers based on the current literature, to provide recommendations for the development and use of characterization factors for climate change in life cycle assessment (LCA), and to identify research needs. This work is part of the ‘Global Guidance on Environmental Life Cycle Impact Assessment’ project held by the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative and is intended to support a consensus finding workshop. In an LCA context, it can make sense to use several complementary metrics that serve different purposes, and from there get an understanding about the robustness of the LCA study to different perspectives and metrics. We propose a step-by-step approach to test the sensitivity of LCA results to different modelling choices and provide recommendations for specific issues such as the consideration of climate-carbon feedbacks and the inclusion of pollutants with cooling effects (negative metric values).\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-07-19', '2016-07-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '524', 'Enhancing life cycle impact assessment from climate science: Review of recent findings and recommendations for application to LCA', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(451, '', 'Bridging the gap between impact assessment methods and climate science', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Francesco Cherubini, Jan Fuglestvedt, Thomas Gasser, Andy Reisinger, Ot&aacute;vio Cavalett, Mark A.J. Huijbregts, Daniel J.A. Johansson, Susanne V. J&oslash;rgensen, Marco Raugei, Greg Schivley, Anders Hammer Str&oslash;mman, Katsumasa Tanaka, Annie Levasseur, Bridging the gap between impact assessment methods and climate science, In Environmental Science &amp; Policy, Volume 64, 2016, Pages 129-140, ISSN 1462-9011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.019.<br /><br />Abstract:&nbsp;<br />Life-cycle assessment and carbon footprint studies are widely used by decision makers to identify climate change mitigation options and priorities at corporate and public levels. These applications, including the vast majority of emission accounting schemes and policy frameworks, traditionally quantify climate impacts of human activities by aggregating greenhouse gas emissions into the so-called CO2-equivalents using the 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100) as the default emission metric. The practice was established in the early nineties and has not been coupled with progresses in climate science, other than simply updating numerical values for GWP100. We review the key insights from the literature surrounding climate science that are at odds with existing climate impact methods and we identify possible improvement options. Issues with the existing approach lie in the use of a single metric that cannot represent the climate system complexity for all possible research and policy contexts, and in the default exclusion of near-term climate forcers such as aerosols or ozone precursors and changes in the Earth&rsquo;s energy balance associated with land cover changes. Failure to acknowledge the complexity of climate change drivers and the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of their climate system responses can lead to the deployment of suboptimal, and potentially even counterproductive, mitigation strategies. We argue for an active consideration of these aspects to bridge the gap between climate impact methods used in environmental impact analysis and climate science.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901116303513\" target=\"_blank\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'Francesco Cherubini, Jan Fuglestvedt, Thomas Gasser, Andy Reisinger, Otávio Cavalett, Mark A.J. Huijbregts, Daniel J.A. Johansson, Susanne V. Jørgensen, Marco Raugei, Greg Schivley, Anders Hammer Strømman, Katsumasa Tanaka, Annie Levasseur, Bridging the gap between impact assessment methods and climate science, In Environmental Science & Policy, Volume 64, 2016, Pages 129-140, ISSN 1462-9011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.019.Abstract: Life-cycle assessment and carbon footprint studies are widely used by decision makers to identify climate change mitigation options and priorities at corporate and public levels. These applications, including the vast majority of emission accounting schemes and policy frameworks, traditionally quantify climate impacts of human activities by aggregating greenhouse gas emissions into the so-called CO2-equivalents using the 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100) as the default emission metric. The practice was established in the early nineties and has not been coupled with progresses in climate science, other than simply updating numerical values for GWP100. We review the key insights from the literature surrounding climate science that are at odds with existing climate impact methods and we identify possible improvement options. Issues with the existing approach lie in the use of a single metric that cannot represent the climate system complexity for all possible research and policy contexts, and in the default exclusion of near-term climate forcers such as aerosols or ozone precursors and changes in the Earth’s energy balance associated with land cover changes. Failure to acknowledge the complexity of climate change drivers and the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of their climate system responses can lead to the deployment of suboptimal, and potentially even counterproductive, mitigation strategies. We argue for an active consideration of these aspects to bridge the gap between climate impact methods used in environmental impact analysis and climate science.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-07-11', '2016-07-11', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '601', 'Bridging the gap between impact assessment methods and climate science', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(452, '', 'Wide variation in nitrification activity in soil associated with different forage plant cultivars and genotypes', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Bowatte, S., Newton, P. C. D., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Hume, D. E., Stewart, A. V., Brock, S. C. and Theobald, P. W. (2016), Wide variation in nitrification activity in soil associated with different forage plant cultivars and genotypes. Grass Forage Sci, 71: 160&ndash;171. doi:10.1111/gfs.12175</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />There is a growing interest in using plants to manipulate the nitrification rate in soils with the object of reducing losses of nitrogen from the soil&ndash;plant system &ndash; lower rates of nitrification being associated with reduced leaching of nitrate and reduced emissions of nitrous oxide. Here we screened the potential nitrification rate in soil associated with 126 cultivars from 26 species representing three functional groups used in temperate managed grassland. Plants were grown in pots, and the nitrification was measured using two approaches: (i) a measure of potential nitrification carried out in the laboratory on soil samples and (ii) a measure of nitrification in the presence of the growing plants using the ratio of nitrate to ammonium (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>/NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) measured on&nbsp;in&nbsp;situ&nbsp;ion exchange membranes after the application of urine. There was about a twofold difference among cultivars in nitrification measured using the potential assay and a 10-fold difference using the ratio approach. The ranking of nitrification was different using the two approaches perhaps suggesting that the presence of plants in the ratio approach had an effect on the outcome although further work will be necessary to confirm this. Irrespective of the method used, the results demonstrate substantial differences between cultivars but also within cultivars offering the possibility of selection to enhance plant effects on nitrification.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gfs.12175/abstract#publication-history\" target=\"_blank\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'Bowatte, S., Newton, P. C. D., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Hume, D. E., Stewart, A. V., Brock, S. C. and Theobald, P. W. (2016), Wide variation in nitrification activity in soil associated with different forage plant cultivars and genotypes. Grass Forage Sci, 71: 160–171. doi:10.1111/gfs.12175\r\nAbstractThere is a growing interest in using plants to manipulate the nitrification rate in soils with the object of reducing losses of nitrogen from the soil–plant system – lower rates of nitrification being associated with reduced leaching of nitrate and reduced emissions of nitrous oxide. Here we screened the potential nitrification rate in soil associated with 126 cultivars from 26 species representing three functional groups used in temperate managed grassland. Plants were grown in pots, and the nitrification was measured using two approaches: (i) a measure of potential nitrification carried out in the laboratory on soil samples and (ii) a measure of nitrification in the presence of the growing plants using the ratio of nitrate to ammonium (NO3-/NH4+) measured on in situ ion exchange membranes after the application of urine. There was about a twofold difference among cultivars in nitrification measured using the potential assay and a 10-fold difference using the ratio approach. The ranking of nitrification was different using the two approaches perhaps suggesting that the presence of plants in the ratio approach had an effect on the outcome although further work will be necessary to confirm this. Irrespective of the method used, the results demonstrate substantial differences between cultivars but also within cultivars offering the possibility of selection to enhance plant effects on nitrification.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2015-06-01', '2015-06-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '602', 'Wide variation in nitrification activity in soil associated with different forage plant cultivars and genotypes', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(453, '', 'Soil carbon: The impact of management practices', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Converting a ryegrass/clover grassland to a sward with diverse species resulted in lower carbon losses than when regrassing with ryegrass/clover. Diverse swards also maintained the same level of dry matter production as the new ryegrass/clover mix, and both were greater than production from the old ryegrass/clover grassland.</p>\r\n<p>Preliminary carbon balance studies for maize show large losses (most likely due to carbon offtakes during harvest) and the need for two cultivations (first to maize then to winter crop/permanent grassland). Measurements will be maintained to assess changes in soil carbon stocks for the full maize rotation, including both the import and export of maize feed.</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Excerpt from the NZAGRC Highlights 2017 to be released in full shortly. <a href=\"annual-report-2017.html\">Read more</a></li>\r\n</ul>', 'Converting a ryegrass/clover grassland to a sward with diverse species resulted in lower carbon losses than when regrassing with ryegrass/clover. Diverse swards also maintained the same level of dry matter production as the new ryegrass/clover mix, and both were greater than production from the old ryegrass/clover grassland.\r\nPreliminary carbon balance studies for maize show large losses (most likely due to carbon offtakes during harvest) and the need for two cultivations (first to maize then to winter crop/permanent grassland). Measurements will be maintained to assess changes in soil carbon stocks for the full maize rotation, including both the import and export of maize feed.\r\n\r\nExcerpt from the NZAGRC Highlights 2017 to be released in full shortly. Read more', '', '', '', '', '2017-12-05', '2017-12-05', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '603', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(454, '', 'Soil carbon: New tool to measure soil carbon', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>A study has been completed into the potential of using mid-infrared spectroscopy/partial least squares regression (MIR/PLSR) analyses to provide accurate estimates of the content and composition of soil carbon. The MIR/PLSR measurements provided reliable estimates about the impact of agricultural management on carbon stocks to a depth of 0.25m, as well as an indication of the vulnerability of soil carbon to change.</p>\r\n<p>An exceprt from the NZAGRC Highlights 2017 to be released in full shortly. <strong><a href=\"annual-report-2017.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'A study has been completed into the potential of using mid-infrared spectroscopy/partial least squares regression (MIR/PLSR) analyses to provide accurate estimates of the content and composition of soil carbon. The MIR/PLSR measurements provided reliable estimates about the impact of agricultural management on carbon stocks to a depth of 0.25m, as well as an indication of the vulnerability of soil carbon to change.\r\nAn exceprt from the NZAGRC Highlights 2017 to be released in full shortly. Read more', '', '', '', '', '2017-12-05', '2017-12-05', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '603', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(455, '', 'Soil carbon: Modelling shows need for nitrogen when irrigating', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>A modeling analysis of carbon and nitrogen (input, cycling and fate) in irrigated grassland in Canterbury showed reductions in soil carbon following irrigation, due to increasing nitrogen limitation. These two co-limiters of growth interact - irrigation stimulates carbon fixation and plant growth, this leads to greater nitrogen uptake by plants, which then leads to greater removal of nitrogen in products (meat, milk). So if nitrogen input is constant, over time it leads to increasing nitrogen deficiency. Our findings suggest that using irrigation during dry periods in dry regions can greatly increase plant growth, product yields and soil carbon inputs, provided nitrogen inputs are also increased. However, evidence suggests that this may not lead to increases in stabilised carbon stocks.</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>An excerpt from NZAGRC Highlights 2017 to be released shortly. <strong><a href=\"annual-report-2017.html\">Read more</a></strong></li>\r\n</ul>', 'A modeling analysis of carbon and nitrogen (input, cycling and fate) in irrigated grassland in Canterbury showed reductions in soil carbon following irrigation, due to increasing nitrogen limitation. These two co-limiters of growth interact - irrigation stimulates carbon fixation and plant growth, this leads to greater nitrogen uptake by plants, which then leads to greater removal of nitrogen in products (meat, milk). So if nitrogen input is constant, over time it leads to increasing nitrogen deficiency. Our findings suggest that using irrigation during dry periods in dry regions can greatly increase plant growth, product yields and soil carbon inputs, provided nitrogen inputs are also increased. However, evidence suggests that this may not lead to increases in stabilised carbon stocks.\r\n\r\nAn excerpt from NZAGRC Highlights 2017 to be released shortly. Read more', '', '', '', '', '2017-12-05', '2017-12-05', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '603', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(456, '', 'Mitigation in the Land Sector', '', '', '<p><em>This roundtable is convened by Motu in collaboration with the New Zealand Productivity Commission, the Institute for Governance and Policy Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, and the Environmental Defence Society.</em></p>\r\n<p>This is the second of four roundtables&nbsp;bringing together diverse experts from New Zealand and overseas to shed new light on particularly thorny questions for New Zealand&rsquo;s low-emission transition.</p>\r\n<p><em>Mitigation in the Land Sector</em>&nbsp;will begin with a keynote address by&nbsp;Dr Andy Reisinger, Deputy Director (International) at the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://motu.nz/our-work/environment-and-resources/emission-mitigation/shaping-new-zealands-low-emissions-future/mitigation-in-the-land-sector/\" target=\"_blank\">Read more </a></strong>(external website)</p>', 'This roundtable is convened by Motu in collaboration with the New Zealand Productivity Commission, the Institute for Governance and Policy Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, and the Environmental Defence Society.\r\nThis is the second of four roundtables bringing together diverse experts from New Zealand and overseas to shed new light on particularly thorny questions for New Zealand’s low-emission transition.\r\nMitigation in the Land Sector will begin with a keynote address by Dr Andy Reisinger, Deputy Director (International) at the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2017-12-08', '2017-12-08', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(457, '', 'NZAGRC Highlights 2017', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"NZAGRC Highlights 2017_low res.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1551/NZAGRC%20Highlights%202017_low%20res.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> NZAGRC Highlights 2017.pdf</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(2.00MB)</span></span></p>', 'NZAGRC Highlights 2017.pdf (2.00MB)', '', '', '', '', '2017-12-15', '2017-12-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '603', 'NZAGRC Highlights 2017', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(458, '', 'The key role of science in mitigating global warming ', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Momentum is building in the climate change space, as politicians and the public alike look to the scientific community for solutions. The past year has seen a rapidly changing international situation with regard to the environment. Governments around the world are placing a priority on the issue of climate change and are ratifying the Paris agreement much earlier than anticipated.</p>\r\n<p>New Zealand ratified the agreement in October 2016 and it came into force on 4 November 2016. The Paris agreement sets a long-term goal to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2&deg;C above pre-industrial levels. Achieving this ambitious global goal will require action on all fronts to reduce emissions, while at the same time fostering adaptation to unavoidable climate change and supporting sustainable development. New Zealand&rsquo;s government has set a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 30 percent below 2005 levels by 2030. In New Zealand&rsquo;s case, agricultural greenhouse gas emissions make up 48 percent of the country&rsquo;s overall emissions profile. Despite a reduction in emissions intensity of about 1 percent a year since 1990, this has been more than offset by an increase in product generated by the agricultural sector, resulting in a total rise in agricultural emissions by 15 percent. It is clear that actions taken by the sector will have a major influence on whether and how the country will achieve its Paris emissions target and longer-term goals.</p>\r\n<p>With that sense of urgency comes mounting pressure to develop practical tools and strategies to achieve the ambitious emissions reductions targets needed to restrict global warming to well below 2&deg;C. Improving the efficiency of food production is a key first step, but on its own such an approach would only limit the rise in agricultural emissions, it does not reduce them. Developing new and additional mitigation approaches increases flexibility and ensures that efforts to address climate change can also support other environmental or social goals, enable sustainable economic growth and contribute to global food security.</p>\r\n<p>Developing these approaches is the role of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). It does this in partnership with industry via its joint research programme with the industry/government-backed Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGgRc). A number of key results in the past 12 months demonstrate how close the science teams are getting to achieving viable solutions to reducing agricultural greenhouse gases from New Zealand farm systems, with some at the pilot stage and commercial partners being brought on board. However there is still a lot more work required on these projects to ensure they can become useful at the farm level. The NZAGRC now has less than two years of funding left, and New Zealand&rsquo;s future approach to research, development and implementation of agricultural greenhouse gas solutions will be critical to see our work make a difference.</p>\r\n<p>Taking a leadership role within New Zealand and internationally through capability building work and active involvement with the&nbsp;Global research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases, the NZAGRC is continuing to build on its reputation as an authoritative and important source of clear and unbiased advice on the science behind agricultural greenhouse gases. It is an exciting time to be involved in this area, and the NZAGRC is working hard to contribute to what will be globally applicable mitigation solutions.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"annual-report-2017.html\">Read our annual highlights</a></strong></p>', 'Momentum is building in the climate change space, as politicians and the public alike look to the scientific community for solutions. The past year has seen a rapidly changing international situation with regard to the environment. Governments around the world are placing a priority on the issue of climate change and are ratifying the Paris agreement much earlier than anticipated.\r\nNew Zealand ratified the agreement in October 2016 and it came into force on 4 November 2016. The Paris agreement sets a long-term goal to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Achieving this ambitious global goal will require action on all fronts to reduce emissions, while at the same time fostering adaptation to unavoidable climate change and supporting sustainable development. New Zealand’s government has set a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 30 percent below 2005 levels by 2030. In New Zealand’s case, agricultural greenhouse gas emissions make up 48 percent of the country’s overall emissions profile. Despite a reduction in emissions intensity of about 1 percent a year since 1990, this has been more than offset by an increase in product generated by the agricultural sector, resulting in a total rise in agricultural emissions by 15 percent. It is clear that actions taken by the sector will have a major influence on whether and how the country will achieve its Paris emissions target and longer-term goals.\r\nWith that sense of urgency comes mounting pressure to develop practical tools and strategies to achieve the ambitious emissions reductions targets needed to restrict global warming to well below 2°C. Improving the efficiency of food production is a key first step, but on its own such an approach would only limit the rise in agricultural emissions, it does not reduce them. Developing new and additional mitigation approaches increases flexibility and ensures that efforts to address climate change can also support other environmental or social goals, enable sustainable economic growth and contribute to global food security.\r\nDeveloping these approaches is the role of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). It does this in partnership with industry via its joint research programme with the industry/government-backed Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGgRc). A number of key results in the past 12 months demonstrate how close the science teams are getting to achieving viable solutions to reducing agricultural greenhouse gases from New Zealand farm systems, with some at the pilot stage and commercial partners being brought on board. However there is still a lot more work required on these projects to ensure they can become useful at the farm level. The NZAGRC now has less than two years of funding left, and New Zealand’s future approach to research, development and implementation of agricultural greenhouse gas solutions will be critical to see our work make a difference.\r\nTaking a leadership role within New Zealand and internationally through capability building work and active involvement with the Global research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases, the NZAGRC is continuing to build on its reputation as an authoritative and important source of clear and unbiased advice on the science behind agricultural greenhouse gases. It is an exciting time to be involved in this area, and the NZAGRC is working hard to contribute to what will be globally applicable mitigation solutions. \r\nRead our annual highlights', '', '', '', '', '2017-12-15', '2017-12-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '603', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(459, '', 'The potential of using alternative pastures, forage crops and gibberellic acid to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Di, H. J., Cameron, K. C., Podolyan, A., Edwards, G. R., de Klein, C. A. M., Dynes, R., &amp; Woods, R. (2016). The potential of using alternative pastures, forage crops and gibberellic acid to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions. [Article]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16(9), 2252-2262.</p>\r\n<p>Purpose</p>\r\n<p>In grazed pastures, nitrous oxide (N2O), a powerful greenhouse gas and an ozone depletion substance, is mostly emitted from animal excreta, particularly animal urine-N returned to the soil during grazing. We conducted a series of four field lysimeter and plot experiments to assess the potential of using gibberellic acid (GA) and/or alternative pastures or forage crops to mitigate N2O emissions from outdoor dairy farming systems.</p>\r\n<p>Materials and methods</p>\r\n<p>Pasture and forage plants assessed in the experiments included Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum&nbsp;L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa&nbsp;L.), diverse pastures (including plantain (Plantago lanceolata&nbsp;L.), chicory (Cichorium intybus&nbsp;L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne&nbsp;L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens&nbsp;L.)), fodder beet (Beta vulgaris&nbsp;L.), kale (Brassica oleracea&nbsp;L.), as well as the standard perennial ryegrass and white clover (RG/WC) pastures. N2O was determined using a standard static chamber method in the field either on top of lysimeters or field plots.</p>\r\n<p>Results and discussion</p>\r\n<p>The results showed that the application of GA to urine-treated lysimeters with Italian ryegrass, lucerne or RG/WC pastures did not result in lower N2O emissions. However, the use of diverse pastures which included plantain with a lower urine-N loading rate at about 500&nbsp;kg N ha&minus;1significantly decreased N2O emissions by 46&nbsp;% compared with standard RG/WC with a urine-N loading rate at 700&nbsp;kg N ha&minus;1. However, when urine-N was applied at the same rates (at 500 or 700&nbsp;kg N ha&minus;1), the N2O emissions were similar between the diverse and the standard RG/WC pastures. This would indicate that it is the N-loading rate in the urine from the different pastures that determines the N2O emissions from different pastures or forages, rather than the plants per se. The N2O emissions from cow urine from fodder beet were 39&nbsp;% lower than from kale with the same urine-N application rate (300&nbsp;kg N ha&minus;1).</p>\r\n<p>Conclusions<br />These results suggest that N2O emissions can potentially be reduced by incorporating diverse pastures and fodder beet into the grazed pasture farm system. Further studies on possible mechanisms for the lower N2O emissions from the different pastures or forages would be useful.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1442-1\" target=\"_blank\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>', 'Di, H. J., Cameron, K. C., Podolyan, A., Edwards, G. R., de Klein, C. A. M., Dynes, R., & Woods, R. (2016). The potential of using alternative pastures, forage crops and gibberellic acid to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions. [Article]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16(9), 2252-2262.\r\nPurpose\r\nIn grazed pastures, nitrous oxide (N2O), a powerful greenhouse gas and an ozone depletion substance, is mostly emitted from animal excreta, particularly animal urine-N returned to the soil during grazing. We conducted a series of four field lysimeter and plot experiments to assess the potential of using gibberellic acid (GA) and/or alternative pastures or forage crops to mitigate N2O emissions from outdoor dairy farming systems.\r\nMaterials and methods\r\nPasture and forage plants assessed in the experiments included Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), diverse pastures (including plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.)), fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.), kale (Brassica oleracea L.), as well as the standard perennial ryegrass and white clover (RG/WC) pastures. N2O was determined using a standard static chamber method in the field either on top of lysimeters or field plots.\r\nResults and discussion\r\nThe results showed that the application of GA to urine-treated lysimeters with Italian ryegrass, lucerne or RG/WC pastures did not result in lower N2O emissions. However, the use of diverse pastures which included plantain with a lower urine-N loading rate at about 500 kg N ha−1significantly decreased N2O emissions by 46 % compared with standard RG/WC with a urine-N loading rate at 700 kg N ha−1. However, when urine-N was applied at the same rates (at 500 or 700 kg N ha−1), the N2O emissions were similar between the diverse and the standard RG/WC pastures. This would indicate that it is the N-loading rate in the urine from the different pastures that determines the N2O emissions from different pastures or forages, rather than the plants per se. The N2O emissions from cow urine from fodder beet were 39 % lower than from kale with the same urine-N application rate (300 kg N ha−1).\r\nConclusionsThese results suggest that N2O emissions can potentially be reduced by incorporating diverse pastures and fodder beet into the grazed pasture farm system. Further studies on possible mechanisms for the lower N2O emissions from the different pastures or forages would be useful.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2016-05-21', '2016-05-26', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '605', 'The potential of using alternative pastures, forage crops and gibberellic acid to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(460, '', 'Methane emissions changed nonlinearly with graded substitution of alfalfa silage with corn silage and corn grain in the diet of sheep and relation with rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo and in vitro', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Jonker, A., K. Lowe, S. Kittelmann, P. H. Janssen, S. Ledgard, and D. Pacheco. 2016. Methane emissions changed nonlinearly with graded substitution of alfalfa silage with corn silage and corn grain in the diet of sheep and relation with rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo and in vitro12. J. Anim. Sci. 94:3464-3475. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9912</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Feeding grain and corn silage have been proposed as practices to reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions per unit of intake from ruminants, but the inclusion level required in the diet is normally not specified. The objectives of the current study were to determine the CH4emission factor (g/kg DMI) of sheep fed alfalfa silage substituted with increasing levels of corn silage or corn grain at a fixed DMI level (2% of BW) and determine its relationship with rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial community composition and with in vitro fermentation characteristics of the same diets incubated using a standard laboratory method. Romney ewe hoggets (approximately 14 mo old;&nbsp;n&nbsp;= 64) were randomly allocated to 8 dietary treatments, which included chaffed alfalfa silage alone or substituted with either 25, 50, 75 or 100% corn silage or 25, 50 or 65% rolled corn grain on a DM basis. After acclimatization to the diet, DMI and CH4&nbsp;emissions were measured from individual sheep for 2 consecutive days in open-circuit respiration chambers and a rumen sample was collected at 3 h after feeding. The same diets were also incubated in an automated in vitro gas production system for 48 h using rumen liquid of fistulated nonlactating dairy cows grazing pasture. Increasing the substitution of alfalfa silage with corn silage or corn grain in the diet of sheep resulted in a quadratic response (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.01) in CH4&nbsp;emissions per unit of DMI (CH4/DMI) with either supplement. For both supplements, CH4/DMI increased in mixtures of up to 50% supplement inclusion and then decreased with greater supplement inclusion, especially with corn grain inclusion, but the level did not fall below that for 100% alfalfa silage. The ratio of acetate + butyrate to propionate + valerate and the propionate proportion alone in rumen liquid were the strongest single predictors for CH4/DMI in the overall data set and explained 37.1 and 32.5%, respectively, of the variation in CH4/DMI. Methanogens of&nbsp;Methanobrevibacter ruminantium(21.1% of total methanogens;&nbsp;r&nbsp;= 0.247) and&nbsp;Methanosphaera spp.&nbsp;(10.7% of total methanogens;&nbsp;r&nbsp;= &minus;0.411) clades had weak to moderate correlations with in vivo CH4/DMI. There was a weak quadratic relationship (r2&nbsp;&lt; 0.35) between in vivo CH4/DMI and the in vitro parameters of gas and CH4&nbsp;production and total VFA, whereas there was a moderate relationship (r2&nbsp;= &minus;0.50) between in vivo CH4/estimated rumen degradable carbohydrates and in vitro CH4/DM. In conclusion, CH4/DMI changed in a nonlinear fashion with increasing supplement inclusion in the alfalfa forage diet when fed at 2% of BW to sheep; however, implications on predicting its influence on greenhouse gas emissions per unit of animal product, for whole farm emissions in life cycle analysis or total national emissions in the national inventories, should be determined.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jas/abstracts/94/8/3464\" target=\"_blank\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'Jonker, A., K. Lowe, S. Kittelmann, P. H. Janssen, S. Ledgard, and D. Pacheco. 2016. Methane emissions changed nonlinearly with graded substitution of alfalfa silage with corn silage and corn grain in the diet of sheep and relation with rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo and in vitro12. J. Anim. Sci. 94:3464-3475. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9912\r\nAbstract\r\nFeeding grain and corn silage have been proposed as practices to reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions per unit of intake from ruminants, but the inclusion level required in the diet is normally not specified. The objectives of the current study were to determine the CH4emission factor (g/kg DMI) of sheep fed alfalfa silage substituted with increasing levels of corn silage or corn grain at a fixed DMI level (2% of BW) and determine its relationship with rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial community composition and with in vitro fermentation characteristics of the same diets incubated using a standard laboratory method. Romney ewe hoggets (approximately 14 mo old; n = 64) were randomly allocated to 8 dietary treatments, which included chaffed alfalfa silage alone or substituted with either 25, 50, 75 or 100% corn silage or 25, 50 or 65% rolled corn grain on a DM basis. After acclimatization to the diet, DMI and CH4 emissions were measured from individual sheep for 2 consecutive days in open-circuit respiration chambers and a rumen sample was collected at 3 h after feeding. The same diets were also incubated in an automated in vitro gas production system for 48 h using rumen liquid of fistulated nonlactating dairy cows grazing pasture. Increasing the substitution of alfalfa silage with corn silage or corn grain in the diet of sheep resulted in a quadratic response (P < 0.01) in CH4 emissions per unit of DMI (CH4/DMI) with either supplement. For both supplements, CH4/DMI increased in mixtures of up to 50% supplement inclusion and then decreased with greater supplement inclusion, especially with corn grain inclusion, but the level did not fall below that for 100% alfalfa silage. The ratio of acetate + butyrate to propionate + valerate and the propionate proportion alone in rumen liquid were the strongest single predictors for CH4/DMI in the overall data set and explained 37.1 and 32.5%, respectively, of the variation in CH4/DMI. Methanogens of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium(21.1% of total methanogens; r = 0.247) and Methanosphaera spp. (10.7% of total methanogens; r = −0.411) clades had weak to moderate correlations with in vivo CH4/DMI. There was a weak quadratic relationship (r2 < 0.35) between in vivo CH4/DMI and the in vitro parameters of gas and CH4 production and total VFA, whereas there was a moderate relationship (r2 = −0.50) between in vivo CH4/estimated rumen degradable carbohydrates and in vitro CH4/DM. In conclusion, CH4/DMI changed in a nonlinear fashion with increasing supplement inclusion in the alfalfa forage diet when fed at 2% of BW to sheep; however, implications on predicting its influence on greenhouse gas emissions per unit of animal product, for whole farm emissions in life cycle analysis or total national emissions in the national inventories, should be determined.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-07-14', '2016-07-14', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'Methane emissions changed nonlinearly with graded substitution of alfalfa silage with corn silage and corn grain in the diet of sheep and relation with rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo and in vitro', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(461, '', 'The complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon ISO4-H5 provides insights into the methylotrophic lifestyle of a ruminal representative of the Methanomassiliicoccales', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Li, Y., Leahy, S. C., Jeyanathan, J., Henderson, G., Cox, F., Altermann, E., . . . Attwood, G. T. (2016). The complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon ISO4-H5 provides insights into the methylotrophic lifestyle of a ruminal representative of the Methanomassiliicoccales. [Article]. Standards in Genomic Sciences, 11(1).&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Methane emissions from agriculture represent around 9&nbsp;% of global anthropogenic greenhouse emissions. The single largest source of this methane is animal enteric fermentation, predominantly from ruminant livestock where it is produced mainly in their fermentative forestomach (or reticulo-rumen) by a group of archaea known as methanogens. In order to reduce methane emissions from ruminants, it is necessary to understand the role of methanogenic archaea in the rumen, and to identify their distinguishing characteristics that can be used to develop methane mitigation technologies. To gain insights into the role of methylotrophic methanogens in the rumen environment, the genome of a methanogenic archaeon has been sequenced. This isolate, strain ISO4-H5, was isolated from the ovine rumen and belongs to the order&nbsp;<em>Methanomassiliicoccales</em>. Genomic analysis suggests ISO4-H5 is an obligate hydrogen-dependent methylotrophic methanogen, able to use methanol and methylamines as substrates for methanogenesis. Like other organisms within this order, ISO4-H5 does not possess genes required for the first six steps of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Comparison between the genomes of different members of the order&nbsp;<em>Methanomassiliicoccales</em>&nbsp;revealed strong conservation in energy metabolism, particularly in genes of the methylotrophic methanogenesis pathway, as well as in the biosynthesis and use of pyrrolysine. Unlike members of&nbsp;<em>Methanomassiliicoccales</em>&nbsp;from human sources, ISO4-H5 does not contain the genes required for production of coenzyme M, and so likely requires external coenzyme M to survive.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5011839/\" target=\"_blank\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'Li, Y., Leahy, S. C., Jeyanathan, J., Henderson, G., Cox, F., Altermann, E., . . . Attwood, G. T. (2016). The complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon ISO4-H5 provides insights into the methylotrophic lifestyle of a ruminal representative of the Methanomassiliicoccales. [Article]. Standards in Genomic Sciences, 11(1). \r\nAbstract\r\nMethane emissions from agriculture represent around 9 % of global anthropogenic greenhouse emissions. The single largest source of this methane is animal enteric fermentation, predominantly from ruminant livestock where it is produced mainly in their fermentative forestomach (or reticulo-rumen) by a group of archaea known as methanogens. In order to reduce methane emissions from ruminants, it is necessary to understand the role of methanogenic archaea in the rumen, and to identify their distinguishing characteristics that can be used to develop methane mitigation technologies. To gain insights into the role of methylotrophic methanogens in the rumen environment, the genome of a methanogenic archaeon has been sequenced. This isolate, strain ISO4-H5, was isolated from the ovine rumen and belongs to the order Methanomassiliicoccales. Genomic analysis suggests ISO4-H5 is an obligate hydrogen-dependent methylotrophic methanogen, able to use methanol and methylamines as substrates for methanogenesis. Like other organisms within this order, ISO4-H5 does not possess genes required for the first six steps of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Comparison between the genomes of different members of the order Methanomassiliicoccales revealed strong conservation in energy metabolism, particularly in genes of the methylotrophic methanogenesis pathway, as well as in the biosynthesis and use of pyrrolysine. Unlike members of Methanomassiliicoccales from human sources, ISO4-H5 does not contain the genes required for production of coenzyme M, and so likely requires external coenzyme M to survive.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-09-06', '2016-09-06', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '97', 'The complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon ISO4-H5 provides insights into the methylotrophic lifestyle of a ruminal representative of the Methanomassiliicoccales', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(462, '', 'Herbicide application during pasture renewal initially increases root turnover and carbon input to soil in perennial ryegrass and white clover pasture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>McNally, S. R., Laughlin, D. C., Rutledge, S., Dodd, M. B., Six, J., &amp; Schipper, L. A. (2017). Herbicide application during pasture renewal initially increases root turnover and carbon input to soil in perennial ryegrass and white clover pasture. [Article]. Plant and Soil, 412(1-2), 133-142.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Aims<br />Increasing the input and turnover of root tissue is considered to be one method that may increase carbon (C) inputs and storage in soil. The use of herbicide during pasture renewal (periodic re-sowing of pasture) is expected to increase root inputs and turnover as plants die. The objective of this study was to quantify the short-term impact of pasture renewal on root turnover and C input to soil of ryegrass-clover pastures.</p>\r\n<p>Methods</p>\r\n<p>Pastures were labelled in the field using a&nbsp;13C isotope pulse labelling method within 1&nbsp;m2&nbsp;clear chambers. Five daily labelling events were carried out during one week in paired treatment plots within 3 replicate paddocks. One plot per paddock was sprayed with herbicide and then the pasture was renewed by direct drilling of seed. The&nbsp;13C of roots and soil (0&ndash;100&nbsp;mm) was measured at regular intervals over an 89-day period.</p>\r\n<p>Results</p>\r\n<p>Herbicide application caused an initial rapid turnover time of 17&nbsp;days followed by a slower turnover time of 524&nbsp;days, compared to unsprayed pasture which had a root turnover of 585&nbsp;days. Faster root turnover following herbicide application resulted in greater cumulative C input to soil over 89&nbsp;days with approximately double the C input in the sprayed&nbsp;treatment (3238&nbsp;&plusmn;&nbsp;378&nbsp;kg C ha&minus;1) compared to the unsprayed treatment (1726&nbsp;&plusmn;&nbsp;540&nbsp;kg C ha&minus;1).</p>\r\n<p>Conclusions</p>\r\n<p>The use of glyphosate during pasture renewal increased root turnover and resulted in a greater short term cumulative C input to soil. This study provides the first values of root turnover and C input to soil during a pasture renewal event in New Zealand pasture systems and contributes to the understanding of how pasture roots may influence the soil C input following plant death in grassland systems.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-016-3050-7\" target=\"\">Read more</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'McNally, S. R., Laughlin, D. C., Rutledge, S., Dodd, M. B., Six, J., & Schipper, L. A. (2017). Herbicide application during pasture renewal initially increases root turnover and carbon input to soil in perennial ryegrass and white clover pasture. [Article]. Plant and Soil, 412(1-2), 133-142.\r\nAbstract\r\nAimsIncreasing the input and turnover of root tissue is considered to be one method that may increase carbon (C) inputs and storage in soil. The use of herbicide during pasture renewal (periodic re-sowing of pasture) is expected to increase root inputs and turnover as plants die. The objective of this study was to quantify the short-term impact of pasture renewal on root turnover and C input to soil of ryegrass-clover pastures.\r\nMethods\r\nPastures were labelled in the field using a 13C isotope pulse labelling method within 1 m2 clear chambers. Five daily labelling events were carried out during one week in paired treatment plots within 3 replicate paddocks. One plot per paddock was sprayed with herbicide and then the pasture was renewed by direct drilling of seed. The 13C of roots and soil (0–100 mm) was measured at regular intervals over an 89-day period.\r\nResults\r\nHerbicide application caused an initial rapid turnover time of 17 days followed by a slower turnover time of 524 days, compared to unsprayed pasture which had a root turnover of 585 days. Faster root turnover following herbicide application resulted in greater cumulative C input to soil over 89 days with approximately double the C input in the sprayed treatment (3238 ± 378 kg C ha−1) compared to the unsprayed treatment (1726 ± 540 kg C ha−1).\r\nConclusions\r\nThe use of glyphosate during pasture renewal increased root turnover and resulted in a greater short term cumulative C input to soil. This study provides the first values of root turnover and C input to soil during a pasture renewal event in New Zealand pasture systems and contributes to the understanding of how pasture roots may influence the soil C input following plant death in grassland systems.\r\nRead more (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2016-09-16', '2016-09-16', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '410', 'Herbicide application during pasture renewal initially increases root turnover and carbon input to soil in perennial ryegrass and white clover pasture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(463, '', 'Collective land tenure systems and greenhouse gas mitigation among Māori farmers in Aotearoa', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>West, G., Journeaux, P., Wakelin, S., &amp; Kingi, T. (2016). Collective land tenure systems and greenhouse gas mitigation among Maori farmers in Aotearoa, New Zealand Pan Pacific Indigenous Resource Management: Australian National University Press.</p>', 'West, G., Journeaux, P., Wakelin, S., & Kingi, T. (2016). Collective land tenure systems and greenhouse gas mitigation among Maori farmers in Aotearoa, New Zealand Pan Pacific Indigenous Resource Management: Australian National University Press.', '', '', '', '', '2016-07-01', '2016-07-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
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(464, '', 'How do livestock affect the carbon cycle?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><img class=\"\" title=\"carboncycle1_1.png\" src=\"user/image/large/608/carboncycle1_1.png\" alt=\"carboncycle1_1.png\" data-href=\"\" /></p>\r\n<p>Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere by grass and other plants in the process of photosynthesis.</p>\r\n<p>Pasture that is not eaten by animals breaks down naturally, and the carbon it contains returns to the atmosphere again as carbon dioxide through plant respiration and decay of dead plants. These processes cause no net change in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.</p>\r\n<p>If we now add grazing livestock such as sheep and cattle, the carbon cycle becomes more complex but it remains a cycle.</p>\r\n<p><img class=\"\" title=\"carboncycle2_2.png\" src=\"user/image/raw/609/carboncycle2_2.png\" alt=\"carboncycle2_2.png\" width=\"595\" height=\"490\" data-href=\"\" /></p>\r\n<p>Livestock eat some of the grass and absorb the carbon it contains, but all of this carbon re-renters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Some of it re-enters it very quickly through the carbon dioxide that animals exhale. Some of the carbon is deposited in animal manure, which microbes break down into carbon dioxide. Some of the carbon is stored in animal products that we humans consume, such as meat and dairy; that carbon is released once we digest it or as food waste and dead animals decompose. Finally, some carbon is contained in animal leather, where it may be stored for many years before ultimately the leather decays and is again broken down by microbes.</p>\r\n<p>Even though the individual processes are complex, there is no net change over time in carbon dioxide concentrations.</p>\r\n<p>This cycle explains why growing grass and having livestock eat it is not a climate solution &ndash; it all remains a closed cycle. The only exception would be if some of the carbon is stored permanently in soil, by increasing soil carbon. This is possible in principle and would be very promising &ndash; but the evidence in New Zealand suggests that there has been very little net change in soil carbon across our agricultural lands.</p>\r\n<p>If this cycling of carbon was the only thing happening in livestock systems, it would not make a substantial contribution to climate change.</p>\r\n<p>But the digestive systems of ruminant animals also produce an additional and very powerful by-product: methane.</p>\r\n<p><img class=\"\" title=\"carboncycle3_1\" src=\"user/image/large/612/carboncycle3_3_edited.png\" alt=\"carboncycle3_1\" data-href=\"\" /></p>\r\n<p>Methane is produced by microbes in the fore-stomach of ruminants, from the plants that animals eat (see <a href=\"faq-1,listing,403,what-is-enteric-fermentation.html\">What is enteric fermentation?</a>). Methane is relatively a short-lived gas that decays back into carbon dioxide with a half-life of around 12 years. But while methane is in the atmosphere, it makes a powerful contribution to the overall warming effect of greenhouse gases because it is much more effective at absorbing heat radiation than carbon dioxide.</p>\r\n<p>Current estimates are that emissions of methane to date have contributed almost 40 percent of the total warming effect from all human activities.</p>\r\n<p>Given the importance of methane and livestock generally as a source of greenhouse gases, the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre is investing in a broad range of research, funded by the New Zealand government and in collaboration with industry, to find ways of reducing methane emissions from livestock in New Zealand. We are also working with partners internationally to help accelerate the search for solutions and to ensure technologies we develop in New Zealand can be adopted in other countries that find themselves in similar positions.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"research.html\">Read more</a></strong></p>', 'Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere by grass and other plants in the process of photosynthesis.\r\nPasture that is not eaten by animals breaks down naturally, and the carbon it contains returns to the atmosphere again as carbon dioxide through plant respiration and decay of dead plants. These processes cause no net change in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.\r\nIf we now add grazing livestock such as sheep and cattle, the carbon cycle becomes more complex but it remains a cycle.\r\n\r\nLivestock eat some of the grass and absorb the carbon it contains, but all of this carbon re-renters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Some of it re-enters it very quickly through the carbon dioxide that animals exhale. Some of the carbon is deposited in animal manure, which microbes break down into carbon dioxide. Some of the carbon is stored in animal products that we humans consume, such as meat and dairy; that carbon is released once we digest it or as food waste and dead animals decompose. Finally, some carbon is contained in animal leather, where it may be stored for many years before ultimately the leather decays and is again broken down by microbes.\r\nEven though the individual processes are complex, there is no net change over time in carbon dioxide concentrations.\r\nThis cycle explains why growing grass and having livestock eat it is not a climate solution – it all remains a closed cycle. The only exception would be if some of the carbon is stored permanently in soil, by increasing soil carbon. This is possible in principle and would be very promising – but the evidence in New Zealand suggests that there has been very little net change in soil carbon across our agricultural lands.\r\nIf this cycling of carbon was the only thing happening in livestock systems, it would not make a substantial contribution to climate change.\r\nBut the digestive systems of ruminant animals also produce an additional and very powerful by-product: methane.\r\n\r\nMethane is produced by microbes in the fore-stomach of ruminants, from the plants that animals eat (see What is enteric fermentation?). Methane is relatively a short-lived gas that decays back into carbon dioxide with a half-life of around 12 years. But while methane is in the atmosphere, it makes a powerful contribution to the overall warming effect of greenhouse gases because it is much more effective at absorbing heat radiation than carbon dioxide.\r\nCurrent estimates are that emissions of methane to date have contributed almost 40 percent of the total warming effect from all human activities.\r\nGiven the importance of methane and livestock generally as a source of greenhouse gases, the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre is investing in a broad range of research, funded by the New Zealand government and in collaboration with industry, to find ways of reducing methane emissions from livestock in New Zealand. We are also working with partners internationally to help accelerate the search for solutions and to ensure technologies we develop in New Zealand can be adopted in other countries that find themselves in similar positions.\r\nRead more', '', '', '', '', '2017-11-30', '2017-11-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '533', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(465, '', 'Video: Watching CO2 exchange and maize growth', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>A short time-lapse video of maize growing and the measured cumulative CO2-C exchange from eddy covariance.</p>\r\n<p>Down is a loss and up is a gain. There are initial C losses before maize growth is established and then gains as the maize grows. The net C balance will also need to take into account removal of C with harvest.</p>\r\n<p>The animation has been&nbsp;provided by University of Waikato\'s Louis Schipper and created by University of Waikato\'s Aaron Wall as part of the PhD he is doing alongside his role in the NZAGRC programme. More information on this work can be found at <a href=\"soil-carbon.html\">http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/soil-carbon.html</a></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/Hdiu5wZo-hE\" width=\"425\" height=\"350\"></iframe></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'A short time-lapse video of maize growing and the measured cumulative CO2-C exchange from eddy covariance.\r\nDown is a loss and up is a gain. There are initial C losses before maize growth is established and then gains as the maize grows. The net C balance will also need to take into account removal of C with harvest.\r\nThe animation has been provided by University of Waikato\'s Louis Schipper and created by University of Waikato\'s Aaron Wall as part of the PhD he is doing alongside his role in the NZAGRC programme. More information on this work can be found at http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/soil-carbon.html', '', '', '', '', '2018-01-17', '2018-01-17', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '410', 'Video: Timelapse of maize growth and CO2-C exchange', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(466, '', 'NZAGRC scholarship forges future international collaboration', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Congratulations to Nicolas Puche who has successfully defended his PhD at Massey University. Nicolas came to New Zealand in 2012 on a scholarship funded by the NZAGRC - his doctoral thesis, &lsquo;<a href=\"http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/research/higher-research-degrees/phd-student-profiles/doctoral-my-story.cfm?studid=F%2B0uZl%2FcydY%3D\">Detailed temporal modelling of carbon and water fluxes from pastures in New Zealand: A case study of an experimental dairy farm in the Waikato region&rsquo;</a> was supervised by scientists from Massey, Waikato University, Landcare Research and AgResearch.</p>\r\n<p>Nicolas, who hails from Toulon in the south of France, has degrees in electronics and environmental monitoring. Before coming to New Zealand he worked at a research institution where he developed the photosynthesis components of a water and greenhouse gases budgets model for crops. The opportunity to come to New Zealand and link agricultural greenhouse gas emissions with his modelling experience seemed ideal to Nicolas, and since arriving here he&rsquo;s quickly learned all about New Zealand&rsquo;s pastoral agricultural system and its impacts on the soil.</p>\r\n<p>Nicolas has already been offered a post-doctoral position by the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (<a href=\"http://www.inra.fr/en/Scientists-Students\">INRA</a>) in Paris where he will continue to work with scientists in&nbsp;New&nbsp;Zealand using <a href=\"https://datastore.landcareresearch.co.nz/en/dataset/cenw-forest-growth-model\">CenW</a> through a Global Partnership in Livestock Emissions Research (<a href=\"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/funding-and-programmes/farming/global-partnerships-in-livestock-emissions-research/\">GPLER</a>)-funded collaborative project. The NZAGRC-funded scholarship has enabled this future international collaboration with the promise to advance the relevant greenhouse gas science.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Nicolas\' thesis has also laid the ground work for several publications, which will be progressed after his return to France.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Bon voyage and &agrave; bient&ocirc;t, Nicolas - we are looking forward to our continued work with you!</p>', 'Congratulations to Nicolas Puche who has successfully defended his PhD at Massey University. Nicolas came to New Zealand in 2012 on a scholarship funded by the NZAGRC - his doctoral thesis, ‘Detailed temporal modelling of carbon and water fluxes from pastures in New Zealand: A case study of an experimental dairy farm in the Waikato region’ was supervised by scientists from Massey, Waikato University, Landcare Research and AgResearch.\r\nNicolas, who hails from Toulon in the south of France, has degrees in electronics and environmental monitoring. Before coming to New Zealand he worked at a research institution where he developed the photosynthesis components of a water and greenhouse gases budgets model for crops. The opportunity to come to New Zealand and link agricultural greenhouse gas emissions with his modelling experience seemed ideal to Nicolas, and since arriving here he’s quickly learned all about New Zealand’s pastoral agricultural system and its impacts on the soil.\r\nNicolas has already been offered a post-doctoral position by the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) in Paris where he will continue to work with scientists in New Zealand using CenW through a Global Partnership in Livestock Emissions Research (GPLER)-funded collaborative project. The NZAGRC-funded scholarship has enabled this future international collaboration with the promise to advance the relevant greenhouse gas science. \r\nNicolas\' thesis has also laid the ground work for several publications, which will be progressed after his return to France. \r\nBon voyage and à bientôt, Nicolas - we are looking forward to our continued work with you!', '', '', '', '', '2017-12-15', '2017-12-15', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '613', 'NZAGRC scholarship forges future international collaboration', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(467, '', '5 reasons measuring GHGs', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Here are five reasons why measuring GHGs is important:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>To understand trends and identify how much agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions relative to other sectors both nationally and internationally</li>\r\n<li>To develop effective ways to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. identifying naturally low methane<br />emitting animals for breeding programmes</li>\r\n<li>To find out whether actions intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are effective when they are applied in practic</li>\r\n<li>To meet international obligations to monitor progress against commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequent agreement</li>\r\n<li>To enable companies to monitor and report on their greenhouse gas footprint.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\">Download a poster</span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"5Reasons-MeasuringGHGs.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1584/5Reasons-MeasuringGHGs.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> 5Reasons-MeasuringGHGs.pdf</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(4.47MB)</span></span></p>\r\n<p><img class=\"mce-popup\" title=\"5 reasons-measuringGHGs.png\" src=\"user/image/raw/614/5 reasons-measuringGHGs.png\" alt=\"5 reasons-measuringGHGs.png\" data-href=\"popup/image/raw/614/5 reasons-measuringGHGs.png\" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Here are five reasons why measuring GHGs is important:\r\n\r\nTo understand trends and identify how much agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions relative to other sectors both nationally and internationally\r\nTo develop effective ways to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. identifying naturally low methaneemitting animals for breeding programmes\r\nTo find out whether actions intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are effective when they are applied in practic\r\nTo meet international obligations to monitor progress against commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequent agreement\r\nTo enable companies to monitor and report on their greenhouse gas footprint.\r\n\r\nDownload a poster\r\n 5Reasons-MeasuringGHGs.pdf (4.47MB)', '', '', '', '', '2018-02-16', '2018-02-16', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '615', '5 reasons why measuring GHGs is important', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(468, '', 'Five Reasons why measuring GHGs is important', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<img class=\"mce-popup\" title=\"5 reasons-measuringGHGs.png\" src=\"user/image/raw/614/5 reasons-measuringGHGs.png\" alt=\"5 reasons-measuringGHGs.png\" width=\"504\" height=\"1260\" data-href=\"popup/image/raw/614/5 reasons-measuringGHGs.png\" /></p>\r\n<p>Here are five reasons why it\'s important to measure greenhouse gases:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>To understand trends and identify how much agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions relative to other sectors both nationally and internationally</li>\r\n<li>To develop effective ways to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. identifying naturally low methane<br />emitting animals for breeding programmes</li>\r\n<li>To find out whether actions intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are effective when they are applied in practice</li>\r\n<li>To meet international obligations to monitor progress against commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequent agreements</li>\r\n<li>To enable companies to monitor and report on their greenhouse gas footprint.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p><strong>Download a poster&nbsp;</strong><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"5Reasons-MeasuringGHGs.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1584/5Reasons-MeasuringGHGs.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> 5Reasons-MeasuringGHGs.pdf</a> (4.47MB)</span></p>\r\n<h3>Further reading</h3>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"faq-1,listing,404,what-are-respiration-chambers.html\" target=\"_blank\"><img class=\"\" title=\"FS15_2.jpg\" src=\"user/image/small/390/FS15_2.jpg\" alt=\"FS15_2.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></a></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"fact-sheets,listing,176,reducing-new-zealands-agricultural-emissions-how-we-measure-emissions-edition-2.html\" target=\"_blank\">Reducing New Zealand\'s agricultural greenhouse gases: How we measure emissions</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"faq-1,listing,404,what-are-respiration-chambers.html\" target=\"_blank\"><img class=\"\" title=\"FAQ.jpg\" src=\"user/image/small/533/FAQ.jpg\" alt=\"FAQ.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></a></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h4><a href=\"faq-1,listing,404,what-are-respiration-chambers.html\" target=\"_blank\">What are respiration chambers?</a></h4>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', 'Here are five reasons why it\'s important to measure greenhouse gases:\r\n\r\nTo understand trends and identify how much agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions relative to other sectors both nationally and internationally\r\nTo develop effective ways to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, e.g. identifying naturally low methaneemitting animals for breeding programmes\r\nTo find out whether actions intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are effective when they are applied in practice\r\nTo meet international obligations to monitor progress against commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequent agreements\r\nTo enable companies to monitor and report on their greenhouse gas footprint.\r\n\r\nDownload a poster  5Reasons-MeasuringGHGs.pdf (4.47MB)\r\nFurther reading\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nReducing New Zealand\'s agricultural greenhouse gases: How we measure emissions\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhat are respiration chambers?', '', '', '', '', '2018-02-16', '2018-02-16', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '615', 'Five reasons why measuring GHGs is important', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(469, '', 'Report: Mitigating greenhouse gases on Māori farms 2014-2017', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>This report covers a project to assist the Māori pastoral sector to improve its collective capacity to increase resource efficiency, farm productivity, while reducing GHG emissions. The project was based around the establishment of a network of 29 Māori farms, and intensive modelling on 4 of these farms to investigate and demonstrate the impact of mitigation strategies on farm profitability and GHG emissions.</p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"Maori GHG Final Report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1592/Maori%20GHG%20Final%20Report.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> Māori GHG Final Report.pdf</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(2.32MB)</span></span></p>', 'This report covers a project to assist the Māori pastoral sector to improve its collective capacity to increase resource efficiency, farm productivity, while reducing GHG emissions. The project was based around the establishment of a network of 29 Māori farms, and intensive modelling on 4 of these farms to investigate and demonstrate the impact of mitigation strategies on farm profitability and GHG emissions.\r\n Māori GHG Final Report.pdf (2.32MB)', '', '', '', '', '2018-02-28', '2018-02-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '616', 'Report: Mitigating greenhouse gases on Māori farms', 'Final report from NZAGRC Māori research programme - Mitigating greenhouse gases on Māori farms', 'GHG, greenhouse gases, Māori, NZ farm, farming, maori,', '', 4, 'Y'),
(470, '', 'Jim Skea: Mitigating climate change', '', '', '<p>The Royal Society will host Professor Jim Skea from the IPCC for a free public lecture to ascertain what science is telling us about the actions&nbsp;can be taken to reduce the rate of climate change.</p>\r\n<p>Te Papa, Soundings Theatre,&nbsp;Wellington<br />6pm Wednesday 21 March 2018</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://royalsociety.org.nz/news/mitigating-climate-change-with-professor-jim-skea/\">More information</a></strong> (external website)<br /><strong><a href=\"https://www.eventbrite.co.nz/e/climate-change-stormy-weather-ahead-tickets-43109617025\">Register</a></strong> (external website)</p>', 'The Royal Society will host Professor Jim Skea from the IPCC for a free public lecture to ascertain what science is telling us about the actions can be taken to reduce the rate of climate change.\r\nTe Papa, Soundings Theatre, Wellington6pm Wednesday 21 March 2018\r\nMore information (external website)Register (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2018-03-21', '2018-03-21', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(471, '', 'Media release: NZAGRC leaders to contribute to next IPCC report', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\">The Director and Deputy Director of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) have been appointed to prestigious international scientific leadership roles for the next wide-ranging climate change report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is this month marking its 30th anniversary.</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\"><br />The NZAGRC&rsquo;s Director Dr Harry Clark and Deputy Director (International) Dr Andy Reisinger were contributors to the last IPCC Assessment report which was released in 2014. The pair&rsquo;s involvement continues New Zealand&rsquo;s and the NZAGRC&rsquo;s strong ties to the IPCC&mdash;researchers funded by the NZAGRC have been contributing to IPCC assessment reports since 1990.</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\"><br />Dr Harry Clark will be a lead author for the Working Group III contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), the IPCC&rsquo;s next comprehensive scientific assessment of climate change. Working Group III will be assessing the current international knowledge around climate change mitigation, with Dr Clark&rsquo;s chapter focused on mitigation in agriculture, forestry and other land uses.</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\">Dr Clark says his involvement is a great opportunity to ensure New Zealand perspectives, and those of other countries with pastoral production systems, are reflected in the IPCC report and how the need to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions can be combined with challenges around food security.</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\">&ldquo;For New Zealand to be represented in the authorship of this chapter signals the importance that this country places on the development of mitigation technologies but also the impact of climate change on our agricultural industry.&rdquo;</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\">He says he is honoured to be involved in climate change mitigation at this top international level.</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\">&ldquo;The IPCC continues to be the most authoritative scientific advisory voice for governments around the world. New Zealand is a signatory to the Paris Agreement and this latest assessment report will help us understand how New Zealand can meet our commitments now and in the future.&rdquo;</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\">At the same time, Dr Andy Reisinger has been appointed to act as Review Editor for another chapter in the same report. Review Editors ensure that lead authors carefully consider and address all comments that the IPCC receives at multiple stages during the global review process. Dr Reisinger&rsquo;s chapter will deal with cross-cutting issues, including the role of energy and food systems and bioenergy to deliver the stringent emission reductions that countries have agreed to under the Paris Agreement.</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\">&ldquo;Review Editors don&rsquo;t write the reports, but they play a vital role in the IPCC process,&rdquo; says Dr Reisinger. &ldquo;Our task is to ensure that reports have scientific integrity and reflect a balance of viewpoints, rather than just the personal views of the authors. The painstaking global review process makes the IPCC unlike any other source of information on climate change.&rdquo;</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\">Work on the AR6 starts in 2018 and the report will be completed in 2021. Other IPCC Special Reports are due for completion later this year and in 2019.</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\"><br />ENDS</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\"><br />For further information, contact:<br />Harry Clark, NZAGRC Director<br />T: +64 6 351 8111<br />E: </a><a href=\"mailto:Harry.clark@nzagrc.org.nz\">Harry.clark@nzagrc.org.nz</a></span></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director to contribute to IPCC report.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1601/MR_180314_NZAGRC%20Director%20and%20Deputy%20Director%20to%20contribute%20to%20IPCC%20report.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director...</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(0.41MB)</span></span></p>', 'The Director and Deputy Director of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) have been appointed to prestigious international scientific leadership roles for the next wide-ranging climate change report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is this month marking its 30th anniversary.\r\nThe NZAGRC’s Director Dr Harry Clark and Deputy Director (International) Dr Andy Reisinger were contributors to the last IPCC Assessment report which was released in 2014. The pair’s involvement continues New Zealand’s and the NZAGRC’s strong ties to the IPCC—researchers funded by the NZAGRC have been contributing to IPCC assessment reports since 1990.\r\nDr Harry Clark will be a lead author for the Working Group III contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), the IPCC’s next comprehensive scientific assessment of climate change. Working Group III will be assessing the current international knowledge around climate change mitigation, with Dr Clark’s chapter focused on mitigation in agriculture, forestry and other land uses.\r\nDr Clark says his involvement is a great opportunity to ensure New Zealand perspectives, and those of other countries with pastoral production systems, are reflected in the IPCC report and how the need to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions can be combined with challenges around food security.\r\n“For New Zealand to be represented in the authorship of this chapter signals the importance that this country places on the development of mitigation technologies but also the impact of climate change on our agricultural industry.”\r\nHe says he is honoured to be involved in climate change mitigation at this top international level.\r\n“The IPCC continues to be the most authoritative scientific advisory voice for governments around the world. New Zealand is a signatory to the Paris Agreement and this latest assessment report will help us understand how New Zealand can meet our commitments now and in the future.”\r\nAt the same time, Dr Andy Reisinger has been appointed to act as Review Editor for another chapter in the same report. Review Editors ensure that lead authors carefully consider and address all comments that the IPCC receives at multiple stages during the global review process. Dr Reisinger’s chapter will deal with cross-cutting issues, including the role of energy and food systems and bioenergy to deliver the stringent emission reductions that countries have agreed to under the Paris Agreement.\r\n“Review Editors don’t write the reports, but they play a vital role in the IPCC process,” says Dr Reisinger. “Our task is to ensure that reports have scientific integrity and reflect a balance of viewpoints, rather than just the personal views of the authors. The painstaking global review process makes the IPCC unlike any other source of information on climate change.”\r\nWork on the AR6 starts in 2018 and the report will be completed in 2021. Other IPCC Special Reports are due for completion later this year and in 2019.\r\nENDS\r\nFor further information, contact:Harry Clark, NZAGRC DirectorT: +64 6 351 8111E: Harry.clark@nzagrc.org.nz\r\n MR_180314_NZAGRC Director and Deputy Director... (0.41MB)', '', '', '', '', '2018-03-14', '2018-03-14', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '247', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(472, '', 'Field Day: Troughton Farm', '', '', '<p>Managing greenhouse gases &ndash; lessons learnt and where to from here?</p>\r\n<p>An On-Farm Field Day</p>\r\n<p>Tuesday 17th April 2018<br />11 am &ndash; 1 pm<br />Troughton Farm, 332 Mowbray Road, Waharoa, Matamata</p>\r\n<p>Practical, on-farm management practices to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are needed to maintain the long-term sustainability of pastoral farming. Research on the Troughton family dairy farm, near Waharoa, is investigating new management practices aimed at increasing or maintaining soil carbon storage and reducing nitrous oxide emissions. The focus has been on practical solutions that reduce GHG emissions while maintaining or enhancing productivity and soil quality.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Read more</strong></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"Troughton_fielday_flyer.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1603/Troughton_fielday_flyer.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> Troughton_fielday_flyer.pdf</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(0.35MB)</span></span></p>', 'Managing greenhouse gases – lessons learnt and where to from here?\r\nAn On-Farm Field Day\r\nTuesday 17th April 201811 am – 1 pmTroughton Farm, 332 Mowbray Road, Waharoa, Matamata\r\nPractical, on-farm management practices to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are needed to maintain the long-term sustainability of pastoral farming. Research on the Troughton family dairy farm, near Waharoa, is investigating new management practices aimed at increasing or maintaining soil carbon storage and reducing nitrous oxide emissions. The focus has been on practical solutions that reduce GHG emissions while maintaining or enhancing productivity and soil quality.\r\nRead more\r\n Troughton_fielday_flyer.pdf (0.35MB)', '', '', '', '', '2018-04-17', '2018-04-17', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '617', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(473, '', 'Media release: NZ-led rumen microbial genome work published in prestigious journal', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>A global scientific project led by New Zealand researchers, which has generated a reference set of genome sequences of microbes found in the stomachs of sheep and cattle, has been published in the respected international scientific journal <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nbt.4110\"><em><u>Nature Biotechnology</u></em></a>.</p>\r\n<p>The project, called the Hungate1000, was led by former AgResearch scientist Dr Bill Kelly, and AgResearch scientist Dr Sinead Leahy. The pair brought together nearly 60 scientists from 14 research organisations across nine countries, who collaborated to generate a reference catalogue of 501 rumen microbial genomes&mdash;before Hungate1000, just 15 rumen microbial genomes were available to the scientific community.</p>\r\n<p>Dr Kelly says the project was named after Bob Hungate, an American scientist who trained the first generation of New Zealand rumen microbiologists in the 1960s and 1970s.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;Bob Hungate developed the pioneering technique of growing anaerobic bacteria&mdash;that technique of culturing the microbes that then have their genomes sequenced has been the cornerstone of our project.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>Dr Kelly says the project gives a new understanding of what exactly is taking place inside a rumen.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;Hungate1000 means we can now start to reveal the intricacies of how the rumen microbial community functions, and provides a roadmap for where to take the science next,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;This data can be translated into interventions that are useful, such as identifying targets for vaccines and inhibitors to reduce methane emissions and improve productivity, among other things.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"staff,listing,247,sinead-leahy.html\"><u>Dr Leahy</u></a>, who is currently seconded to the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) as its International Capability and Training Coordinator, says the project represents a major scientific advancement in the field of rumen microbiology, an area of science that up until recently had largely been unexplored.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;These microbes in the stomachs of ruminants are crucially important&mdash;they convert grass and other dietary components into smaller compounds that the sheep or cow uses to make meat and milk,&rdquo; she says. &ldquo;The data we&rsquo;ve made available with Hungate1000 will underpin the development of technologies to target these microbes and aid productivity or reduce greenhouse gas emissions&mdash;you need to know what you&rsquo;re targeting to make a specific impact on the rumen microbiome environment.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>Dr Andy Reisinger, the NZAGRC&rsquo;s Deputy Director (International), says Hungate1000 is central to the work that the NZAGRC is managing.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;Hungate1000 shows what a powerhouse the rumen is in converting digestible plant material to energy, and gives us a much better understanding of how we might be able to use science to influence that process,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;This will help us find ways not only to enhance productivity but also to achieve emissions reductions and deliver solutions to farmers&mdash;such as inhibitors and vaccines&mdash;that don&rsquo;t affect their bottom lines.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>The Hungate1000 data is available as a community resource on the United States Department of Energy <a href=\"https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/portal/HungateCollection/HungateCollection.info.html\"><u>Joint Genome Institute website</u></a>.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;We had an open release policy, which meant the data was made available as soon as we generated it,&rdquo; explains Dr Leahy. &ldquo;That aligns with the GRA&rsquo;s ethos of science for the greater good&mdash;Hungate1000 is about coming together to advance global knowledge.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>The Hungate1000 was funded by the New Zealand Government through the <a href=\"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/\"><u>Ministry for Primary Industries</u></a> in support of the <a href=\"https://globalresearchalliance.org/research/livestock/\"><u>Livestock Research Group</u></a> of the <a href=\"https://globalresearchalliance.org/\"><u>Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases</u></a> (GRA), which is administered by the <a href=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/\"><u>NZAGRC</u></a>. The genome sequencing and analysis component of the project was supported by the United States Department of Energy&rsquo;s <a href=\"https://jgi.doe.gov/\"><u>Joint Genome Institute</u></a> (JGI), via its Community Science Program.</p>\r\n<p>Dr Harry Clark, the Director of the NZAGRC who also co-chairs the GRA&rsquo;s Livestock Research Group, says Hungate1000 would not have come about without the financial support of the New Zealand government.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;The investment by MPI to support good science delivers multiple benefits, not just to New Zealand but globally too,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;This project shows the power of international collaboration&mdash;we&rsquo;ve been able to bring scientists together from around the world to create this resource that can benefit all countries, and New Zealand can be proud that we made it happen.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>Dr Kelly says he and the rest of the Hungate1000 team are delighted to see their work published in <em>Nature Biotechnology</em>.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;It&rsquo;s the culmination of a long journey and a lot of work, and we have achieved something that I think is really worthwhile,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;The kudos of getting something published in a high-impact journal like <em>Nature Biotechnology</em> is enormous, and highlights the value of this work to a global audience.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p><strong><em>For more information, contact:</em></strong></p>\r\n<p>Dr Sinead Leahy</p>\r\n<p>Tel: +64 6 351 8333 Email: <a href=\"mailto:sinead.leahy@nzagrc.org.nz\">sinead.leahy@nzagrc.org.nz</a></p>\r\n<h3>More information</h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 166px;\" width=\"100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;\">&nbsp;<img title=\"nature_hungate.jpg\" src=\"user/image/thumb/618/nature_hungate.jpg\" alt=\"nature_hungate.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.4110\">Paper: Cultivation and sequencing of rumen microbiome members from the Hungate1000 Collection</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img title=\"staff_sl_stuffarticle.jpg\" src=\"user/image/thumb/523/staff_sl_stuffarticle.jpg\" alt=\"staff_sl_stuffarticle.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;\r\n<h3><a href=\"staff,listing,247,sinead-leahy.html\">Sinead Leahy</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'A global scientific project led by New Zealand researchers, which has generated a reference set of genome sequences of microbes found in the stomachs of sheep and cattle, has been published in the respected international scientific journal Nature Biotechnology.\r\nThe project, called the Hungate1000, was led by former AgResearch scientist Dr Bill Kelly, and AgResearch scientist Dr Sinead Leahy. The pair brought together nearly 60 scientists from 14 research organisations across nine countries, who collaborated to generate a reference catalogue of 501 rumen microbial genomes—before Hungate1000, just 15 rumen microbial genomes were available to the scientific community.\r\nDr Kelly says the project was named after Bob Hungate, an American scientist who trained the first generation of New Zealand rumen microbiologists in the 1960s and 1970s.\r\n“Bob Hungate developed the pioneering technique of growing anaerobic bacteria—that technique of culturing the microbes that then have their genomes sequenced has been the cornerstone of our project.”\r\nDr Kelly says the project gives a new understanding of what exactly is taking place inside a rumen.\r\n“Hungate1000 means we can now start to reveal the intricacies of how the rumen microbial community functions, and provides a roadmap for where to take the science next,” he says. “This data can be translated into interventions that are useful, such as identifying targets for vaccines and inhibitors to reduce methane emissions and improve productivity, among other things.”\r\nDr Leahy, who is currently seconded to the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) as its International Capability and Training Coordinator, says the project represents a major scientific advancement in the field of rumen microbiology, an area of science that up until recently had largely been unexplored.\r\n“These microbes in the stomachs of ruminants are crucially important—they convert grass and other dietary components into smaller compounds that the sheep or cow uses to make meat and milk,” she says. “The data we’ve made available with Hungate1000 will underpin the development of technologies to target these microbes and aid productivity or reduce greenhouse gas emissions—you need to know what you’re targeting to make a specific impact on the rumen microbiome environment.”\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, the NZAGRC’s Deputy Director (International), says Hungate1000 is central to the work that the NZAGRC is managing.\r\n“Hungate1000 shows what a powerhouse the rumen is in converting digestible plant material to energy, and gives us a much better understanding of how we might be able to use science to influence that process,” he says. “This will help us find ways not only to enhance productivity but also to achieve emissions reductions and deliver solutions to farmers—such as inhibitors and vaccines—that don’t affect their bottom lines.”\r\nThe Hungate1000 data is available as a community resource on the United States Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute website.\r\n“We had an open release policy, which meant the data was made available as soon as we generated it,” explains Dr Leahy. “That aligns with the GRA’s ethos of science for the greater good—Hungate1000 is about coming together to advance global knowledge.”\r\nThe Hungate1000 was funded by the New Zealand Government through the Ministry for Primary Industries in support of the Livestock Research Group of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA), which is administered by the NZAGRC. The genome sequencing and analysis component of the project was supported by the United States Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute (JGI), via its Community Science Program.\r\nDr Harry Clark, the Director of the NZAGRC who also co-chairs the GRA’s Livestock Research Group, says Hungate1000 would not have come about without the financial support of the New Zealand government.\r\n“The investment by MPI to support good science delivers multiple benefits, not just to New Zealand but globally too,” he says. “This project shows the power of international collaboration—we’ve been able to bring scientists together from around the world to create this resource that can benefit all countries, and New Zealand can be proud that we made it happen.”\r\nDr Kelly says he and the rest of the Hungate1000 team are delighted to see their work published in Nature Biotechnology.\r\n“It’s the culmination of a long journey and a lot of work, and we have achieved something that I think is really worthwhile,” he says. “The kudos of getting something published in a high-impact journal like Nature Biotechnology is enormous, and highlights the value of this work to a global audience.”\r\nFor more information, contact:\r\nDr Sinead Leahy\r\nTel: +64 6 351 8333 Email: sinead.leahy@nzagrc.org.nz\r\nMore information\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nPaper: Cultivation and sequencing of rumen microbiome members from the Hungate1000 Collection\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nSinead Leahy', '', '', '', '', '2018-03-20', '2018-03-20', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
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(474, '', 'Media release: NZAGRC Director to take key role in Government', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><strong>The expertise of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre&rsquo;s leadership has been recognised with the appointment of the Centre&rsquo;s Director to a key role in the Government&rsquo;s newly established Interim Climate Change Commission (ICCC). The ICCC was launched at Parliament this afternoon by the Minister for Climate Change, Hon James Shaw.</strong></p>\r\n<p>NZAGRC Director Dr Harry Clark has been appointed a member of the Interim Climate Change Committee which has been established as the precursor to the appointment of more permanent Climate Change Commissioners (CCC). A major role of the ICCC will be to investigate entry of agriculture into the Emissions Trading Scheme until the full Commission is established under the Zero Carbon Act, in the latter half of 2019. The ICCC will also consider the transition to 100 per cent renewable electricity generation by 2035. The Interim Committee&rsquo;s advice and recommendations will be passed on to the CCC to follow through on.</p>\r\n<p>Dr Clark says the appointment is recognition for the wider work the NZAGRC supports.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;It&rsquo;s an exciting new opportunity to put to use the vast amount of knowledge that has been garnered in the climate science and greenhouse gas mitigation space&mdash;the NZAGRC plays a vital role in coordinating this authoritative resource.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>Dr Clark says his role as an ICCC committee member reflects the depth of expertise that the NZAGRC supports in the agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation space.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;This will be a fantastic challenge to help New Zealand&rsquo;s push towards a low emissions economy that is vibrant and highly productive and provides growing wealth for all New Zealanders.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;I&rsquo;m looking forward to working with the other Interim Committee members to contribute to the Government&rsquo;s plans to introduce a new climate change legislation target and establish an independent Climate Change Commission&mdash;it&rsquo;s both exciting and somewhat daunting, but it is a challenge I am relishing.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>ENDS</p>\r\n<p><strong><em>For more information, contact:</em></strong></p>\r\n<p>Dr Harry Clark, NZAGRC Director</p>\r\n<p>Tel: +64 6 351 8334<br /> Email: <a href=\"mailto:harry.clark@nzagrc.org.nz\">harry.clark@nzagrc.org.nz</a></p>', 'The expertise of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre’s leadership has been recognised with the appointment of the Centre’s Director to a key role in the Government’s newly established Interim Climate Change Commission (ICCC). The ICCC was launched at Parliament this afternoon by the Minister for Climate Change, Hon James Shaw.\r\nNZAGRC Director Dr Harry Clark has been appointed a member of the Interim Climate Change Committee which has been established as the precursor to the appointment of more permanent Climate Change Commissioners (CCC). A major role of the ICCC will be to investigate entry of agriculture into the Emissions Trading Scheme until the full Commission is established under the Zero Carbon Act, in the latter half of 2019. The ICCC will also consider the transition to 100 per cent renewable electricity generation by 2035. The Interim Committee’s advice and recommendations will be passed on to the CCC to follow through on.\r\nDr Clark says the appointment is recognition for the wider work the NZAGRC supports.\r\n“It’s an exciting new opportunity to put to use the vast amount of knowledge that has been garnered in the climate science and greenhouse gas mitigation space—the NZAGRC plays a vital role in coordinating this authoritative resource.”\r\nDr Clark says his role as an ICCC committee member reflects the depth of expertise that the NZAGRC supports in the agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation space.\r\n“This will be a fantastic challenge to help New Zealand’s push towards a low emissions economy that is vibrant and highly productive and provides growing wealth for all New Zealanders.\r\n“I’m looking forward to working with the other Interim Committee members to contribute to the Government’s plans to introduce a new climate change legislation target and establish an independent Climate Change Commission—it’s both exciting and somewhat daunting, but it is a challenge I am relishing.”\r\nENDS\r\nFor more information, contact:\r\nDr Harry Clark, NZAGRC Director\r\nTel: +64 6 351 8334 Email: harry.clark@nzagrc.org.nz', '', '', '', '', '2018-04-17', '2018-04-17', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '108', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(475, '', 'Asian-Australian Animal Production Congress 2018', '', '', '<p>The Asian Australasian Animal Production (AAAP) Congress is being held in Kuching, East Malaysia, from 1-5 August 2018.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://aaap2018.com\">More information </a></strong>(external website)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'The Asian Australasian Animal Production (AAAP) Congress is being held in Kuching, East Malaysia, from 1-5 August 2018.\r\nMore information (external website)', '', '', '', '', '2018-08-01', '2018-08-05', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(476, '', 'What about biochar?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>There is good evidence that biochar (organic matter carbonised under controlled conditions) represents a very stable form of carbon, so it could be used to store more carbon in soils. Research has indicated that specific biochars could also help reduce nitrous oxide emissions although the specific mechanisms are not yet clear; other potential benefits for improving soil functions and reducing emissions from pastures are also being tested. However, the main challenge at present to any widespread use of biochar in a pastoral system remains its cost, which makes this strategy not yet economically feasible for NZ farmers.</p>', 'There is good evidence that biochar (organic matter carbonised under controlled conditions) represents a very stable form of carbon, so it could be used to store more carbon in soils. Research has indicated that specific biochars could also help reduce nitrous oxide emissions although the specific mechanisms are not yet clear; other potential benefits for improving soil functions and reducing emissions from pastures are also being tested. However, the main challenge at present to any widespread use of biochar in a pastoral system remains its cost, which makes this strategy not yet economically feasible for NZ farmers.', '', '', '', '', '2017-08-01', '2017-08-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '227', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(477, '', 'Getting to the bottom of a beneficial bacterium', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Growing up in a remote village in India gave Dr Sandeep Kumar a first-hand understanding of the significant impact that farming can have on a society. Even the small-scale farms of his tiny hometown, where families might each have one or two cows in their backyard, made a big impression on the young Sandeep and fostered a desire to learn more about the very building blocks of agriculture.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>That fascination led Sandeep all the way to New Zealand, and with the help of the <a href=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/\"><u>New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre</u></a>, he is graduating this month from Massey University with a PhD on the physiology of rumen bacteria associated with low-methane emitting sheep.</p>\r\n<p>After graduating with a Master&rsquo;s degree in microbiology in India, Sandeep worked for the Indian Veterinary Research Institute as a rumen microbiologist. It was there he first made contact with a fellow rumen microbiologist on the other side of the world: AgResearch&rsquo;s Dr Peter Janssen, who is the Principal Investigator of the jointly-funded PGgRc-NZAGRC <a href=\"methane.html\"><u>methane mitigation programme</u></a>.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;Like India, New Zealand also places a lot of value on agriculture, and I was quite fascinated by the dairy farming systems in New Zealand too, which are highly organised and very productive,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;I had some conversations with Peter Janssen and we figured out that I could come to New Zealand on a LEARN (<a href=\"https://livestockemissions.net/\"><u>Livestock Emissions and Abatement Research Network</u></a>) Fellowship, which I was lucky enough to do in 2011.&rdquo;&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Sandeep worked as a technician with Dr Janssen and Dr Gemma Henderson at AgResearch for six months, then returned to India for a year. However, he felt he had unfinished business in New Zealand, and came back to AgResearch to study what&rsquo;s known in rumen microbiology circles as an historically iconic rumen bacteria, <em>Quinella ovalis</em>.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Along with <em>Sharpea</em> and <em>Kandleria</em>, <em>Quinella ovalis</em> has been found to be abundant in low-methane emitting sheep, and Sandeep wanted to understand why.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;This bacterium was first identified in 1913, more than a century ago, but it had never been cultured in the lab or studied in depth. In fact, the only two papers that had previously been written about how <em>Quinella</em> works appeared to contradict each other,&rdquo; he says.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Sandeep received a Walsh fellowship from <a href=\"https://www.teagasc.ie/\"><u>Teagasc</u></a> (Ireland), along with research funding from the NZAGRC, which allowed him to enrol at Massey University to do his PhD. He was based mainly at AgResearch&rsquo;s Grasslands campus in Palmerston North, and his research was supervised by Dr Janssen, Dr Mark Patchett (Massey) and Dr Sinead Waters (Teagasc). He also received valuable mentorship from a number of other current and former AgResearch scientists.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Because <em>Quinella</em> could not be cultured, Sandeep worked on developing different ways to analyse its metabolism to gain a better understanding of why it is more abundant in sheep that produce less methane and how it might be cultured. He worked out how to concentrate cells of <em>Quinella</em> from rumen contents and extracted their DNA. He discovered there were multiple <em>Quinella</em> species&mdash;he sequenced the genomes of four different species. He then analysed the proteins encoded by those genomes, and the key enzymes involved in the metabolic processes of this bacterium.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;This was the first time anyone had studied the physiology of <em>Quinella</em>,&rdquo; says Sandeep. &ldquo;Reconstructing its metabolic pathways showed that it creates a range of different products during the fermentation process: propionate, acetate and lactate. These products appeared in both of the previous studies, which shows they weren&rsquo;t contradictory after all but actually demonstrated the different pathways that <em>Quinella</em> has.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>Sandeep&rsquo;s research also showed <em>Quinella</em> either produces no hydrogen or much less hydrogen (which is the main precursor of methane in the rumen) than other bacteria.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;I think my work will be helpful for any future research in low-methane emitting animals, especially for things like breeding programmes, as well as a number of other research areas that the NZAGRC is supporting.&rdquo;&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Sandeep&rsquo;s PhD thesis is currently under embargo while papers detailing some of his findings are being finalised and will be published in scientific journals.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>He would one day like to take his knowledge back to India, but for now has accepted a position with AgResearch&rsquo;s forage science group. &ldquo;This will allow me to research the plant part of the digestive process, which is eaten by the animal and which ultimately contributes towards methane emissions,&rdquo; Sandeep says.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;AgResearch are really among the world leaders in the field of rumen microbiology&mdash;the work they&rsquo;re doing and the international recognition they&rsquo;re receiving is amazing, so it&rsquo;s been a real privilege to work with Peter Janssen and the other scientists there.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<h3>More information</h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 166px;\" width=\"100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%; text-align: left;\"><img title=\"Grazing Sheep and Cows\" src=\"user/image/thumb/221/Cow Sheep.jpg\" alt=\"Grazing Sheep and Cows\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"methane.html\">NZAGRC-PGGRC methane research programme</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img title=\"AgResearch\" src=\"user/image/small/97/AgResearch.png\" alt=\"AgResearch\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;\r\n<h3><a href=\"agresearch.html\">AgResearch</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Growing up in a remote village in India gave Dr Sandeep Kumar a first-hand understanding of the significant impact that farming can have on a society. Even the small-scale farms of his tiny hometown, where families might each have one or two cows in their backyard, made a big impression on the young Sandeep and fostered a desire to learn more about the very building blocks of agriculture. \r\nThat fascination led Sandeep all the way to New Zealand, and with the help of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre, he is graduating this month from Massey University with a PhD on the physiology of rumen bacteria associated with low-methane emitting sheep.\r\nAfter graduating with a Master’s degree in microbiology in India, Sandeep worked for the Indian Veterinary Research Institute as a rumen microbiologist. It was there he first made contact with a fellow rumen microbiologist on the other side of the world: AgResearch’s Dr Peter Janssen, who is the Principal Investigator of the jointly-funded PGgRc-NZAGRC methane mitigation programme. \r\n“Like India, New Zealand also places a lot of value on agriculture, and I was quite fascinated by the dairy farming systems in New Zealand too, which are highly organised and very productive,” he says. “I had some conversations with Peter Janssen and we figured out that I could come to New Zealand on a LEARN (Livestock Emissions and Abatement Research Network) Fellowship, which I was lucky enough to do in 2011.” \r\nSandeep worked as a technician with Dr Janssen and Dr Gemma Henderson at AgResearch for six months, then returned to India for a year. However, he felt he had unfinished business in New Zealand, and came back to AgResearch to study what’s known in rumen microbiology circles as an historically iconic rumen bacteria, Quinella ovalis. \r\nAlong with Sharpea and Kandleria, Quinella ovalis has been found to be abundant in low-methane emitting sheep, and Sandeep wanted to understand why. \r\n“This bacterium was first identified in 1913, more than a century ago, but it had never been cultured in the lab or studied in depth. In fact, the only two papers that had previously been written about how Quinella works appeared to contradict each other,” he says. \r\nSandeep received a Walsh fellowship from Teagasc (Ireland), along with research funding from the NZAGRC, which allowed him to enrol at Massey University to do his PhD. He was based mainly at AgResearch’s Grasslands campus in Palmerston North, and his research was supervised by Dr Janssen, Dr Mark Patchett (Massey) and Dr Sinead Waters (Teagasc). He also received valuable mentorship from a number of other current and former AgResearch scientists. \r\nBecause Quinella could not be cultured, Sandeep worked on developing different ways to analyse its metabolism to gain a better understanding of why it is more abundant in sheep that produce less methane and how it might be cultured. He worked out how to concentrate cells of Quinella from rumen contents and extracted their DNA. He discovered there were multiple Quinella species—he sequenced the genomes of four different species. He then analysed the proteins encoded by those genomes, and the key enzymes involved in the metabolic processes of this bacterium. \r\n“This was the first time anyone had studied the physiology of Quinella,” says Sandeep. “Reconstructing its metabolic pathways showed that it creates a range of different products during the fermentation process: propionate, acetate and lactate. These products appeared in both of the previous studies, which shows they weren’t contradictory after all but actually demonstrated the different pathways that Quinella has.”\r\nSandeep’s research also showed Quinella either produces no hydrogen or much less hydrogen (which is the main precursor of methane in the rumen) than other bacteria. \r\n“I think my work will be helpful for any future research in low-methane emitting animals, especially for things like breeding programmes, as well as a number of other research areas that the NZAGRC is supporting.” \r\nSandeep’s PhD thesis is currently under embargo while papers detailing some of his findings are being finalised and will be published in scientific journals. \r\nHe would one day like to take his knowledge back to India, but for now has accepted a position with AgResearch’s forage science group. “This will allow me to research the plant part of the digestive process, which is eaten by the animal and which ultimately contributes towards methane emissions,” Sandeep says.\r\n“AgResearch are really among the world leaders in the field of rumen microbiology—the work they’re doing and the international recognition they’re receiving is amazing, so it’s been a real privilege to work with Peter Janssen and the other scientists there.”\r\nMore information\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC-PGGRC methane research programme\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nAgResearch', '', '', '', '', '2018-05-04', '2018-05-04', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '621', 'Getting to the bottom of a beneficial bacterium', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(478, '', 'GRA LRG Meeting', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '2018-05-14', '2018-05-17', '', NULL, NULL, 'Vietnam', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(479, '', 'Genetic parameters of methane emissions determined using portable accumulation chambers in lambs and ewes grazing pasture and genetic correlations with emissions determined in respiration chambers', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>A Jonker S M Hickey S J Rowe P H Janssen G Shackell S Elmes W E Bain J Wing G J Greer B Bryson S MacLean K G Dodds C S Pinares-Pati&ntilde;o E A Young K Knowler N K Pickering J C McEwan (2018). <em>Genetic parameters of methane emissions determined using portable accumulation chambers in lambs and ewes grazing pasture and genetic correlations with emissions determined in respiration chambers.&nbsp;</em>Journal of Animal Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky187<br /><br /><strong><a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jas/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jas/sky187/4993361\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'A Jonker S M Hickey S J Rowe P H Janssen G Shackell S Elmes W E Bain J Wing G J Greer B Bryson S MacLean K G Dodds C S Pinares-Patiño E A Young K Knowler N K Pickering J C McEwan (2018). Genetic parameters of methane emissions determined using portable accumulation chambers in lambs and ewes grazing pasture and genetic correlations with emissions determined in respiration chambers. Journal of Animal Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky187Read more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2018-05-09', '2018-05-09', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Genetic parameters of methane emissions determined using portable accumulation chambers in lambs and ewes grazing pasture and genetic correlations with emissions determined in respiration chambers', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(480, '', 'Applying maths to methane', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>What does maths have to do with methane? Quite a lot, it turns out, with a research project combining the disciplines of biology and mathematics&mdash;funded by the <a href=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/\"><u>New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre</u></a>&mdash;set to boost scientific knowledge of rumen systems and how to mitigate greenhouse gases.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Yuancheng (James) Wang is graduating from Massey University this month with a PhD in mathematics. His multidisciplinary thesis saw him apply his mathematical knowledge to a topic that was entirely new to him: rumen microbiology.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;For my project I developed a mathematical model that describes the interactions between microbes in the rumen and their food source,&rdquo; explains James. &ldquo;My model was also able to take into account the impact of the rumen environment on those interactions, which existing models designed to estimate methane production did not consider.&rdquo;&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>He says the results provided by his mathematical model were consistent with biological expectations, and the model could be expanded to include other factors influencing methane production, such as feeding level and frequency.</p>\r\n<p>While James&rsquo; project focused on methane-producing microbes (methanogens), he says his model will be able to be used in conjunction with models describing other parts of the rumen system, which will provide the full picture of rumen function.</p>\r\n<p>James says there are real benefits of applying mathematical modelling to biological systems. &ldquo;Modelling means you can explore interactions that occur in the rumen system in ways you cannot do in experiments, and you can test your knowledge to uncover any gaps,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;It&rsquo;s also very cost-effective as it allows you to perform multiple experiments to understand what might happen in rumen systems, before designing and carrying out much more expensive animal trials.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>His PhD was supervised by Drs Peter Janssen and David Pacheco from AgResearch, who provided guidance on the how the rumen functions, along with Dr Tammy Lynch and Associate Professor Bruce Van Brunt from Massey&rsquo;s Institute of Fundamental Science who supervised the mathematical component of the research.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>James says he never thought his background in mathematics would see him end up working in agricultural science.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;I&rsquo;ve always been aware that mathematics can be applied to virtually any discipline, and it just happened that I got into this one which I&rsquo;ve found extremely interesting,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;I&rsquo;ve really enjoyed learning about greenhouse gases&mdash;at the moment it&rsquo;s a very critical topic for New Zealand, so it&rsquo;s been great to be at the forefront of this science to help boost the knowledge a little.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>His work is currently being prepared for publication in a science journal in the near future.</p>\r\n<p>James has moved back to Qingdao, China, to look for work and to be closer to family after more than a decade away from home. &ldquo;I&rsquo;ll certainly miss New Zealand though, and will always be grateful for the support provided by the NZAGRC for my project.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<h3 style=\"color: #6bc455; text-transform: none; line-height: 21.6px; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: din_bold; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: #ffffff; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">More information</h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 85px; color: #58595b; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: #ffffff; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\" width=\"806\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"font: 11px/14.85px Verdana, Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width: 150px; text-align: left; font-stretch: normal;\"><img title=\"Grazing Sheep and Cows\" src=\"user/image/thumb/221/Cow%20Sheep.jpg\" alt=\"Grazing Sheep and Cows\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"font: 11px/14.85px Verdana, Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal;\">\r\n<h3 style=\"color: #6bc455; line-height: 21.6px; font-family: din_bold; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px;\"><a style=\"color: #282829; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"methane.html\">NZAGRC-PGGRC methane research programme</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', 'What does maths have to do with methane? Quite a lot, it turns out, with a research project combining the disciplines of biology and mathematics—funded by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre—set to boost scientific knowledge of rumen systems and how to mitigate greenhouse gases. \r\nYuancheng (James) Wang is graduating from Massey University this month with a PhD in mathematics. His multidisciplinary thesis saw him apply his mathematical knowledge to a topic that was entirely new to him: rumen microbiology. \r\n“For my project I developed a mathematical model that describes the interactions between microbes in the rumen and their food source,” explains James. “My model was also able to take into account the impact of the rumen environment on those interactions, which existing models designed to estimate methane production did not consider.” \r\nHe says the results provided by his mathematical model were consistent with biological expectations, and the model could be expanded to include other factors influencing methane production, such as feeding level and frequency.\r\nWhile James’ project focused on methane-producing microbes (methanogens), he says his model will be able to be used in conjunction with models describing other parts of the rumen system, which will provide the full picture of rumen function.\r\nJames says there are real benefits of applying mathematical modelling to biological systems. “Modelling means you can explore interactions that occur in the rumen system in ways you cannot do in experiments, and you can test your knowledge to uncover any gaps,” he says. “It’s also very cost-effective as it allows you to perform multiple experiments to understand what might happen in rumen systems, before designing and carrying out much more expensive animal trials.”\r\nHis PhD was supervised by Drs Peter Janssen and David Pacheco from AgResearch, who provided guidance on the how the rumen functions, along with Dr Tammy Lynch and Associate Professor Bruce Van Brunt from Massey’s Institute of Fundamental Science who supervised the mathematical component of the research. \r\nJames says he never thought his background in mathematics would see him end up working in agricultural science.\r\n“I’ve always been aware that mathematics can be applied to virtually any discipline, and it just happened that I got into this one which I’ve found extremely interesting,” he says. “I’ve really enjoyed learning about greenhouse gases—at the moment it’s a very critical topic for New Zealand, so it’s been great to be at the forefront of this science to help boost the knowledge a little.”\r\nHis work is currently being prepared for publication in a science journal in the near future.\r\nJames has moved back to Qingdao, China, to look for work and to be closer to family after more than a decade away from home. “I’ll certainly miss New Zealand though, and will always be grateful for the support provided by the NZAGRC for my project.”\r\nMore information\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC-PGGRC methane research programme', '', '', '', '', '2018-05-14', '2018-05-14', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '622', 'Applying maths to methane', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(481, '', 'Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) on Māori-owned Farms', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Scion, in partnership with AgFirst, are undertaking a research programme funded by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) looking at GHG mitigation options for Māori-owned pastoral farms.</p>\r\n<p>The research programme is led by Dr Tanira Kingi (Scion) based in Rotorua, and managed by Phil Journeaux (AgFirst) out of their Hamilton office. In December 2017, the new government outlined the process to introduce the Zero Carbon Bill to Parliament in 2018. The Bill will lay the framework for New Zealand to meet its 2050 target to be carbon neutral (zero net carbon emissions).</p>\r\n<p>The consequence of this legislation is that agricultural producers will need to reduce their GHG emissions or face heavy carbon tax penalties. Farmers can do this by improving their farming practices e.g. lower stocking rates and lower fertiliser inputs, but they will also need to diversify into land uses that produce lower carbon emissions or that store carbon e.g. forestry.</p>\r\n<p>This research is aimed at understanding how diversified Māori farms like Te Uranga B2 can improve their carbon profile further with changes to the management system and land use diversification. The programme will develop a carbon and economic profile of the current operation of the incorporation&rsquo;s dairy, sheep &amp; beef and forestry operations and then model hypothetical changes that the Committe of Management want to explore, to see the affect on carbon emissions and profitability.</p>\r\n<p>The programme is collaborating with DairyNZ, B+LNZ, Federation of Māori Authorities and Te Tumu Paeroa to share the findings with the wider agribusiness community. While this study is carried out on Māori-owned farms, it is the first research programme in the country that is modelling both farm management mitigation options and land use changes and is therefore relevant to New Zealand&rsquo;s entire agricultural industry.</p>\r\n<p>For more information contact: Dr Tanira Kingi <a href=\"mailto:tanira.kingi@scionresearch.com\">tanira.kingi@scionresearch.com</a>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>-- This article orginally appeared in the Autumn 2018 newsletter of Te Uranga B2 at&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.teurangab2.co.nz/assets/newsletters/Autumn-2018.pdf\">https://www.teurangab2.co.nz/assets/newsletters/Autumn-2018.pdf</a>&nbsp;</p>', 'Scion, in partnership with AgFirst, are undertaking a research programme funded by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) looking at GHG mitigation options for Māori-owned pastoral farms.\r\nThe research programme is led by Dr Tanira Kingi (Scion) based in Rotorua, and managed by Phil Journeaux (AgFirst) out of their Hamilton office. In December 2017, the new government outlined the process to introduce the Zero Carbon Bill to Parliament in 2018. The Bill will lay the framework for New Zealand to meet its 2050 target to be carbon neutral (zero net carbon emissions).\r\nThe consequence of this legislation is that agricultural producers will need to reduce their GHG emissions or face heavy carbon tax penalties. Farmers can do this by improving their farming practices e.g. lower stocking rates and lower fertiliser inputs, but they will also need to diversify into land uses that produce lower carbon emissions or that store carbon e.g. forestry.\r\nThis research is aimed at understanding how diversified Māori farms like Te Uranga B2 can improve their carbon profile further with changes to the management system and land use diversification. The programme will develop a carbon and economic profile of the current operation of the incorporation’s dairy, sheep & beef and forestry operations and then model hypothetical changes that the Committe of Management want to explore, to see the affect on carbon emissions and profitability.\r\nThe programme is collaborating with DairyNZ, B+LNZ, Federation of Māori Authorities and Te Tumu Paeroa to share the findings with the wider agribusiness community. While this study is carried out on Māori-owned farms, it is the first research programme in the country that is modelling both farm management mitigation options and land use changes and is therefore relevant to New Zealand’s entire agricultural industry.\r\nFor more information contact: Dr Tanira Kingi tanira.kingi@scionresearch.com \r\n-- This article orginally appeared in the Autumn 2018 newsletter of Te Uranga B2 at https://www.teurangab2.co.nz/assets/newsletters/Autumn-2018.pdf', '', '', '', '', '2018-05-21', '2018-05-21', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) on Māori-owned Farms', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(482, '', 'NZAGRC Senior Scientist - position vacant', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><strong>The Role and opportunity</strong></p>\r\n<p>We have an exciting opportunity for an experienced and passionate scientist to join the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC).&nbsp; This is a fixed term position.</p>\r\n<p>You will be responsible for monitoring New Zealand\'s science input into the Global Research Alliance and providing underpinning advice on collaborative research between New Zealand and international scientists from a range of disciplines. This will include overseeing the administration of large integrated research programmes. You will provide the NZAGRC with advice and leadership in climate change research.</p>\r\n<p><strong>What you will be doing</strong></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Assess quality and delivery of science inputs against programme milestones</li>\r\n<li>Assist in the development of new, collaborative research programme</li>\r\n<li>Provide underpinning knowledge on climate change and climate change policy</li>\r\n<li>Compile written science recommendations suitable for policy audiences</li>\r\n<li>Ensure research contracted by the NZAGRC is of the highest standards</li>\r\n<li>Establish sound working relations and collaboration between key stakeholders</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong>Your ideal background</strong></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>PhD degree in a climate change related discipline with particular emphasis on agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation</li>\r\n<li>Proven track record of research and development in agriculture</li>\r\n<li>Experience in negotiation, administration and monitoring of research contracts and research outputs</li>\r\n<li>Working knowledge of evidence informed policy establishment</li>\r\n<li>Knowledge and interest in New Zealand pastoral agriculture industries</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong>Our Benefits</strong></p>\r\n<p>When your work environment fits your values and your lifestyle, it\'s a better place to be! AgResearch provide a diverse range of benefits including flexible working options that help our staff balance their own lifestyle and needs with their work commitments. You can view the full list here: <a href=\"http://www.agresearchcareers.co.nz/working-here/our-benefits/\">http://www.agresearchcareers.co.nz/working-here/our-benefits/</a></p>\r\n<p><strong>How to apply</strong></p>\r\n<p>If this sounds like you, apply today on the link below including CV and a covering letter detailing why you feel you would be suitable for this position.</p>\r\n<p>For a confidential discussion contact Harry Clark, NZAGRC Director on 06 351 8334</p>\r\n<p>Applications close: 5pm, Thursday 14 June 2018</p>', 'The Role and opportunity\r\nWe have an exciting opportunity for an experienced and passionate scientist to join the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC).  This is a fixed term position.\r\nYou will be responsible for monitoring New Zealand\'s science input into the Global Research Alliance and providing underpinning advice on collaborative research between New Zealand and international scientists from a range of disciplines. This will include overseeing the administration of large integrated research programmes. You will provide the NZAGRC with advice and leadership in climate change research.\r\nWhat you will be doing\r\n\r\nAssess quality and delivery of science inputs against programme milestones\r\nAssist in the development of new, collaborative research programme\r\nProvide underpinning knowledge on climate change and climate change policy\r\nCompile written science recommendations suitable for policy audiences\r\nEnsure research contracted by the NZAGRC is of the highest standards\r\nEstablish sound working relations and collaboration between key stakeholders\r\n\r\nYour ideal background\r\n\r\nPhD degree in a climate change related discipline with particular emphasis on agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation\r\nProven track record of research and development in agriculture\r\nExperience in negotiation, administration and monitoring of research contracts and research outputs\r\nWorking knowledge of evidence informed policy establishment\r\nKnowledge and interest in New Zealand pastoral agriculture industries\r\n\r\nOur Benefits\r\nWhen your work environment fits your values and your lifestyle, it\'s a better place to be! AgResearch provide a diverse range of benefits including flexible working options that help our staff balance their own lifestyle and needs with their work commitments. You can view the full list here: http://www.agresearchcareers.co.nz/working-here/our-benefits/\r\nHow to apply\r\nIf this sounds like you, apply today on the link below including CV and a covering letter detailing why you feel you would be suitable for this position.\r\nFor a confidential discussion contact Harry Clark, NZAGRC Director on 06 351 8334\r\nApplications close: 5pm, Thursday 14 June 2018', '', '', '', '', '2018-05-25', '2018-05-25', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '247', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
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(483, '', 'Understanding the methane debate', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Parliament will decide on the pathway for tackling our greenhouse gases (GHGs) after the current consultation on the proposed Zero Carbon Bill.</p>\r\n<p>The Bill presents three broad scenarios &ndash; net zero carbon dioxide by 2050, which would reduce net carbon dioxide emissions in New Zealand to zero by 2050 (but would not set a target for other gases like methane or nitrous oxide); net zero long-lived gases (mainly carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide) and stabilisation of emissions of short-lived gases (mainly methane) by 2050; and net zero emissions by 2050, which would reduce net emissions across all GHGs to zero by 2050.</p>\r\n<p>These aren&rsquo;t &ldquo;either/or&rdquo; alternatives. The choice can sit anywhere along the spectrum spanned by those targets. The term &ldquo;stabilisation&rdquo; does not necessarily mean doing nothing, it could also mean reduce methane emissions to a stable level lower than today.</p>\r\n<p>As the co-ordination centre for research aimed at developing technologies and practices to reduce the full suite of GHGs generated by agriculture, the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) can offer information on the science of GHGs, to help inform the debate.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Methane &ndash; The Facts</strong></p>\r\n<p>Methane is a very powerful greenhouse gas. It very clearly contributes to global warming. In fact, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that global methane emissions* are responsible for more than 40 per cent of the total warming effect so far of all human activities.</p>\r\n<p>It is short-lived compared to carbon dioxide, which stays in the atmosphere for centuries to millennia, but &ldquo;short-lived&rdquo; still means it stays around for decades. Plus, our output of methane has increased markedly over the last 100 years. There&rsquo;s a lot more methane in the atmosphere now than there was for hundreds of thousands of years.</p>\r\n<p>That increased methane concentration keeps the Earth warmer than it was and -- together with warming caused by other GHGs -- will make it warmer than we want it to be. Along with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, methane is a major contributor to climate change.</p>\r\n<p>The more of these gases we have in the atmosphere, the warmer the Earth will get. The less we have, the less warming we get.</p>\r\n<p>New Zealand has made a commitment under the Paris Agreement to limit warming to well below 2 degrees C, and even aim to keep the rise as low as 1.5 degrees C. To achieve this, we have to stop the amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from increasing further, but also reduce their amounts where possible.</p>\r\n<p>When it comes to the task of minimising the amounts of GHGs in the atmosphere, not all gases are the same. Carbon dioxide is the most important one, because we still produce so much of it and it lasts for so long. The only way to stop its amount increasing is by reducing carbon dioxide emissions to zero. The only way to reduce the amount already in the atmosphere is by actively removing and storing it (e.g. by planting new trees).</p>\r\n<p>Methane concentrations in the atmosphere on the other hand can be reduced simply by reducing its emissions. This means it doesn&rsquo;t have to go to zero to halt climate change. But the lower it goes, the better for the climate, because the less warming there will be overall.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Comparing different greenhouse gases using a single metric</strong></p>\r\n<p>Some of the methane debate has focused on metrics, and how the various GHGs are measured and compared with each other.</p>\r\n<p>The United Nations has adopted the Global Warming Potential (GWP) as the universal metric for reporting GHG emissions, and for measuring the success of mitigation. Most countries use this measure to compare emissions from different sectors, set overall targets, and inform emissions trading.</p>\r\n<p>The GWP uses carbon dioxide (the most important greenhouse gas) as a reference, against which the warming effect of other gases can be compared. Emissions of each gas are reported as a &ldquo;carbon dioxide equivalent&rdquo; emission (sometimes abbreviated as &lsquo;CO<sub>2</sub>-eq&rsquo;).</p>\r\n<p>The GWP is based on the amount of a single pulse (short burst) of carbon dioxide that would have produced the same cumulative warming effect over a given period as a single pulse of the gas being measured (such as methane). For instance, averaged over the course of a century, emitting one tonne of methane is estimated to have about 34 times the warming effect of one tonne of carbon dioxide (although in current accounting schemes, it is assumed&nbsp; to have only 25 times the effect; the change in number reflects our changing atmosphere as well as additional knowledge about the warming effect of methane).</p>\r\n<p>There are valid criticisms of the GWP, and alternative metrics for these comparisons have been developed. However, none is perfect, as any metric that serves a particular policy purpose has shortcomings with regard to another one. New Zealand could chose to use a different metric for its domestic policy, but would still be expected to translate its overall emissions target into the metric currently used by the United Nations, namely the GWP.</p>\r\n<p>Most importantly though, what target we set for GHG reductions by 2050 is a very different decision to what metric we use to compare individual emissions between gases year by year. A long-term target is where we want to get to; a metric is a tool that helps us get there.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Stabilisation</strong></p>\r\n<p>One argument put forward during the current debate is that if we &ldquo;stabilise&rdquo; methane at current levels, this would put farmers in a &ldquo;climate neutral&rdquo; position. In other words, continuing methane emissions wouldn&rsquo;t make the climate situation any worse -- and hence they don\'t pose a problem.</p>\r\n<p>Keeping methane at today&rsquo;s levels may not make the climate much worse, but it would not make it any better either. The effects of increased methane inputs in past decades are still being felt.</p>\r\n<p>The goals of the Paris Agreement, to keep warming to well below 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels, requires efforts from all sectors to minimise their contribution to overall warming as much as possible.</p>\r\n<p><strong>The Role of the NZAGRC</strong></p>\r\n<p>The NZAGRC is dedicated to developing technologies and practices which reduce the full suite of GHGs generated by agriculture, encompassing methane from both enteric (digestive) fermentation and manure management, nitrous oxide from agricultural soils, and the management of soil carbon.</p>\r\n<p>We also co-ordinate New Zealand&rsquo;s research to develop agricultural GHG emissions mitigation options in partnership with the industry-led PGgRc (the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium).</p>\r\n<p>New Zealand\'s research into reducing livestock greenhouse gas emissions concentrates on breeding low methane-producing animals, low-methane-producing feeds, reducing methane via a vaccine and using an inhibitor product, reducing nitrous oxide and building on efforts to reduce nitrate leaching on farms, and increasing carbon sequestered in soil.</p>\r\n<p>An <a href=\"integrated-systems.html\">integrated systems research programme</a> runs alongside the detailed methane, nitrous oxide and soil carbon research to quantify the contribution that farmers already make through their increased efficiencies and management options on farms.</p>\r\n<p>The NZAGRC also leads New Zealand&rsquo;s science input into the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases, which was established to find global solutions to mitigate agricultural GHG emissions. This fosters international collaboration and helps build capacity in other countries to tackle their own GHG emissions.</p>\r\n<p>Collectively, these efforts seek to ensure that livestock farming can continue to food security and livelihoods not only in New Zealand but globally, while enabling New Zealand and the world to meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement and keep climate change within manageable limits.</p>\r\n<p>*from all sources including rice paddies, land use change, biomass burning, enteric fermentation, animal wastes and wetlands.</p>\r\n<h3>More information</h3>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"Factsheet3\" src=\"user/image/thumb/301/3_cover.jpg\" alt=\"Factsheet3\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"fact-sheets,listing,95,economic-and-policy-implications-of-alternative-ghg-metrics.html\">Factsheet:&nbsp;Economic and Policy Implications of Alternative GHG Metrics</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"gcb_cover.jpg\" src=\"user/image/thumb/525/gcb_cover.jpg\" alt=\"gcb_cover.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;\r\n<h3><a href=\"science-publications,listing,306,reducing-emissions-from-agriculture-to-meet-the-2-degrees-celcius-target.html\">Paper:&nbsp;Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 degrees Celcius target</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img class=\"\" title=\"carbon cycle 0.png\" src=\"user/image/thumb/620/carbon cycle 0.png\" alt=\"carbon cycle 0.png\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"faq-1,listing,464,how-do-livestock-affect-the-carbon-cycle.html\">Graphic:&nbsp;<strong>How do livestock affect the carbon cycle?</strong></a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', 'Parliament will decide on the pathway for tackling our greenhouse gases (GHGs) after the current consultation on the proposed Zero Carbon Bill.\r\nThe Bill presents three broad scenarios – net zero carbon dioxide by 2050, which would reduce net carbon dioxide emissions in New Zealand to zero by 2050 (but would not set a target for other gases like methane or nitrous oxide); net zero long-lived gases (mainly carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide) and stabilisation of emissions of short-lived gases (mainly methane) by 2050; and net zero emissions by 2050, which would reduce net emissions across all GHGs to zero by 2050.\r\nThese aren’t “either/or” alternatives. The choice can sit anywhere along the spectrum spanned by those targets. The term “stabilisation” does not necessarily mean doing nothing, it could also mean reduce methane emissions to a stable level lower than today.\r\nAs the co-ordination centre for research aimed at developing technologies and practices to reduce the full suite of GHGs generated by agriculture, the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) can offer information on the science of GHGs, to help inform the debate.\r\nMethane – The Facts\r\nMethane is a very powerful greenhouse gas. It very clearly contributes to global warming. In fact, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that global methane emissions* are responsible for more than 40 per cent of the total warming effect so far of all human activities.\r\nIt is short-lived compared to carbon dioxide, which stays in the atmosphere for centuries to millennia, but “short-lived” still means it stays around for decades. Plus, our output of methane has increased markedly over the last 100 years. There’s a lot more methane in the atmosphere now than there was for hundreds of thousands of years.\r\nThat increased methane concentration keeps the Earth warmer than it was and -- together with warming caused by other GHGs -- will make it warmer than we want it to be. Along with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, methane is a major contributor to climate change.\r\nThe more of these gases we have in the atmosphere, the warmer the Earth will get. The less we have, the less warming we get.\r\nNew Zealand has made a commitment under the Paris Agreement to limit warming to well below 2 degrees C, and even aim to keep the rise as low as 1.5 degrees C. To achieve this, we have to stop the amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from increasing further, but also reduce their amounts where possible.\r\nWhen it comes to the task of minimising the amounts of GHGs in the atmosphere, not all gases are the same. Carbon dioxide is the most important one, because we still produce so much of it and it lasts for so long. The only way to stop its amount increasing is by reducing carbon dioxide emissions to zero. The only way to reduce the amount already in the atmosphere is by actively removing and storing it (e.g. by planting new trees).\r\nMethane concentrations in the atmosphere on the other hand can be reduced simply by reducing its emissions. This means it doesn’t have to go to zero to halt climate change. But the lower it goes, the better for the climate, because the less warming there will be overall.\r\nComparing different greenhouse gases using a single metric\r\nSome of the methane debate has focused on metrics, and how the various GHGs are measured and compared with each other.\r\nThe United Nations has adopted the Global Warming Potential (GWP) as the universal metric for reporting GHG emissions, and for measuring the success of mitigation. Most countries use this measure to compare emissions from different sectors, set overall targets, and inform emissions trading.\r\nThe GWP uses carbon dioxide (the most important greenhouse gas) as a reference, against which the warming effect of other gases can be compared. Emissions of each gas are reported as a “carbon dioxide equivalent” emission (sometimes abbreviated as ‘CO2-eq’).\r\nThe GWP is based on the amount of a single pulse (short burst) of carbon dioxide that would have produced the same cumulative warming effect over a given period as a single pulse of the gas being measured (such as methane). For instance, averaged over the course of a century, emitting one tonne of methane is estimated to have about 34 times the warming effect of one tonne of carbon dioxide (although in current accounting schemes, it is assumed  to have only 25 times the effect; the change in number reflects our changing atmosphere as well as additional knowledge about the warming effect of methane).\r\nThere are valid criticisms of the GWP, and alternative metrics for these comparisons have been developed. However, none is perfect, as any metric that serves a particular policy purpose has shortcomings with regard to another one. New Zealand could chose to use a different metric for its domestic policy, but would still be expected to translate its overall emissions target into the metric currently used by the United Nations, namely the GWP.\r\nMost importantly though, what target we set for GHG reductions by 2050 is a very different decision to what metric we use to compare individual emissions between gases year by year. A long-term target is where we want to get to; a metric is a tool that helps us get there.\r\nStabilisation\r\nOne argument put forward during the current debate is that if we “stabilise” methane at current levels, this would put farmers in a “climate neutral” position. In other words, continuing methane emissions wouldn’t make the climate situation any worse -- and hence they don\'t pose a problem.\r\nKeeping methane at today’s levels may not make the climate much worse, but it would not make it any better either. The effects of increased methane inputs in past decades are still being felt.\r\nThe goals of the Paris Agreement, to keep warming to well below 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels, requires efforts from all sectors to minimise their contribution to overall warming as much as possible.\r\nThe Role of the NZAGRC\r\nThe NZAGRC is dedicated to developing technologies and practices which reduce the full suite of GHGs generated by agriculture, encompassing methane from both enteric (digestive) fermentation and manure management, nitrous oxide from agricultural soils, and the management of soil carbon.\r\nWe also co-ordinate New Zealand’s research to develop agricultural GHG emissions mitigation options in partnership with the industry-led PGgRc (the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium).\r\nNew Zealand\'s research into reducing livestock greenhouse gas emissions concentrates on breeding low methane-producing animals, low-methane-producing feeds, reducing methane via a vaccine and using an inhibitor product, reducing nitrous oxide and building on efforts to reduce nitrate leaching on farms, and increasing carbon sequestered in soil.\r\nAn integrated systems research programme runs alongside the detailed methane, nitrous oxide and soil carbon research to quantify the contribution that farmers already make through their increased efficiencies and management options on farms.\r\nThe NZAGRC also leads New Zealand’s science input into the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases, which was established to find global solutions to mitigate agricultural GHG emissions. This fosters international collaboration and helps build capacity in other countries to tackle their own GHG emissions.\r\nCollectively, these efforts seek to ensure that livestock farming can continue to food security and livelihoods not only in New Zealand but globally, while enabling New Zealand and the world to meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement and keep climate change within manageable limits.\r\n*from all sources including rice paddies, land use change, biomass burning, enteric fermentation, animal wastes and wetlands.\r\nMore information\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFactsheet: Economic and Policy Implications of Alternative GHG Metrics\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nPaper: Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 degrees Celcius target\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nGraphic: How do livestock affect the carbon cycle?', '', '', '', '', '2018-07-06', '2018-07-06', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(484, '', 'Management practices to reduce losses or increase soil carbon stocks in temperate grazed grasslands: New Zealand as a case study', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Whitehead, D., Schipper, L.A., Pronger, J., Gabriel, Y.K. Moinet, Mudge, P.L., Pereira, R.C., Kirschbaum, M.U.F., McNally, S.R., Beare, M.H., Camps-Arbestain, M. 2018. Management practices to reduce losses or increase soil carbon stocks in temperate grazed grasslands: New Zealand as a case study, Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment, 265 432-443,&nbsp;<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.06.022\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.06.022</a>.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br /><!-- end mPulse embed code --></p>\r\n<div data-iso-key=\"_0\">\r\n<div id=\"app\" class=\"App\" data-reactroot=\"\">\r\n<div class=\"page\">\r\n<section>\r\n<div id=\"mathjax-container\" class=\"Article\">\r\n<div class=\"article-wrapper grid row\">\r\n<article class=\"col-lg-12 col-md-16 pad-left pad-right\" lang=\"en\">\r\n<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\">\r\n<div id=\"abs0010\" class=\"abstract author\">\r\n<div id=\"abst0010\">\r\n<p id=\"spar0025\">Even small increases in the large pool of soil organic carbon could result in large reductions in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations sufficient to limit global warming below the threshold of 2 &deg;C required for climate stability. Globally, grasslands occupy 70% of the world&rsquo;s agricultural area, so interventions to farm management practices to reduce losses or increase soil carbon stocks in grassland are highly relevant. Here, we review the literature with particular emphasis on New Zealand and report on the effects of management practices on changes in soil carbon stocks for temperate grazed grasslands. We include findings from models that explore the trade-offs between multiple desirable outcomes, such as increasing soil carbon stocks and milk production.</p>\r\n<p id=\"spar0030\">Farm management practices can affect soil carbon stocks through changes in net primary production, the proportions of biomass removed, the degree of stabilisation of carbon in the soil and changes to the rate of soil carbon decomposition. The carbon saturation deficit defines the potential for a soil to stabilise additional carbon. Earlier reviews have concluded that, while labile carbon is the dominant substrate for soil carbon decomposition, a fraction of soil carbon stocks is stabilised and protected from decomposition by the formation of organo-mineral complexes. Recent evidence shows that the rate of organic carbon decomposition is determined primarily by the extent of soil organic carbon protection and, therefore, the availability of substrates to microbial activity.</p>\r\n<p id=\"spar0035\">New Zealand grassland systems have moderate to high soil carbon stocks in the surface layers (i.e., upper 0.15 m) where most roots are located, so the carbon saturation deficit is relatively low and the scope to increase soil carbon stocks by carbon inputs from primary production may be limited. International studies have shown that the addition of fertilisers, feed imports, and applications of manure and effluent can increase soil carbon stocks, especially for degraded soils, but the responses in New Zealand soils are uncertain because of the limited number of studies. However, recent evidence shows that irrigation can reduce soil carbon stocks in New Zealand, but neither the processes nor the long-term trends are known. Studies of sward renewal have shown that short-term losses of carbon losses resulting from the disturbance can be mitigated using rapid replacement of the new sward, minimum tillage and avoidance of times when the soil water content is high. Swards comprising multiple species have also shown that soil carbon stocks may be increased after periods of several years. Model simulations have shown that the goal of increasing both soil carbon and milk production could be achieved best by increasing carbon inputs from supplementary animal feed. However, losses of carbon at feed export sites need to be minimised to achieve overall net gains in soil carbon. Grazing intensity can have a big influence on soil carbon stocks but the magnitude and direction of the effects are not consistent between studies.</p>\r\n<p id=\"spar0040\">Biochar addition could possibly increase soil carbon stocks but it is not yet an economical option for large-scale application in New Zealand. There is some evidence that the introduction of earthworms and dung beetles could potentially increase soil carbon stabilisation, but the greenhouse gas benefits are confounded by possible increases in nitrous oxide emissions. The new practice of full inversion tillage during grassland renewal has the potential to increase soil carbon stocks under suitable conditions but full life-cycle analysis including the effects of the disruptive operations has yet to be completed.</p>\r\n<p id=\"spar0045\">We conclude with a list of criteria that determine the success and suitability of management options to increase soil carbon stocks and identify priority research questions that need to be addressed using experimental and modelling approaches to optimise management options to increase soil carbon stocks.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.06.022\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</article>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</section>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Whitehead, D., Schipper, L.A., Pronger, J., Gabriel, Y.K. Moinet, Mudge, P.L., Pereira, R.C., Kirschbaum, M.U.F., McNally, S.R., Beare, M.H., Camps-Arbestain, M. 2018. Management practices to reduce losses or increase soil carbon stocks in temperate grazed grasslands: New Zealand as a case study, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 265 432-443, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.06.022.\r\nAbstract\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEven small increases in the large pool of soil organic carbon could result in large reductions in atmospheric CO2 concentrations sufficient to limit global warming below the threshold of 2 °C required for climate stability. Globally, grasslands occupy 70% of the world’s agricultural area, so interventions to farm management practices to reduce losses or increase soil carbon stocks in grassland are highly relevant. Here, we review the literature with particular emphasis on New Zealand and report on the effects of management practices on changes in soil carbon stocks for temperate grazed grasslands. We include findings from models that explore the trade-offs between multiple desirable outcomes, such as increasing soil carbon stocks and milk production.\r\nFarm management practices can affect soil carbon stocks through changes in net primary production, the proportions of biomass removed, the degree of stabilisation of carbon in the soil and changes to the rate of soil carbon decomposition. The carbon saturation deficit defines the potential for a soil to stabilise additional carbon. Earlier reviews have concluded that, while labile carbon is the dominant substrate for soil carbon decomposition, a fraction of soil carbon stocks is stabilised and protected from decomposition by the formation of organo-mineral complexes. Recent evidence shows that the rate of organic carbon decomposition is determined primarily by the extent of soil organic carbon protection and, therefore, the availability of substrates to microbial activity.\r\nNew Zealand grassland systems have moderate to high soil carbon stocks in the surface layers (i.e., upper 0.15 m) where most roots are located, so the carbon saturation deficit is relatively low and the scope to increase soil carbon stocks by carbon inputs from primary production may be limited. International studies have shown that the addition of fertilisers, feed imports, and applications of manure and effluent can increase soil carbon stocks, especially for degraded soils, but the responses in New Zealand soils are uncertain because of the limited number of studies. However, recent evidence shows that irrigation can reduce soil carbon stocks in New Zealand, but neither the processes nor the long-term trends are known. Studies of sward renewal have shown that short-term losses of carbon losses resulting from the disturbance can be mitigated using rapid replacement of the new sward, minimum tillage and avoidance of times when the soil water content is high. Swards comprising multiple species have also shown that soil carbon stocks may be increased after periods of several years. Model simulations have shown that the goal of increasing both soil carbon and milk production could be achieved best by increasing carbon inputs from supplementary animal feed. However, losses of carbon at feed export sites need to be minimised to achieve overall net gains in soil carbon. Grazing intensity can have a big influence on soil carbon stocks but the magnitude and direction of the effects are not consistent between studies.\r\nBiochar addition could possibly increase soil carbon stocks but it is not yet an economical option for large-scale application in New Zealand. There is some evidence that the introduction of earthworms and dung beetles could potentially increase soil carbon stabilisation, but the greenhouse gas benefits are confounded by possible increases in nitrous oxide emissions. The new practice of full inversion tillage during grassland renewal has the potential to increase soil carbon stocks under suitable conditions but full life-cycle analysis including the effects of the disruptive operations has yet to be completed.\r\nWe conclude with a list of criteria that determine the success and suitability of management options to increase soil carbon stocks and identify priority research questions that need to be addressed using experimental and modelling approaches to optimise management options to increase soil carbon stocks.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2018-07-08', '2018-07-08', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '624', 'Management practices to reduce losses or increase soil carbon stocks in temperate grazed grasslands: New Zealand as a case study', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(485, '', 'Soil carbon research moves forward', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Small changes in the amount of carbon stored in soils can have large impacts on the amount of carbon present in the atmosphere and hence help the effort to reduce global warming. New Zealand scientists, funded by MPI through the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC), have been working on how management practices can be changed to increase the amount of carbon stored in New Zealand grasslands. A comprehensive review of eight years of work has recently been published in the prestigious international journal <em>Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment</em>.</p>\r\n<p>The review &ldquo;Management practices to reduce losses or increase soil carbon stocks in temperate grazed grasslands: New Zealand as a case study&rdquo; was commissioned by the NZAGRC and sets a benchmark on what we currently know about soil carbon management.</p>\r\n<p>The review&rsquo;s lead author, Manaaki Whenua &ndash; Landcare Research scientist Dr David Whitehead leads the NZAGRC&rsquo;s</p>\r\n<p>The review summarises eight years of scientific research and identifies a list of criteria that can be used to assess the impact of changes to farm management practices on soil carbon stocks.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Key findings include:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>new, more rapid, methods for estimating soil carbon stocks based on remote sensing show great promise</li>\r\n<li>modelling studies suggest there is theoretical <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">potential</span> for some soils to hold more carbon but management and environmental factors mean this potential may never be realised in practice</li>\r\n<li>confirmation that New Zealand&rsquo;s grasslands soil carbon stocks are already high and that increasing them is challenging. Research should focus on reducing the rate of loss of carbon from soils in some situations</li>\r\n<li>there is no evidence that addition of nitrogen and/or phosphorus fertilisers leads to increases in soil carbon stocks. However soil carbon may benefit if fertiliser applications are incorporated alongside changes made to the intensity and frequency of grazing</li>\r\n<li>supplementary feeding can lead to small increases in soil carbon stocks but that must be balanced with possible negative impacts on soil carbon where the feed is grown</li>\r\n<li>irrigation can increase carbon stocks where plant production has been severely constrained by lack of water but in more humid environments irrigation can have a negative effect</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>The report also identifies priorities for research to address knowledge gaps that currently prevent scientists from being more certain in their advice to farmers and policy makers.</p>\r\n<p>NZAGRC Director Harry Clark says the review is an important step in deciding where future solutions might be found and where research should be targeted.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;As a substantive study into New Zealand soil carbon, this gives us a benchmark to work from. It also gives us a better understanding of what the next steps should be for the NZAGRC&rsquo;s programme of work dedicated to soil carbon,&rdquo; says Dr Clark.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;Dr Clark says New Zealand is also playing a full part in international research aimed at finding options to increase soil carbon stocks.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;For example new research is underway in New Zealand to evaluate full inversion tillage to depths greater than 0.5 m. The intention is that surface soil carbon will be buried and retained at lower depths and new surfaces with a high potential to absorb and retain carbon are exposed.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>This new research is funded via the New Zealand Government&rsquo;s investment to support the objectives of the Global Research Alliance of agricultural greenhouse gases (GRA).</p>\r\n<p>More broadly, the NZAGRC and New Zealand&rsquo;s research investment is contributing to the &ldquo;4 per 1000 Initiative&rdquo; that sets a goal to increase carbon stocks across the world&rsquo;s agricultural land by 4 parts per 1000 or 0.4% per year.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;Global soils contain two-to-three times more carbon than the atmosphere. If this carbon level was increased by 0.4% per year in the top 30-40 cm of soils, the annual increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would be stopped,&rdquo; says Dr Clark.</p>\r\n<p>A second international research project that the NZAGRC is contributing to, with the aid of GRA funding, is CIRCASA (Cooperation of International Research Coordination on Soil Carbon Sequestrations in Agriculture).</p>\r\n<p>CIRCASA takes stock of the current understanding of carbon sequestration, identifies stakeholders\' knowledge needs and fosters the creation of new knowledge.</p>\r\n<p>Its research recognises there are knowledge gaps in soil carbon such as permanence of sequestered organic carbon, long-term changes in agricultural systems and of agricultural practices in diverse climatic conditions, and the difficulty of detecting improvements.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;Continued international research on soil carbon, its storage potential and changes over time will translate into better guidance to farmers on what they can do to mitigate greenhouse gases.&rdquo; says Dr Clark.</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>This article was first published in Agri-Gate - Latest news about MPI\'s Investment Programmes</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<h3>More information</h3>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"Farmer%20glare_JPG.jpg\" src=\"user/image/thumb/623/Farmer%20glare_JPG.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer%20glare_JPG.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 85%;\">\r\n<h3><a href=\"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/30576-agri-gate-latest-news-about-mpis-investment-programmes-issue-45-june-2018\">Agri-Gate: Soil carbon research moves forward</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"hands_soil.jpg\" src=\"user/image/thumb/624/hands_soil.jpg\" alt=\"hands_soil.jpg\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>&nbsp;\r\n<h3><a href=\"knowledge,listing,484,management-practices-to-reduce-losses-or-increase-soil-carbon-stocks-in-temperate-grazed-grasslands-new-zealand-as-a-case-study.html\">Paper: Management practices to reduce losses or increase soil carbon stocks in temperate grazed grasslands: New Zealand as a case study</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img class=\"\" title=\"FS15_3.jpg\" src=\"user/image/small/391/FS15_3.jpg\" alt=\"FS15_3.jpg\" width=\"80\" height=\"115\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"http://www.nzagrc.org.nz/fact-sheets,listing,194,reducing-new-zealands-agricultural-emissions-soil-carbon.html\">Factsheet:&nbsp;Reducing New Zealand\'s agricultural emissions: Soil Carbon</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Small changes in the amount of carbon stored in soils can have large impacts on the amount of carbon present in the atmosphere and hence help the effort to reduce global warming. New Zealand scientists, funded by MPI through the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC), have been working on how management practices can be changed to increase the amount of carbon stored in New Zealand grasslands. A comprehensive review of eight years of work has recently been published in the prestigious international journal Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment.\r\nThe review “Management practices to reduce losses or increase soil carbon stocks in temperate grazed grasslands: New Zealand as a case study” was commissioned by the NZAGRC and sets a benchmark on what we currently know about soil carbon management.\r\nThe review’s lead author, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research scientist Dr David Whitehead leads the NZAGRC’s\r\nThe review summarises eight years of scientific research and identifies a list of criteria that can be used to assess the impact of changes to farm management practices on soil carbon stocks.  \r\nKey findings include:\r\n\r\nnew, more rapid, methods for estimating soil carbon stocks based on remote sensing show great promise\r\nmodelling studies suggest there is theoretical potential for some soils to hold more carbon but management and environmental factors mean this potential may never be realised in practice\r\nconfirmation that New Zealand’s grasslands soil carbon stocks are already high and that increasing them is challenging. Research should focus on reducing the rate of loss of carbon from soils in some situations\r\nthere is no evidence that addition of nitrogen and/or phosphorus fertilisers leads to increases in soil carbon stocks. However soil carbon may benefit if fertiliser applications are incorporated alongside changes made to the intensity and frequency of grazing\r\nsupplementary feeding can lead to small increases in soil carbon stocks but that must be balanced with possible negative impacts on soil carbon where the feed is grown\r\nirrigation can increase carbon stocks where plant production has been severely constrained by lack of water but in more humid environments irrigation can have a negative effect\r\n\r\nThe report also identifies priorities for research to address knowledge gaps that currently prevent scientists from being more certain in their advice to farmers and policy makers.\r\nNZAGRC Director Harry Clark says the review is an important step in deciding where future solutions might be found and where research should be targeted.\r\n“As a substantive study into New Zealand soil carbon, this gives us a benchmark to work from. It also gives us a better understanding of what the next steps should be for the NZAGRC’s programme of work dedicated to soil carbon,” says Dr Clark.\r\n Dr Clark says New Zealand is also playing a full part in international research aimed at finding options to increase soil carbon stocks.\r\n“For example new research is underway in New Zealand to evaluate full inversion tillage to depths greater than 0.5 m. The intention is that surface soil carbon will be buried and retained at lower depths and new surfaces with a high potential to absorb and retain carbon are exposed. \r\nThis new research is funded via the New Zealand Government’s investment to support the objectives of the Global Research Alliance of agricultural greenhouse gases (GRA).\r\nMore broadly, the NZAGRC and New Zealand’s research investment is contributing to the “4 per 1000 Initiative” that sets a goal to increase carbon stocks across the world’s agricultural land by 4 parts per 1000 or 0.4% per year.\r\n“Global soils contain two-to-three times more carbon than the atmosphere. If this carbon level was increased by 0.4% per year in the top 30-40 cm of soils, the annual increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would be stopped,” says Dr Clark.\r\nA second international research project that the NZAGRC is contributing to, with the aid of GRA funding, is CIRCASA (Cooperation of International Research Coordination on Soil Carbon Sequestrations in Agriculture).\r\nCIRCASA takes stock of the current understanding of carbon sequestration, identifies stakeholders\' knowledge needs and fosters the creation of new knowledge.\r\nIts research recognises there are knowledge gaps in soil carbon such as permanence of sequestered organic carbon, long-term changes in agricultural systems and of agricultural practices in diverse climatic conditions, and the difficulty of detecting improvements.\r\n“Continued international research on soil carbon, its storage potential and changes over time will translate into better guidance to farmers on what they can do to mitigate greenhouse gases.” says Dr Clark.\r\n\r\nThis article was first published in Agri-Gate - Latest news about MPI\'s Investment Programmes\r\n\r\n \r\nMore information\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAgri-Gate: Soil carbon research moves forward\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nPaper: Management practices to reduce losses or increase soil carbon stocks in temperate grazed grasslands: New Zealand as a case study\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFactsheet: Reducing New Zealand\'s agricultural emissions: Soil Carbon', '', '', '', '', '2018-09-03', '2018-09-03', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '623', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(491, '', 'High sugar ryegrass and methane emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Cosgrove G., Jonker A. 2015. High sugar ryegrass and&nbsp;methane emissions. MPI technical paper<strong></strong> 2018/31</p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/30158-high-sugar-ryegrass-and-methane-emissions\"><strong>Read more </strong></a>(external link)</p>', 'Cosgrove G., Jonker A. 2015. High sugar ryegrass and methane emissions. MPI technical paper 2018/31\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2015-12-01', '2015-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'High sugar ryegrass and methane emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(486, '', 'Report: Contribution of methane emissions from NZ livestock to global warming', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><strong>Executive summary</strong></p>\r\n<p>This report provides information on the global warming that might occur from future emissions of methane from livestock in New Zealand under different assumptions and scenarios. Specifically, the report seeks to answer three main questions, namely:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Given our past emissions, what would be the warming contribution of future methane emissions in New Zealand if they were held steady at current levels?</li>\r\n<li>Given the most recent projected emissions of methane in New Zealand what additional warming might be expected?</li>\r\n<li>What annual reductions in methane emissions would be required to avoid any additional warming contribution from New Zealand methane emissions by 2030 or by 2050?</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>The answers to these questions are highly relevant as New Zealand is considering what emission target(s) it might set for different greenhouse gases as part of its contribution to the objectives of the Paris Agreement. These questions are answered by developing estimates of historical emissions of methane from livestock husbandry in New Zealand back to the 19th century, and combining such estimates with more recent data from the national greenhouse gas emissions inventory and projections by the Ministry for Primary Industries. These past and future emission estimates, which have contributed to the increase in global methane concentrations, were then fed into a simple climate model that has been used widely internationally to simulate the climate change resulting from different emission scenarios. The indirect climate effects of methane emissions are included in the simulations, and the effect of uncertainties in key parameters are considered. The climate model, called MAGICC, is based on the physics and chemistry of greenhouse gases and their fate in the atmosphere, including the relatively short lifetime of methane. The model can be calibrated to simulate results from a range of much more complex climate models and is thus also able to provide insight into model-based uncertainties of future projections.</p>\r\n<p><strong>The main finding from this study is that if New Zealand were to hold its livestock methane emissions constant at 2016 levels, the amount of methane in the atmosphere due to those emissions would level out within a decade, but warming from this methane would still increase for well over a century, albeit at a gradually declining rate.</strong> This ongoing additional warming is largely due to the inertia of the climate system, which is still responding to the historical increase in methane emissions from New Zealand since the 19th century and results in a long-lasting component of warming from methane despite the relatively short lifetime of the gas itself. It would take several hundred years of constant methane emissions before warming due to those emissions ceases to increase entirely.</p>\r\n<p><strong>If New Zealand&rsquo;s methane emissions were held constant from today onwards, the additional warming in 2050 would be about 10-20% above the warming that has been caused by New Zealand&rsquo;s methane emissions to date.</strong> By 2100, the additional warming would increase to about 25-40%, and to about 40-55% by 2200. The ranges reflect the fact that the warming effect exerted by New Zealand&rsquo;s methane emissions depends on global methane concentrations. Hence the actions taken by other countries during this period to address climate change, including through reducing their methane emissions, will influence the warming caused by on-going methane emissions from New Zealand.</p>\r\n<p><strong>If New Zealand wished to ensure that its livestock methane emissions cause no additional future warming relative to the warming caused by those emissions to date, it would have to reduce those methane emissions by about 10-22% below current levels by the year 2050, and 20-27% by 2100.</strong> The ranges in the emission reductions are due to different assumptions regarding actions taken by other countries that will influence future concentrations of greenhouse gases, and represent best estimates based on a range of different climate models. As a general rule, the greater the assumed action globally to reduce methane from the extraction, transport and use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), the lower global methane concentrations and hence the more effective the warming caused by remaining sources of methane becomes.</p>\r\n<p>Even though this study demonstrates that constant methane emissions result in some additional future warming, this does not mean that methane has the same long-lasting impact on climate as carbon dioxide. Continued emissions of carbon dioxide by New Zealand at today&rsquo;s level would eventually result in greater additional warming than continued emissions of methane, given the long lifetime of carbon dioxide and its resulting accumulation in the atmosphere. Warming due to longlived greenhouse gases will continue to increase until their net emissions reach zero. Reducing net emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases to zero is therefore a physical necessity if New Zealand wishes to halt its further contribution to climate change.</p>\r\n<p>By contrast, reducing New Zealand&rsquo;s livestock methane emissions by 22% (as a best estimate) below today&rsquo;s levels would avoid additional warming from those emissions in 2050 relative to today, if the world as a whole undertakes actions consistent with the Paris Agreement. Additional reductions would be needed beyond 2050 to maintain this level of warming into the more distant future. Reducing New Zealand&rsquo;s emissions by more than 22% below today&rsquo;s levels by 2050 would reduce the warming caused by New Zealand&rsquo;s livestock methane emissions below today&rsquo;s levels. However, how much New Zealand can and wants to reduce its emissions to reduce its overall contribution to warming will depend on complex economic, social and other environmental considerations that physical metrics can inform but not answer.</p>\r\n<p>Full report available at https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/a-note-on-new-zealand-s-methane-emissions-from-livestock&nbsp;including the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment\'s&nbsp;A note on New Zealand&rsquo;s methane emissions from livestock.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Executive summary\r\nThis report provides information on the global warming that might occur from future emissions of methane from livestock in New Zealand under different assumptions and scenarios. Specifically, the report seeks to answer three main questions, namely:\r\n\r\nGiven our past emissions, what would be the warming contribution of future methane emissions in New Zealand if they were held steady at current levels?\r\nGiven the most recent projected emissions of methane in New Zealand what additional warming might be expected?\r\nWhat annual reductions in methane emissions would be required to avoid any additional warming contribution from New Zealand methane emissions by 2030 or by 2050?\r\n\r\nThe answers to these questions are highly relevant as New Zealand is considering what emission target(s) it might set for different greenhouse gases as part of its contribution to the objectives of the Paris Agreement. These questions are answered by developing estimates of historical emissions of methane from livestock husbandry in New Zealand back to the 19th century, and combining such estimates with more recent data from the national greenhouse gas emissions inventory and projections by the Ministry for Primary Industries. These past and future emission estimates, which have contributed to the increase in global methane concentrations, were then fed into a simple climate model that has been used widely internationally to simulate the climate change resulting from different emission scenarios. The indirect climate effects of methane emissions are included in the simulations, and the effect of uncertainties in key parameters are considered. The climate model, called MAGICC, is based on the physics and chemistry of greenhouse gases and their fate in the atmosphere, including the relatively short lifetime of methane. The model can be calibrated to simulate results from a range of much more complex climate models and is thus also able to provide insight into model-based uncertainties of future projections.\r\nThe main finding from this study is that if New Zealand were to hold its livestock methane emissions constant at 2016 levels, the amount of methane in the atmosphere due to those emissions would level out within a decade, but warming from this methane would still increase for well over a century, albeit at a gradually declining rate. This ongoing additional warming is largely due to the inertia of the climate system, which is still responding to the historical increase in methane emissions from New Zealand since the 19th century and results in a long-lasting component of warming from methane despite the relatively short lifetime of the gas itself. It would take several hundred years of constant methane emissions before warming due to those emissions ceases to increase entirely.\r\nIf New Zealand’s methane emissions were held constant from today onwards, the additional warming in 2050 would be about 10-20% above the warming that has been caused by New Zealand’s methane emissions to date. By 2100, the additional warming would increase to about 25-40%, and to about 40-55% by 2200. The ranges reflect the fact that the warming effect exerted by New Zealand’s methane emissions depends on global methane concentrations. Hence the actions taken by other countries during this period to address climate change, including through reducing their methane emissions, will influence the warming caused by on-going methane emissions from New Zealand.\r\nIf New Zealand wished to ensure that its livestock methane emissions cause no additional future warming relative to the warming caused by those emissions to date, it would have to reduce those methane emissions by about 10-22% below current levels by the year 2050, and 20-27% by 2100. The ranges in the emission reductions are due to different assumptions regarding actions taken by other countries that will influence future concentrations of greenhouse gases, and represent best estimates based on a range of different climate models. As a general rule, the greater the assumed action globally to reduce methane from the extraction, transport and use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), the lower global methane concentrations and hence the more effective the warming caused by remaining sources of methane becomes.\r\nEven though this study demonstrates that constant methane emissions result in some additional future warming, this does not mean that methane has the same long-lasting impact on climate as carbon dioxide. Continued emissions of carbon dioxide by New Zealand at today’s level would eventually result in greater additional warming than continued emissions of methane, given the long lifetime of carbon dioxide and its resulting accumulation in the atmosphere. Warming due to longlived greenhouse gases will continue to increase until their net emissions reach zero. Reducing net emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases to zero is therefore a physical necessity if New Zealand wishes to halt its further contribution to climate change.\r\nBy contrast, reducing New Zealand’s livestock methane emissions by 22% (as a best estimate) below today’s levels would avoid additional warming from those emissions in 2050 relative to today, if the world as a whole undertakes actions consistent with the Paris Agreement. Additional reductions would be needed beyond 2050 to maintain this level of warming into the more distant future. Reducing New Zealand’s emissions by more than 22% below today’s levels by 2050 would reduce the warming caused by New Zealand’s livestock methane emissions below today’s levels. However, how much New Zealand can and wants to reduce its emissions to reduce its overall contribution to warming will depend on complex economic, social and other environmental considerations that physical metrics can inform but not answer.\r\nFull report available at https://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/a-note-on-new-zealand-s-methane-emissions-from-livestock including the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment\'s A note on New Zealand’s methane emissions from livestock.', '', '', '', '', '2018-08-31', '2018-08-31', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '625', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(487, '', 'Stocks, composition and vulnerability to loss of soil organic carbon predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Baldock, J. A., Beare, M. H., Curtin, D., &amp; Hawke, B. (2018). Stocks, composition and vulnerability to loss of soil organic carbon predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Soil Research, 56(5), 468-480.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Developing a routine and cost effective capability for measuring soil organic carbon (SOC) content and composition will allow identification of land management practices with a potential to maintain or enhance SOC stocks. Coupling SOC content data and mid-infrared (MIR) spectra through the application of partial least-squares regression (PLSR) analyses has been used to develop such a prediction capability. The objective of this study was to determine whether MIR/PLSR analyses provide accurate estimates of the content and composition of SOC that can be used to quantify SOC stocks and its potential vulnerability to loss. Soil was collected from a field trial incorporating a range of land use (pasture, arable cropping and bare fallow) and tillage (intensive, minimum and no tillage) treatments over a nine-year period. The SOC content was measured by dry combustion analysis. Particulate organic carbon was separated from other forms of carbon on the basis of particle size (SOC in the &gt;50&thinsp;&micro;m fraction). Resistant organic carbon was quantified using solid-state&nbsp;13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The MIR/PLSR algorithms were successfully developed to predict the natural logarithms of the contents of SOC and POC in the collected soils. With initial calibration, a single MIR analysis could be used in conjunction with PLSR algorithms to predict the content of SOC and its allocation to component fractions. The MIR/PLSR predicted SOC contents provided reliable estimates of the impact of agricultural management on the 0&ndash;25-cm SOC stocks, as well as an indication of the vulnerability of SOC to loss. Development of this capability will facilitate the rapid and cost effective collection of SOC content data for detecting the impact of agricultural management treatments on SOC stocks, composition and potential vulnerability to change.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1071/SR17221\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'Baldock, J. A., Beare, M. H., Curtin, D., & Hawke, B. (2018). Stocks, composition and vulnerability to loss of soil organic carbon predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Soil Research, 56(5), 468-480. \r\nAbstractDeveloping a routine and cost effective capability for measuring soil organic carbon (SOC) content and composition will allow identification of land management practices with a potential to maintain or enhance SOC stocks. Coupling SOC content data and mid-infrared (MIR) spectra through the application of partial least-squares regression (PLSR) analyses has been used to develop such a prediction capability. The objective of this study was to determine whether MIR/PLSR analyses provide accurate estimates of the content and composition of SOC that can be used to quantify SOC stocks and its potential vulnerability to loss. Soil was collected from a field trial incorporating a range of land use (pasture, arable cropping and bare fallow) and tillage (intensive, minimum and no tillage) treatments over a nine-year period. The SOC content was measured by dry combustion analysis. Particulate organic carbon was separated from other forms of carbon on the basis of particle size (SOC in the >50 µm fraction). Resistant organic carbon was quantified using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The MIR/PLSR algorithms were successfully developed to predict the natural logarithms of the contents of SOC and POC in the collected soils. With initial calibration, a single MIR analysis could be used in conjunction with PLSR algorithms to predict the content of SOC and its allocation to component fractions. The MIR/PLSR predicted SOC contents provided reliable estimates of the impact of agricultural management on the 0–25-cm SOC stocks, as well as an indication of the vulnerability of SOC to loss. Development of this capability will facilitate the rapid and cost effective collection of SOC content data for detecting the impact of agricultural management treatments on SOC stocks, composition and potential vulnerability to change.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2018-07-04', '2018-08-08', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Stocks, composition and vulnerability to loss of soil organic carbon predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(488, '', 'Adapting global shared socio-economic pathways for national and local scenarios', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Frame, B., Lawrence, J., Ausseil, A.-G., Reisinger, A., &amp; Daigneault, A. (2018). Adapting global shared socio-economic pathways for national and local scenarios. Climate Risk Management.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Socio-economic scenarios enable us to understand the extent to which global-, national- and local-scale societal developments can influence the nature and severity of&nbsp;<a title=\"Learn more about Climate Change\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/climate-change\">climate change</a>risks and response options. Shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) enable a systematic exploration of the challenges to adaptation and mitigation that alternative futures entail. However, SSPs are primarily defined for the global scale. If countries are to test their adaptation and mitigation options for robustness across plausible future socio-economic conditions, then SSPs require country-relevant detail to understand climate change risks at the national and local scales. New Zealand is used to illustrate how nationally relevant socio-economic scenarios, nested within SSPs can be developed to inform national- and local-scale studies of&nbsp;<a title=\"Learn more about Climate Change Impact\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/climate-change-impact\">climate change impacts</a>&nbsp;and their implications. Shared policy assumptions were developed, involving a mix of climate-specific and non-climate-specific policies, to demonstrate how international links and global-scale developments are critical locally&mdash;local choices may accelerate, reduce or even negate the impact of global trends for extended periods. The typology was then &lsquo;tested&rsquo; by applying it in a local context. The research challenges observed in developing credible, salient and legitimate national-scale socio-economic scenarios include issues in developing scenarios across a multidisciplinary team. Finally, recommendations for adapting shared climate policy assumptions to produce national and local scenarios, and for assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of&nbsp;<a title=\"Learn more about Climate Change Adaptation\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/climate-change-adaptation\">climate change adaptation</a>&nbsp;options are presented. These include the need for: guidelines to embed national scenarios in global frameworks; a limit the number of plausible futures;&nbsp;<a title=\"Learn more about interoperability\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/interoperability\">inter-operability</a>&nbsp;of models; an ability to work towards effective multi-disciplinary teams and integrative research; and the opportunity to involve participatory processes where feasible.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2018.05.001\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>', 'Frame, B., Lawrence, J., Ausseil, A.-G., Reisinger, A., & Daigneault, A. (2018). Adapting global shared socio-economic pathways for national and local scenarios. Climate Risk Management. \r\nAbstract\r\nSocio-economic scenarios enable us to understand the extent to which global-, national- and local-scale societal developments can influence the nature and severity of climate changerisks and response options. Shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) enable a systematic exploration of the challenges to adaptation and mitigation that alternative futures entail. However, SSPs are primarily defined for the global scale. If countries are to test their adaptation and mitigation options for robustness across plausible future socio-economic conditions, then SSPs require country-relevant detail to understand climate change risks at the national and local scales. New Zealand is used to illustrate how nationally relevant socio-economic scenarios, nested within SSPs can be developed to inform national- and local-scale studies of climate change impacts and their implications. Shared policy assumptions were developed, involving a mix of climate-specific and non-climate-specific policies, to demonstrate how international links and global-scale developments are critical locally—local choices may accelerate, reduce or even negate the impact of global trends for extended periods. The typology was then ‘tested’ by applying it in a local context. The research challenges observed in developing credible, salient and legitimate national-scale socio-economic scenarios include issues in developing scenarios across a multidisciplinary team. Finally, recommendations for adapting shared climate policy assumptions to produce national and local scenarios, and for assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of climate change adaptation options are presented. These include the need for: guidelines to embed national scenarios in global frameworks; a limit the number of plausible futures; inter-operability of models; an ability to work towards effective multi-disciplinary teams and integrative research; and the opportunity to involve participatory processes where feasible.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2018-05-26', '2018-05-26', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Adapting global shared socio-economic pathways for national and local scenarios', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(489, '', 'Potential inhibition of urine patch nitrous oxide emissions by Plantago lanceolata and its metabolite aucubin', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Gardiner, C. A., Clough, T. J., Cameron, K. C., Di, H. J., Edwards, G. R., &amp; de Klein, C. A. M. (2017). Potential inhibition of urine patch nitrous oxide emissions by Plantago lanceolata and its metabolite aucubin. [Article in Press]. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 1-9.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p>\r\n<p>Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), a forage used in grazed pastures, contains active secondary metabolites that could potentially inhibit nitrification, a key step in nitrous oxide (N2O) production from grazing ruminant livestock urine patches. A field study was performed to determine the effects of aucubin, a secondary metabolite in plantain, on nitrification and soil N2O emissions under a ruminant urine patch. Soils were treated with bovine urine (700 kg ha&minus;1) and either a plantain leaf extract (PLE), which contained all extractable compounds in plantain including aucubin, or an aucubin solution (AS). PLE and AS were applied at the same rate of aucubin (47 kg ha&minus;1). N2O emissions were reduced by 50% and 70% in the PLE and AS treatments, respectively; however, there were no significant differences in soil inorganic nitrogen concentrations when urine was applied with PLE or AS.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2017.1411953\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'Gardiner, C. A., Clough, T. J., Cameron, K. C., Di, H. J., Edwards, G. R., & de Klein, C. A. M. (2017). Potential inhibition of urine patch nitrous oxide emissions by Plantago lanceolata and its metabolite aucubin. [Article in Press]. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 1-9.\r\nAbstract\r\nPlantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), a forage used in grazed pastures, contains active secondary metabolites that could potentially inhibit nitrification, a key step in nitrous oxide (N2O) production from grazing ruminant livestock urine patches. A field study was performed to determine the effects of aucubin, a secondary metabolite in plantain, on nitrification and soil N2O emissions under a ruminant urine patch. Soils were treated with bovine urine (700 kg ha−1) and either a plantain leaf extract (PLE), which contained all extractable compounds in plantain including aucubin, or an aucubin solution (AS). PLE and AS were applied at the same rate of aucubin (47 kg ha−1). N2O emissions were reduced by 50% and 70% in the PLE and AS treatments, respectively; however, there were no significant differences in soil inorganic nitrogen concentrations when urine was applied with PLE or AS.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-12-12', '2017-12-12', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Potential inhibition of urine patch nitrous oxide emissions by Plantago lanceolata and its metabolite aucubin', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(492, '', 'Methane emissions from ruminant livestock fed white clover and perennial ryegrass forages', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Hammond K. J. 2011. Methane emissions from ruminant livestock fed white clover and perennial ryegrass forages. PhD Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/2853\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Hammond K. J. 2011. Methane emissions from ruminant livestock fed white clover and perennial ryegrass forages. PhD Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2011-12-01', '2011-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Methane emissions from ruminant livestock fed white clover and perennial ryegrass forages', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(493, '', 'Effects of feed intake on enteric methane emissions from sheep fed fresh white clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) forage', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Hammond K. J., Burke J. L., Koolard J. P., Muetzel S.,&nbsp;Pinares-Pati&ntilde;o C. S., Waghorn G. C. 2013. Effects of&nbsp;feed intake on enteric methane emissions from sheep fed fresh white clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) forages. Animal Feed Science&nbsp;and Technology, 179, 121-132.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://https//doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.11.004\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Hammond K. J., Burke J. L., Koolard J. P., Muetzel S., Pinares-Patiño C. S., Waghorn G. C. 2013. Effects of feed intake on enteric methane emissions from sheep fed fresh white clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) forages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 179, 121-132.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2013-12-01', '2013-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '. Effects of feed intake on enteric methane emissions from sheep fed fresh white clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) forages', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(494, '', 'Effects of feeding fresh white clover (Trifolium repens) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on enteric methane emissions from sheep', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Hammond K. J., Hoskin S. O., Burke J. L., Waghorn G.&nbsp;C., Koolard J. P., Muetzel S. 2011. Effects of feeding fresh white clover (Trifolium repens) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on enteric methane emissions from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166, 398-404.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.028\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Hammond K. J., Hoskin S. O., Burke J. L., Waghorn G. C., Koolard J. P., Muetzel S. 2011. Effects of feeding fresh white clover (Trifolium repens) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on enteric methane emissions from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166, 398-404.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2011-12-01', '2011-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Effects of feeding fresh white clover (Trifolium repens) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on enteric methane emissions from sheep', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(495, '', 'The variation in methane emissions from sheep and cattle is not explained by the chemical composition of ryegrass', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Hammond K. J., Muetzel S., Waghorn G. C., Pinaes-Pati&ntilde;o C. S., Burke J. L., Hoskin S. O. 2009. The variation in methane emissions from sheep and cattle is not explained by the chemical composition of ryegrass. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 69, 174-178.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.nzsap.org/proceedings/2009/variation-methane-emissions-sheep-and-cattle-not-explained-chemical-composition\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Hammond K. J., Muetzel S., Waghorn G. C., Pinaes-Patiño C. S., Burke J. L., Hoskin S. O. 2009. The variation in methane emissions from sheep and cattle is not explained by the chemical composition of ryegrass. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 69, 174-178.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2009-12-01', '2009-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'The variation in methane emissions from sheep and cattle is not explained by the chemical composition of ryegrass', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(496, '', 'Brief Communication: Methane emissions by sheep offered high-sugar or conventional perennial ryegrass at two allowances', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Jonker A., Molano G., Sandoval E., Taylor P. S., Antwi C.,&nbsp;Cosgrove G. P. 2014. BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Methane emissions by sheep offered high-sugar or conventional perennial ryegrass at two allowances. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 74, 145-147.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.nzsap.org/proceedings/2014/brief-communication-methane-emissions-sheep-offered-high-sugar-or-conventional\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>', 'Jonker A., Molano G., Sandoval E., Taylor P. S., Antwi C., Cosgrove G. P. 2014. BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Methane emissions by sheep offered high-sugar or conventional perennial ryegrass at two allowances. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 74, 145-147.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2014-12-01', '2014-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Methane emissions by sheep offered high-sugar or conventional perennial ryegrass at two allowances', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(497, '', 'Methane emissions changed nonlinearly with graded substitution of alfalfa silage with corn grain in the diet of sheep and relation with rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo and in vitro', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Jonker A., Lowe K., Kittlemann S., Janssen P. H.,&nbsp;Ledgard S., Pacheco D. 2016. Methane emissions changed nonlinearly with graded substitution of alfalfa silage with corn grain in the diet of sheep and relation with rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Animal Science, 94, 3464-33475 </p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9912\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'Jonker A., Lowe K., Kittlemann S., Janssen P. H., Ledgard S., Pacheco D. 2016. Methane emissions changed nonlinearly with graded substitution of alfalfa silage with corn grain in the diet of sheep and relation with rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Animal Science, 94, 3464-33475 \r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2016-12-01', '2016-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Methane emissions changed nonlinearly with graded substitution of alfalfa silage with corn grain in the diet of sheep and relation with rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo and in vitro', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(498, '', 'Methane emissions differ between sheep offered a conventional diploid, a highsugar diploid or a tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivar at two allowances at three times of the year', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Jonker A., Molano G., Sandoval E., Taylor P. S., Antwi C.,&nbsp;Olinga S., Cosgrove G. P. 2016. Methane emissions differ&nbsp;between sheep offered a conventional diploid, a highsugar diploid or a tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivar at two allowances at three times of the year. Animal Production Science&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN15597\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Jonker A., Molano G., Sandoval E., Taylor P. S., Antwi C., Olinga S., Cosgrove G. P. 2016. Methane emissions differ between sheep offered a conventional diploid, a highsugar diploid or a tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivar at two allowances at three times of the year. Animal Production Science \r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2016-12-01', '2016-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Methane emissions differ between sheep offered a conventional diploid, a highsugar diploid or a tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivar at two allowances at three times of the year', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(499, '', 'Effect of fresh pasture forage quality, feeding level and supplementation on methane emissions from growing beef cattle', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Jonker A., Muetzel S., Molano G., Pacheco D. 2016.&nbsp;Effect of fresh pasture forage quality, feeding level and supplementation on methane emissions from growing beef cattle. Animal Production Science, 56, 1714-1721. &nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15022\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>', 'Jonker A., Muetzel S., Molano G., Pacheco D. 2016. Effect of fresh pasture forage quality, feeding level and supplementation on methane emissions from growing beef cattle. Animal Production Science, 56, 1714-1721.  \r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2016-12-01', '2016-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Effect of fresh pasture forage quality, feeding level and supplementation on methane emissions from growing beef cattle', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(500, '', 'Methane emissions from lactating and non-lactating dairy cows and growing cattle fed fresh pasture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Jonker A., Molano G., Koolard J., Muetzel S. 2017.&nbsp;Methane emissions from lactating and non-lactating&nbsp;dairy cows and growing cattle fed fresh pasture.&nbsp;Animal Production Science, 57, 643-648.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN15656\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Jonker A., Molano G., Koolard J., Muetzel S. 2017. Methane emissions from lactating and non-lactating dairy cows and growing cattle fed fresh pasture. Animal Production Science, 57, 643-648.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-12-01', '2017-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Methane emissions from lactating and non-lactating dairy cows and growing cattle fed fresh pasture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(501, '', 'Effect of intake on methane production per kg of dry matter intake', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Muetzel S. 2009. Effect of intake on methane&nbsp;production per kg of dry matter intake. MAF Technical&nbsp;Paper No: 2011/95.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/2952-effect-of-level-of-intake-on-methane-production-per-kg-of-dry-matter-intake\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Muetzel S. 2009. Effect of intake on methane production per kg of dry matter intake. MAF Technical Paper No: 2011/95.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2009-12-01', '2009-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Effect of intake on methane production per kg of dry matter intake', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(502, '', 'Methane emissions from sheep fed fresh pasture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Muetzel S., Pacheco D. 2011. Calorimeter trials for beef&nbsp;cattle, objective 1 report. MAF 12209.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Link unavailable at this time</strong></p>', 'Muetzel S., Pacheco D. 2011. Calorimeter trials for beef cattle, objective 1 report. MAF 12209.\r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2015-12-01', '2015-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Methane emissions from sheep fed fresh pasture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(503, '', 'Effect maize silage and palm kernel expeller on methane emissions in cattle', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Pacheco D. 2012. Milestone 5.22: Effect maize silage and&nbsp;palm kernel expeller on methane emissions in cattle.&nbsp;Annual Report to PGgRc 2012 - Part 2 Milestone Reports.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Link unavailable at this time</strong></p>', 'Pacheco D. 2012. Milestone 5.22: Effect maize silage and palm kernel expeller on methane emissions in cattle. Annual Report to PGgRc 2012 - Part 2 Milestone Reports.\r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2012-12-01', '2012-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Effect maize silage and palm kernel expeller on methane emissions in cattle', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(504, '', 'Methane emissions from young and mature dairy cattle', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Ram&iacute;rez-Restrepo C. A., Clark H., Muetzel S. 2016.&nbsp;Methane emissions from young and mature dairy cattle.&nbsp;Animal Production Science, 56, 1897-1905.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://https//doi.org/10.1071/AN15102\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>', 'Ramírez-Restrepo C. A., Clark H., Muetzel S. 2016. Methane emissions from young and mature dairy cattle. Animal Production Science, 56, 1897-1905.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2016-12-01', '2016-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Methane emissions from young and mature dairy cattle', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(505, '', 'Sheep fed forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) have similar methane emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X. Z., Hoskin S. O., Zhang G. G., Molano G., Muetzel S., Pinares-Pati&ntilde;o C. S., Clark H., Pacheco, D. 2012. Sheep fed forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) have similar methane emissions. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 172, 217-225.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.11.007\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'Sun X. Z., Hoskin S. O., Zhang G. G., Molano G., Muetzel S., Pinares-Patiño C. S., Clark H., Pacheco, D. 2012. Sheep fed forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) have similar methane emissions. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 172, 217-225. \r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2012-12-01', '2012-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Sheep fed forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) have similar methane emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(506, '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs grazing either forage rape or perennial ryegrass', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2013.&nbsp;Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs grazing either forage rape or perennial ryegrass. MPI Technical Paper.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Link unavailable at this time</p>', 'Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2013. Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs grazing either forage rape or perennial ryegrass. MPI Technical Paper. \r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2013-12-01', '2013-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs grazing either forage rape or perennial ryegrass', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(507, '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage rape or pasture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2014. Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage rape or pasture. Milestone 7 and 8 report. MPI Technical Paper</p>\r\n<p>Link unavailable at this time</p>', 'Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2014. Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage rape or pasture. Milestone 7 and 8 report. MPI Technical Paper\r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2014-12-01', '2014-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage rape or pasture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(508, '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture - Interim Report', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2014.&nbsp;Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture - Interim Report. MPI Technical Paper</p>\r\n<p>Link unavailable at this time</p>', 'Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2014. Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture - Interim Report. MPI Technical Paper\r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2014-12-01', '2014-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture - Interim Report', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(509, '', 'Sheep fed five different summer forage brassicas less methane than sheep fed perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X. Z., Maclean S., Luo D. W., Pacheco D. 2014. Sheep fed five different summer forage brassicas less methane than sheep fed perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, 30, 98.</p>\r\n<p>Link unavailable at this time</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Sun X. Z., Maclean S., Luo D. W., Pacheco D. 2014. Sheep fed five different summer forage brassicas less methane than sheep fed perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, 30, 98.\r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2014-12-01', '2014-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Sheep fed five different summer forage brassicas less methane than sheep fed perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(511, '', 'Sheep fed forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) have similar methane emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X. Z., Hoskin S. O., Zhang G. G., Molano G.,&nbsp;Muetzel S., Pinares-Pati&ntilde;o C. S., Clark H., Pacheco, D. 2012. Sheep fed forage chicory (Cichorium intybus)&nbsp;or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) have similar&nbsp;methane emissions. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 172, 217-225.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.11.007\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>', 'Sun X. Z., Hoskin S. O., Zhang G. G., Molano G., Muetzel S., Pinares-Patiño C. S., Clark H., Pacheco, D. 2012. Sheep fed forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) have similar methane emissions. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 172, 217-225. \r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2012-12-01', '2012-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Sheep fed forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) have similar methane emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(512, '', 'Methane emissions from sheep fed fresh brassicas (Brassica spp.) compared to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X. Z., Waghorn G. C., Hoskin S. O., Harrison S. J.,&nbsp;Muetzel S., Pacheco D. 2012. Methane emissions from&nbsp;sheep fed fresh brassicas (Brassica spp.) compared to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 176, 107-116.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.013\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Sun X. Z., Waghorn G. C., Hoskin S. O., Harrison S. J., Muetzel S., Pacheco D. 2012. Methane emissions from sheep fed fresh brassicas (Brassica spp.) compared to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 176, 107-116.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2012-12-01', '2012-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Methane emissions from sheep fed fresh brassicas (Brassica spp.) compared to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(513, '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs grazing either forage rape or perennial ryegrass', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2013.&nbsp;Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs grazing either&nbsp;forage rape or perennial ryegrass. MPI Technical&nbsp;Paper</p>\r\n<p>Link unavailable at this time</p>', 'Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2013. Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs grazing either forage rape or perennial ryegrass. MPI Technical Paper\r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2013-12-01', '2013-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs grazing either forage rape or perennial ryegrass', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(514, '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage rape or pasture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2014.&nbsp;Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage&nbsp;rape or pasture. Milestone 7 and 8 report. MPI Technical Paper</p>\r\n<p>Link unavailable at this time</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2014. Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage rape or pasture. Milestone 7 and 8 report. MPI Technical Paper\r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2014-12-01', '2014-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage rape or pasture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(515, '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture - Interim Report', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2014.&nbsp;Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer&nbsp;forage brassicas or pasture - Interim Report. MPI Technical Paper&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Link unavailable at this time</p>', 'Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2014. Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture - Interim Report. MPI Technical Paper \r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2014-12-01', '2014-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture - Interim Report', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(516, '', 'Lambs fed fresh winter forage rape (Brassica napus L.) emit less methane than those fed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and possible mechanisms behind the difference', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X., Henderson G., Cox F., Molano G., Harrison S. J.,&nbsp;Luo D., Janssen P. H., Pacheco D. 2015a. Lambs fed fresh&nbsp;winter forage rape (Brassica napus L.) emit less methane than those fed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)&nbsp;and possible mechanisms behind the difference.&nbsp;PlosOne 10:e0119697.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119697\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Sun X., Henderson G., Cox F., Molano G., Harrison S. J., Luo D., Janssen P. H., Pacheco D. 2015a. Lambs fed fresh winter forage rape (Brassica napus L.) emit less methane than those fed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and possible mechanisms behind the difference. PlosOne 10:e0119697.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2015-12-01', '2015-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Lambs fed fresh winter forage rape (Brassica napus L.) emit less methane than those fed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and possible mechanisms behind the difference', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(517, '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage rape or pasture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2015. Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage&nbsp;rape or pasture. Milestone 9 report. MPI Technical Paper</p>\r\n<p>Link unavailable at this time</p>', 'Sun X., Hoogendoorn C., Luo J., Pacheco D. 2015. Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage rape or pasture. Milestone 9 report. MPI Technical Paper\r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2015-12-01', '2015-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fed winter forage rape or pasture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
INSERT INTO `mix_event` (`event_id`, `event_featured`, `event_title`, `event_display_name`, `event_display_email`, `event_description`, `event_description_search`, `event_contact_name`, `event_contact_phone`, `event_contact_fax`, `event_contact_email`, `event_start_date`, `event_end_date`, `event_hours`, `event_restrictions`, `event_admissions`, `event_location`, `event_website`, `image_id`, `event_meta_title`, `event_meta_description`, `event_meta_keywords`, `event_download`, `created_user_id`, `event_notification_sent`) VALUES
(518, '', 'Brief Communication: Substitution of perennial ryegrass with forage rape reduces methane emissions from sheep', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X. Z., Sandoval E., Pacheco D. 2015. Brief Communication: Substitution of perennial ryegrass&nbsp;with forage rape reduces methane emissions from sheep. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 2015, 75, 64-66.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://www.nzsap.org/proceedings/2015/brief-communication-substitution-perennial-ryegrass-forage-rape-reduces-methane\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)&nbsp;</p>', 'Sun X. Z., Sandoval E., Pacheco D. 2015. Brief Communication: Substitution of perennial ryegrass with forage rape reduces methane emissions from sheep. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 2015, 75, 64-66.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2015-12-01', '2015-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Substitution of perennial ryegrass with forage rape reduces methane emissions from sheep', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(519, '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Sun X. Z., Pacheco D. 2014. Greenhouse gas emissions&nbsp;from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture.&nbsp;Milestone 4 Report. MPI Technical&nbsp; Paper</p>\r\n<p>Link unavailable at this time</p>', 'Sun X. Z., Pacheco D. 2014. Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture. Milestone 4 Report. MPI Technical  Paper\r\nLink unavailable at this time', '', '', '', '', '2014-12-01', '2014-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from lambs fed summer forage brassicas or pasture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(520, '', 'Updated predictions of enteric methane emissions from sheep suitable use in the New Zealand national greenhouse gas inventory', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Swainson N. M., Muetzel S., Clark H. 2016. Updated&nbsp;predictions of enteric methane emissions from sheep&nbsp;suitable use in the New Zealand national greenhouse gas inventory. Animal Production Science.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"Http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN15766\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Swainson N. M., Muetzel S., Clark H. 2016. Updated predictions of enteric methane emissions from sheep suitable use in the New Zealand national greenhouse gas inventory. Animal Production Science.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2016-12-01', '2016-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Updated predictions of enteric methane emissions from sheep suitable use in the New Zealand national greenhouse gas inventory', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(521, '', 'Does dietary mitigation of enteric methane production affect rumen function and animal productivity in dairy cows?', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Veneman J. B., Muetzel S., Hart K. J., Faulkner C. L.,&nbsp;Moorby J. M., Perdok H. B., Newbold C. J. 2015. Does&nbsp;dietary mitigation of enteric methane production affect rumen function and animal productivity in dairy cows?&nbsp;PLOS ONE 10(10): e0140282&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://https//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140282\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'Veneman J. B., Muetzel S., Hart K. J., Faulkner C. L., Moorby J. M., Perdok H. B., Newbold C. J. 2015. Does dietary mitigation of enteric methane production affect rumen function and animal productivity in dairy cows? PLOS ONE 10(10): e0140282 \r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2015-12-01', '2015-12-01', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Does dietary mitigation of enteric methane production affect rumen function and animal productivity in dairy cows?', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(522, '', 'Assessing the impact of non-urea ruminant urine nitrogen compounds on urine patch nitrous oxide emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Gardiner, C. A., Clough, T. J., Cameron, K. C., Di, H. J., Edwards, G. R., &amp; de Klein, C. A. M. (2018). Assessing the impact of non-urea ruminant urine nitrogen compounds on urine patch nitrous oxide emissions. Journal of Environmental Quality, 47(4), 812-819.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://http//dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.03.0112\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)&nbsp;<br /> </p>', 'Gardiner, C. A., Clough, T. J., Cameron, K. C., Di, H. J., Edwards, G. R., & de Klein, C. A. M. (2018). Assessing the impact of non-urea ruminant urine nitrogen compounds on urine patch nitrous oxide emissions. Journal of Environmental Quality, 47(4), 812-819.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2018-06-21', '2018-06-21', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Assessing the impact of non-urea ruminant urine nitrogen compounds on urine patch nitrous oxide emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(523, '', 'Using alternative forage species to reduce emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide from cattle urine deposited onto soil', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Luo, J., Balvert, S. F., Wise, B., Welten, B., Ledgard, S. F., de Klein, C. A. M, Lindsey, S.,&nbsp;Judge, A. (2018). Using alternative forage species to reduce emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide from cattle urine deposited onto soil. Science of the Total Environment, 610-611, 1271-1280.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Grazed pastures are a major contributor to emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), and urine deposition from grazing animals is the main source of the emissions. Incorporating alternative forages into grazing systems could be an approach for reducing N2O emissions through mechanisms such as release of biological nitrification inhibitors from roots and increased root depth. Field plot and lysimeter (intact soil column) trials were conducted in a free draining Horotiu silt loam soil to test whether two alternative forage species, plantain (Plantago lanceolate L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), could reduce N2O emissions relative to traditional pasture species, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The amounts of N2O emitted from the soil below each forage species, which all received the same cow urine at the same rates, was measured using an established static chamber method. Total N2O emissions from the plantain, lucerne and perennial ryegrass controls (without urine application) were generally very low, but emissions from the white clover control were significantly higher. When urine was applied in autumn or winter N2O emissions from plantain were lower compared with those from perennial ryegrass or white clover, but this difference was not found when urine was applied in summer. Lucerne had lower emissions in winter but not in other seasons. Incorporation of plantain into grazed pasture could be an approach to reduce N2O emissions. However, further work is required to understand the mechanisms for the reduced emissions and the effects of environmental conditions in different seasons.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.186\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)<br /> <br />&nbsp;</p>', 'Luo, J., Balvert, S. F., Wise, B., Welten, B., Ledgard, S. F., de Klein, C. A. M, Lindsey, S., Judge, A. (2018). Using alternative forage species to reduce emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide from cattle urine deposited onto soil. Science of the Total Environment, 610-611, 1271-1280. \r\nAbstract\r\nGrazed pastures are a major contributor to emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), and urine deposition from grazing animals is the main source of the emissions. Incorporating alternative forages into grazing systems could be an approach for reducing N2O emissions through mechanisms such as release of biological nitrification inhibitors from roots and increased root depth. Field plot and lysimeter (intact soil column) trials were conducted in a free draining Horotiu silt loam soil to test whether two alternative forage species, plantain (Plantago lanceolate L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), could reduce N2O emissions relative to traditional pasture species, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The amounts of N2O emitted from the soil below each forage species, which all received the same cow urine at the same rates, was measured using an established static chamber method. Total N2O emissions from the plantain, lucerne and perennial ryegrass controls (without urine application) were generally very low, but emissions from the white clover control were significantly higher. When urine was applied in autumn or winter N2O emissions from plantain were lower compared with those from perennial ryegrass or white clover, but this difference was not found when urine was applied in summer. Lucerne had lower emissions in winter but not in other seasons. Incorporation of plantain into grazed pasture could be an approach to reduce N2O emissions. However, further work is required to understand the mechanisms for the reduced emissions and the effects of environmental conditions in different seasons.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-08-30', '2017-08-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Using alternative forage species to reduce emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide from cattle urine deposited onto soil', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(524, '', 'Assessing the vulnerability of organic matter to C mineralisation in pasture and cropping soils of New Zealand', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>McNally, S., Beare, M., Curtin, D., Tregurtha, C., Qiu, W., Kelliher, F., &amp; Baldock, J. (2018). Assessing the vulnerability of organic matter to C mineralisation in pasture and cropping soils of New Zealand. Soil Research, 56(5), 481-490.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>In New Zealand, pastoral soils have substantial organic carbon (OC) stocks, which may be vulnerable to loss from disturbance and environmental perturbations. We assessed OC vulnerability using two approaches. For the first approach, we postulated that the OC deficit of continuously cropped soils relative to nearby pastoral soils would provide a measure of the quantity of potentially vulnerable OC in pastures. As a test, soils were sampled to a depth of 15&thinsp;cm at 149 sites and the total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) contents were measured. The second approach involved measurement of OC mineralisation in a laboratory assay (98 day aerobic incubation at 25&deg;C). For the pastoral soils, the mean TOC and POC was about twice that of the cropped soils. On average, 89% more OC was mineralised from the pastoral soils compared with the cropped counterparts. However, the quantity of OC mineralised in pasture soils was small relative to the potential for OC loss inferred from the difference in TOC between pastoral and cropped soils. Carbon mineralisation was explained using a two-pool exponential model with rate constants of the &lsquo;fast&rsquo; and &lsquo;slow&rsquo; pools equating to 0.36&thinsp;&plusmn;&thinsp;0.155 and 0.007&thinsp;&plusmn;&thinsp;0.003 day<sup>&ndash;1</sup>&nbsp;respectively. The larger, slow OC pool correlated strongly with hot water extractable OC whereas the fast pool was related to OC extracted using cold water. Our results suggest that water extraction (using cold and hot water) can provide a rapid estimate of the quantity of mineralisable OC across a wide range of New Zealand soils.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://https//doi.org/10.1071/SR17148\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'McNally, S., Beare, M., Curtin, D., Tregurtha, C., Qiu, W., Kelliher, F., & Baldock, J. (2018). Assessing the vulnerability of organic matter to C mineralisation in pasture and cropping soils of New Zealand. Soil Research, 56(5), 481-490.\r\n \r\nAbstract\r\nIn New Zealand, pastoral soils have substantial organic carbon (OC) stocks, which may be vulnerable to loss from disturbance and environmental perturbations. We assessed OC vulnerability using two approaches. For the first approach, we postulated that the OC deficit of continuously cropped soils relative to nearby pastoral soils would provide a measure of the quantity of potentially vulnerable OC in pastures. As a test, soils were sampled to a depth of 15 cm at 149 sites and the total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) contents were measured. The second approach involved measurement of OC mineralisation in a laboratory assay (98 day aerobic incubation at 25°C). For the pastoral soils, the mean TOC and POC was about twice that of the cropped soils. On average, 89% more OC was mineralised from the pastoral soils compared with the cropped counterparts. However, the quantity of OC mineralised in pasture soils was small relative to the potential for OC loss inferred from the difference in TOC between pastoral and cropped soils. Carbon mineralisation was explained using a two-pool exponential model with rate constants of the ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ pools equating to 0.36 ± 0.155 and 0.007 ± 0.003 day–1 respectively. The larger, slow OC pool correlated strongly with hot water extractable OC whereas the fast pool was related to OC extracted using cold water. Our results suggest that water extraction (using cold and hot water) can provide a rapid estimate of the quantity of mineralisable OC across a wide range of New Zealand soils.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2018-07-02', '2018-07-02', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Assessing the vulnerability of organic matter to C mineralisation in pasture and cropping soils of New Zealand', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(525, '', 'Soil carbon sequestration potential of permanent pasture and continuous cropping soils in New Zealand', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>McNally, S. R., Beare, M. H., Curtin, D., Meenken, E. D., Kelliher, F. M., Calvelo Pereira, R.,Baldock, J. (2017). Soil carbon sequestration potential of permanent pasture and continuous cropping soils in New Zealand. Global Change Biology, 23(11), 4544-4555.</p>\r\n<p>Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Understanding soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important to develop strategies to increase the SOC stock and, thereby, offset some of the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Although the capacity of soils to store SOC in a stable form is commonly attributed to the fine (clay&nbsp;+&nbsp;fine silt) fraction, the properties of the fine fraction that determine the SOC stabilization capacity are poorly known. The aim of this study was to develop an improved model to estimate the SOC stabilization capacity of Allophanic (Andisols) and non‐Allophanic topsoils (0&ndash;15&nbsp;cm) and, as a case study, to apply the model to predict the sequestration potential of pastoral soils across New Zealand. A quantile (90th) regression model, based on the specific surface area and extractable aluminium (pyrophosphate) content of soils, provided the best prediction of the upper limit of fine fraction carbon (FFC) (i.e. the stabilization capacity), but with different coefficients for Allophanic and non‐Allophanic soils. The carbon (C) saturation deficit was estimated as the difference between the stabilization capacity of individual soils and their current C concentration. For long‐term pastures, the mean saturation deficit of Allophanic soils (20.3&nbsp;mg C g<sup>&minus;1</sup>) was greater than that of non‐Allophanic soils (16.3&nbsp;mg C g<sup>&minus;1</sup>). The saturation deficit of cropped soils was 1.14&ndash;1.89 times that of pasture soils. The sequestration potential of pasture soils ranged from 10&nbsp;t C ha<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;(Ultic soils) to 42&nbsp;t C ha<sup>&minus;1</sup>(Melanic soils). Although meeting the estimated national soil C sequestration potential (124&nbsp;Mt C) is unrealistic, improved management practices targeted to those soils with the greatest sequestration potential could contribute significantly to off‐setting New Zealand\'s greenhouse gas emissions. As the first national‐scale estimate of SOC sequestration potential that encompasses both Allophanic and non‐Allophanic soils, this serves as an informative case study for the international community.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://https//doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13720%20\">Read more</a></strong> (external link)</p>', 'McNally, S. R., Beare, M. H., Curtin, D., Meenken, E. D., Kelliher, F. M., Calvelo Pereira, R.,Baldock, J. (2017). Soil carbon sequestration potential of permanent pasture and continuous cropping soils in New Zealand. Global Change Biology, 23(11), 4544-4555.\r\nAbstract\r\nUnderstanding soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important to develop strategies to increase the SOC stock and, thereby, offset some of the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Although the capacity of soils to store SOC in a stable form is commonly attributed to the fine (clay + fine silt) fraction, the properties of the fine fraction that determine the SOC stabilization capacity are poorly known. The aim of this study was to develop an improved model to estimate the SOC stabilization capacity of Allophanic (Andisols) and non‐Allophanic topsoils (0–15 cm) and, as a case study, to apply the model to predict the sequestration potential of pastoral soils across New Zealand. A quantile (90th) regression model, based on the specific surface area and extractable aluminium (pyrophosphate) content of soils, provided the best prediction of the upper limit of fine fraction carbon (FFC) (i.e. the stabilization capacity), but with different coefficients for Allophanic and non‐Allophanic soils. The carbon (C) saturation deficit was estimated as the difference between the stabilization capacity of individual soils and their current C concentration. For long‐term pastures, the mean saturation deficit of Allophanic soils (20.3 mg C g−1) was greater than that of non‐Allophanic soils (16.3 mg C g−1). The saturation deficit of cropped soils was 1.14–1.89 times that of pasture soils. The sequestration potential of pasture soils ranged from 10 t C ha−1 (Ultic soils) to 42 t C ha−1(Melanic soils). Although meeting the estimated national soil C sequestration potential (124 Mt C) is unrealistic, improved management practices targeted to those soils with the greatest sequestration potential could contribute significantly to off‐setting New Zealand\'s greenhouse gas emissions. As the first national‐scale estimate of SOC sequestration potential that encompasses both Allophanic and non‐Allophanic soils, this serves as an informative case study for the international community.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-10-05', '2017-10-05', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Soil carbon sequestration potential of permanent pasture and continuous cropping soils in New Zealand', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(526, '', 'An investigation of organic matter quality and quantity in acid soils as influenced by soil type and land use', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Shen, Q., Suarez-Abelenda, M., Camps-Arbestain, M., Calvelo Pereira, R., McNally, S. R., &amp; Kelliher, F. M. (2018). An investigation of organic matter quality and quantity in acid soils as influenced by soil type and land use. Geoderma, 328, 44-55. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.006</p>\r\n<p>Abstract<br />Knowledge of the molecular composition of&nbsp;soil organic matter&nbsp;(OM) and the interaction of OM with soil minerals is needed to fundamentally understand how the persistence of OM is affected by land use. We investigated&nbsp;organic carbon&nbsp;(C) fractions, content of short-range order constituents (SRO) (i.e., Al and Fe oxy-hydroxides) and OM chemistry of 45 top soils across a range of soil orders and land uses in New Zealand. The objective of the study was to assess the influence of different land uses on the OM quality and quantity of soils that differed in their content of SRO constituents. The C fractions considered were cold + hot water-soluble C (CH2O), C recovered in the residuum after HF treatment (CHF-residuum), and C not so recovered (CHF-mobile). Carbon in particulate OM (CPOM) was determined in non-Allophanic soils, and C extractable with&nbsp;sodium pyrophosphate&nbsp;(Cp) in Allophanic soils. The chemistry of the HF-residual OM was investigated using pyrolysis-GC/MS. The highest C content was found under grazed&nbsp;grasslands&nbsp;and, among soil orders, in Allophanic soils, which had the largest CHF-mobile&nbsp;and CHF-residuum&nbsp;contents. Yet compared to non-Allophanic, Allophanic soils were more vulnerable to loss of C (CHF-mobile&nbsp;and CHF-residuum) when used for cropping. The relative contribution of microbial- vs. plant-derived OM was influenced by soil order and land use: microbial-derived OM increased as the presence of SRO constituents increased, these being more abundant in Allophanic soils; soils under ungrazed grasslands had the largest contribution of fresh plant-derived molecules to OM (and of CHF-residuum&nbsp;to total C) while cropping had a negative impact on the contribution of plant-derived OM, consistent with a decrease in CPOM. Overall, the results showed that not only is the ability of New Zealand soils to store C soil-specific, but so too is their vulnerability to losing it when under specific land use.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.006\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'Shen, Q., Suarez-Abelenda, M., Camps-Arbestain, M., Calvelo Pereira, R., McNally, S. R., & Kelliher, F. M. (2018). An investigation of organic matter quality and quantity in acid soils as influenced by soil type and land use. Geoderma, 328, 44-55. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.006\r\nAbstractKnowledge of the molecular composition of soil organic matter (OM) and the interaction of OM with soil minerals is needed to fundamentally understand how the persistence of OM is affected by land use. We investigated organic carbon (C) fractions, content of short-range order constituents (SRO) (i.e., Al and Fe oxy-hydroxides) and OM chemistry of 45 top soils across a range of soil orders and land uses in New Zealand. The objective of the study was to assess the influence of different land uses on the OM quality and quantity of soils that differed in their content of SRO constituents. The C fractions considered were cold + hot water-soluble C (CH2O), C recovered in the residuum after HF treatment (CHF-residuum), and C not so recovered (CHF-mobile). Carbon in particulate OM (CPOM) was determined in non-Allophanic soils, and C extractable with sodium pyrophosphate (Cp) in Allophanic soils. The chemistry of the HF-residual OM was investigated using pyrolysis-GC/MS. The highest C content was found under grazed grasslands and, among soil orders, in Allophanic soils, which had the largest CHF-mobile and CHF-residuum contents. Yet compared to non-Allophanic, Allophanic soils were more vulnerable to loss of C (CHF-mobile and CHF-residuum) when used for cropping. The relative contribution of microbial- vs. plant-derived OM was influenced by soil order and land use: microbial-derived OM increased as the presence of SRO constituents increased, these being more abundant in Allophanic soils; soils under ungrazed grasslands had the largest contribution of fresh plant-derived molecules to OM (and of CHF-residuum to total C) while cropping had a negative impact on the contribution of plant-derived OM, consistent with a decrease in CPOM. Overall, the results showed that not only is the ability of New Zealand soils to store C soil-specific, but so too is their vulnerability to losing it when under specific land use.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2018-05-10', '2018-05-10', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'An investigation of organic matter quality and quantity in acid soils as influenced by soil type and land use', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(527, '', 'Development of Multiwell-Plate Methods Using Pure Cultures of Methanogens To Identify New Inhibitors for Suppressing Ruminant Methane Emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Weimar, M. R., Cheung, J., Dey, D., McSweeney, C., Morrison, M., Kobayashi, Y., . . . Cook, G. M. (2017). Development of Multiwell-Plate Methods Using Pure Cultures of Methanogens To Identify New Inhibitors for Suppressing Ruminant Methane Emissions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 83(15)</p>\r\n<p id=\"p-4\">Abstract</p>\r\n<p>Hydrogenotrophic methanogens typically require strictly anaerobic culturing conditions in glass tubes with overpressures of H<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;and CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;that are both time-consuming and costly. To increase the throughput for screening chemical compound libraries, 96-well microtiter plate methods for the growth of a marine (environmental) methanogen&nbsp;<span id=\"named-content-1\" class=\"named-content genus-species\">Methanococcus maripaludis</span>&nbsp;strain S2 and the rumen methanogen&nbsp;<span id=\"named-content-2\" class=\"named-content genus-species\">Methanobrevibacter</span>&nbsp;species AbM4 were developed. A number of key parameters (inoculum size, reducing agents for medium preparation, assay duration, inhibitor solvents, and culture volume) were optimized to achieve robust and reproducible growth in a high-throughput microtiter plate format. The method was validated using published methanogen inhibitors and statistically assessed for sensitivity and reproducibility. The Sigma-Aldrich LOPAC library containing 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds and an in-house natural product library (120 compounds) were screened against&nbsp;<span id=\"named-content-3\" class=\"named-content genus-species\">M. maripaludis</span>&nbsp;as a proof of utility. This screen identified a number of bioactive compounds, and MIC values were confirmed for some of them against&nbsp;<span id=\"named-content-4\" class=\"named-content genus-species\">M. maripaludis</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>M.</em>&nbsp;AbM4. The developed method provides a significant increase in throughput for screening compound libraries and can now be used to screen larger compound libraries to discover novel methanogen-specific inhibitors for the mitigation of ruminant methane emissions.</p>\r\n<p id=\"p-5\">IMPORTANCE:&nbsp;Methane emissions from ruminants are a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, and new technologies are required to control emissions in the agriculture technology (agritech) sector. The discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of methanogens using high-throughput phenotypic (growth) screening against compound libraries (synthetic and natural products) is an attractive avenue. However, phenotypic inhibitor screening is currently hindered by our inability to grow methanogens in a high-throughput format. We have developed, optimized, and validated a high-throughput 96-well microtiter plate assay for growing environmental and rumen methanogens. Using this platform, we identified several new inhibitors of methanogen growth, demonstrating the utility of this approach to fast track the development of methanogen-specific inhibitors for controlling ruminant methane emissions.</p>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"http://https//doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00396-17\">Read more </a></strong>(external link)</p>', 'Weimar, M. R., Cheung, J., Dey, D., McSweeney, C., Morrison, M., Kobayashi, Y., . . . Cook, G. M. (2017). Development of Multiwell-Plate Methods Using Pure Cultures of Methanogens To Identify New Inhibitors for Suppressing Ruminant Methane Emissions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 83(15)\r\nAbstract\r\nHydrogenotrophic methanogens typically require strictly anaerobic culturing conditions in glass tubes with overpressures of H2 and CO2 that are both time-consuming and costly. To increase the throughput for screening chemical compound libraries, 96-well microtiter plate methods for the growth of a marine (environmental) methanogen Methanococcus maripaludis strain S2 and the rumen methanogen Methanobrevibacter species AbM4 were developed. A number of key parameters (inoculum size, reducing agents for medium preparation, assay duration, inhibitor solvents, and culture volume) were optimized to achieve robust and reproducible growth in a high-throughput microtiter plate format. The method was validated using published methanogen inhibitors and statistically assessed for sensitivity and reproducibility. The Sigma-Aldrich LOPAC library containing 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds and an in-house natural product library (120 compounds) were screened against M. maripaludis as a proof of utility. This screen identified a number of bioactive compounds, and MIC values were confirmed for some of them against M. maripaludis and M. AbM4. The developed method provides a significant increase in throughput for screening compound libraries and can now be used to screen larger compound libraries to discover novel methanogen-specific inhibitors for the mitigation of ruminant methane emissions.\r\nIMPORTANCE: Methane emissions from ruminants are a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, and new technologies are required to control emissions in the agriculture technology (agritech) sector. The discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of methanogens using high-throughput phenotypic (growth) screening against compound libraries (synthetic and natural products) is an attractive avenue. However, phenotypic inhibitor screening is currently hindered by our inability to grow methanogens in a high-throughput format. We have developed, optimized, and validated a high-throughput 96-well microtiter plate assay for growing environmental and rumen methanogens. Using this platform, we identified several new inhibitors of methanogen growth, demonstrating the utility of this approach to fast track the development of methanogen-specific inhibitors for controlling ruminant methane emissions.\r\nRead more (external link)', '', '', '', '', '2017-05-19', '2017-05-19', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Development of Multiwell-Plate Methods Using Pure Cultures of Methanogens To Identify New Inhibitors for Suppressing Ruminant Methane Emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(528, '', 'NZAGRC Highlights 2018', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"NZAGRC Highlights 2018-low res.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1766/NZAGRC%20Highlights%202018-low%20res.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" /> NZAGRC Highlights 2018.pdf</a> <span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(1.50MB)</span></span></p>', 'NZAGRC Highlights 2018.pdf (1.50MB)', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-26', '2018-11-26', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'NZAGRC Highlights 2018', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(529, '', 'Mark Sinclair', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h1>Mark Sinclair: Agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation - the international context</h1>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_body\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<p>The adoption of the Paris Agreement on climate change in December 2015 was a historic achievement, but it is by no means the end of the road. Negotiators are now focused on the work programme to flesh out the operational details of the Paris Agreement. Negotiators are also active at the interface with the domestic policy agenda as preparations are made for future implementation of Paris commitments.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Synopsis</strong></p>\r\n<p>Mark Sinclair, New Zealand&rsquo;s Climate Change Ambassador, provided the first talk of the conference. Mark took over his current role in April 2016 and he reflected on how quickly the global situation with respect to climate change had been moving since then. Jo Tyndall, the previous NZ Climate Change Ambassador, spoke at the conference in 2015. This was prior to the Paris COP and she talked about what a deal might look like with some optimism. The Paris Agreement did happen, but in early 2016 many countries though that they would have a few years to finalise the details. This has not been the case. Governments around the world have been fast tracking climate change issues and ratifying the global agreement much earlier than anticipated. New Zealand ratified the agreement in October 2016 and it came into force in early November. There is a growing urgency at all levels to address climate change. Governments, businesses and research organisations are all coming on board and considering Paris targets is being incorporated into long range thinking and planning. Mark also highlighted that there are a number of science and policy challenges around agricultural GHGs. Large technical questions remain about how to mitigate agriculture&rsquo;s emissions whilst still producing food. In NZ, it&rsquo;s becoming accepted that the livestock sector will have to make a contribution to achieving the Paris targets. However, this thinking isn&rsquo;t replicated at a global level currently. At the recent COP in Marrakesh there was much talk about adaptation and not much about mitigation. The NZ delegation have been trying to address this and to encourage discussion about agriculture. The interest seems to be growing. Mark indicated that the NZ and Chinese governments has signed an agricultural GHG plan yesterday. He finished by highlighting the need to consider international coalitions and alliances in the future in order to find a global solution.</p>\r\n<p><strong>About Mark</strong></p>\r\n<p>MARK SINCLAIR</p>\r\n<p>New Zealand&rsquo;s Climate Change Ambassador</p>\r\n<p>Mark Sinclair&rsquo;s appointment as New Zealand&rsquo;s Climate Change Ambassador was announced in April 2016. Before taking up his current role, he was New Zealand&rsquo;s Ambassador to Japan. He is a senior and experienced diplomat with extensive international negotiation experience.</p>\r\n<p>The adoption of the Paris Agreement on climate change in December 2015 was a historic achievement, but it is by no means the end of the road. Negotiators are now focused on the work programme to flesh out the operational details of the Paris Agreement. Negotiators are also active at the interface with the domestic policy agenda as preparations are made for future implementation of Paris commitments.</p>\r\n</div>', 'Mark Sinclair: Agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation - the international context\r\n\r\n\r\nThe adoption of the Paris Agreement on climate change in December 2015 was a historic achievement, but it is by no means the end of the road. Negotiators are now focused on the work programme to flesh out the operational details of the Paris Agreement. Negotiators are also active at the interface with the domestic policy agenda as preparations are made for future implementation of Paris commitments.\r\nSynopsis\r\nMark Sinclair, New Zealand’s Climate Change Ambassador, provided the first talk of the conference. Mark took over his current role in April 2016 and he reflected on how quickly the global situation with respect to climate change had been moving since then. Jo Tyndall, the previous NZ Climate Change Ambassador, spoke at the conference in 2015. This was prior to the Paris COP and she talked about what a deal might look like with some optimism. The Paris Agreement did happen, but in early 2016 many countries though that they would have a few years to finalise the details. This has not been the case. Governments around the world have been fast tracking climate change issues and ratifying the global agreement much earlier than anticipated. New Zealand ratified the agreement in October 2016 and it came into force in early November. There is a growing urgency at all levels to address climate change. Governments, businesses and research organisations are all coming on board and considering Paris targets is being incorporated into long range thinking and planning. Mark also highlighted that there are a number of science and policy challenges around agricultural GHGs. Large technical questions remain about how to mitigate agriculture’s emissions whilst still producing food. In NZ, it’s becoming accepted that the livestock sector will have to make a contribution to achieving the Paris targets. However, this thinking isn’t replicated at a global level currently. At the recent COP in Marrakesh there was much talk about adaptation and not much about mitigation. The NZ delegation have been trying to address this and to encourage discussion about agriculture. The interest seems to be growing. Mark indicated that the NZ and Chinese governments has signed an agricultural GHG plan yesterday. He finished by highlighting the need to consider international coalitions and alliances in the future in order to find a global solution.\r\nAbout Mark\r\nMARK SINCLAIR\r\nNew Zealand’s Climate Change Ambassador\r\nMark Sinclair’s appointment as New Zealand’s Climate Change Ambassador was announced in April 2016. Before taking up his current role, he was New Zealand’s Ambassador to Japan. He is a senior and experienced diplomat with extensive international negotiation experience.\r\nThe adoption of the Paris Agreement on climate change in December 2015 was a historic achievement, but it is by no means the end of the road. Negotiators are now focused on the work programme to flesh out the operational details of the Paris Agreement. Negotiators are also active at the interface with the domestic policy agenda as preparations are made for future implementation of Paris commitments.', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(530, '', 'Dr Jan Wright', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h1>Dr Jan Wright: Understanding New Zealand</h1>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_body\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<p>In 2016 Jan released a report titled&nbsp;<em>Climate change and agriculture: Understanding the biological greenhouse gases</em>, in which she urged New Zealanders to work together and start tackling the complex problem of the biological greenhouse gases from agriculture. She found that, while there are no silver bullets for dealing with these emissions, there are things we can and should be doing&nbsp;now to curb them. Immediate opportunities lie in new native and plantation forests, and Jan wants to see real progress in this area.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Download report</strong></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/climate-change-and-agriculture-understanding-the-biological-greenhouse-gases\">http://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/climate-change-and-agriculture-understanding-the-biological-greenhouse-gases</a></p>\r\n<p><strong>About Jan</strong></p>\r\n<p>Dr Jan Wright was sworn in as Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment for a five-year term on 5 March 2007 and reappointed for a second term in early 2012. Jan has a Physics degree from Canterbury, a Masters degree in Energy and Resources from Berkeley in California, and a PhD in Public Policy from Harvard. In 2012 she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from Lincoln University, and in 2015 was made a Companion of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Prior to her current role, Jan worked as an independent policy and economic consultant for many different government agencies and as a member of various Crown Entity Boards.</p>\r\n<p>Jan views climate change as the most significant environmental threat facing the world, and has produced two major reports on rising sea levels. Other reports have covered topics as diverse as fracking, the pesticide 1080, and the plight of New Zealand\'s longfin eel.</p>\r\n</div>', 'Dr Jan Wright: Understanding New Zealand\r\n\r\n\r\nIn 2016 Jan released a report titled Climate change and agriculture: Understanding the biological greenhouse gases, in which she urged New Zealanders to work together and start tackling the complex problem of the biological greenhouse gases from agriculture. She found that, while there are no silver bullets for dealing with these emissions, there are things we can and should be doing now to curb them. Immediate opportunities lie in new native and plantation forests, and Jan wants to see real progress in this area.\r\nDownload report\r\nhttp://www.pce.parliament.nz/publications/climate-change-and-agriculture-understanding-the-biological-greenhouse-gases\r\nAbout Jan\r\nDr Jan Wright was sworn in as Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment for a five-year term on 5 March 2007 and reappointed for a second term in early 2012. Jan has a Physics degree from Canterbury, a Masters degree in Energy and Resources from Berkeley in California, and a PhD in Public Policy from Harvard. In 2012 she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from Lincoln University, and in 2015 was made a Companion of the Royal Society of New Zealand. Prior to her current role, Jan worked as an independent policy and economic consultant for many different government agencies and as a member of various Crown Entity Boards.\r\nJan views climate change as the most significant environmental threat facing the world, and has produced two major reports on rising sea levels. Other reports have covered topics as diverse as fracking, the pesticide 1080, and the plight of New Zealand\'s longfin eel.', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(531, '', 'Dr Andy Reisinger', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<h1>Dr Andy Reisinger: Agricultural emissions: their role in climate change</h1>\r\n<p><iframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/9xLDTlrXoBM\" width=\"476\" height=\"392\"></iframe></p>\r\n<p><strong>Synopsis</strong></p>\r\n<p>Andy Reisinger, the Deputy Director of the NZAGRC, spoke to attempt to clarify how much livestock actually contributes to global warming. It turns out that this is more difficult to quantify than it might at first appear. This is due to the need to convert methane into carbon dioxide equivalents in order to compare sources of the emissions, and there being a number of ways to do this. Agriculture contributes about 9% of current global emissions, but does this contribute 9% of the warming? Using different conversion factors, the warming potential of agriculture can range from 7-22%. By using actual historical temperature data and modelling, it can be shown that agricultural methane and nitrous oxide contribute about 19%. Andy has been involved in work looking at different future scenarios for global warming. These show that under business as usual conditions, where no changes are made to try to reduce emissions, agriculture&rsquo;s effect gets smaller over time as other sectors emissions grow comparatively more rapidly. If all sectors take steps to reduce their GHGs, then agriculture&rsquo;s contribution becomes more important as other sectors with more mitigation potential reduce their emissions. Andy highlighted that if nothing is done about non-carbon dioxide gases by 2050, we will have to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to achieve the 2 degree Paris Agreement target. On a positive note, international initiatives are growing. 119 countries included agriculture in their Paris commitments and 64% of these are developing countries. Andy&rsquo;s closing points were that agricultural GHGs are important and not just an artefact of the accounting techniques. In order to achieve the Paris targets, all sectors need to work together and make some positive changes.</p>\r\n<p><strong><span class=\"mix_file\">Download slides</span></strong></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Reisinger.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1391/2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Reisinger.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" />&nbsp;2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Reisinger.pdf</a>&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 80%;\">(2.02MB)</span></span></p>\r\n<p><strong>About Andy</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>DR ANDY REISINGER, Deputy Director (International), New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre</strong></p>\r\n<p>Dr Andy Reisinger joined the NZAGRC team in November 2010 from the New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute, based at Victoria University of Wellington.</p>\r\n<p>Andy earlier spent six years working for the Ministry for the Environment as Senior Adviser on climate change and has also worked for the Intergovernmental Panel</p>\r\n<p>for Climate Change (IPCC) in the UK and in India. Andy served as Coordinating Lead Author for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and currently is the New Zealand representative for the Global Research Alliance Livestock Research Group. Andy provides strategic support to the NZAGRC Director and leads New Zealand&rsquo;s science contribution to the Global Research Alliance and NZAGRC&rsquo;s input into the Global Research Alliance Livestock Research Group. He works from the NZAGRC Wellington office to enable robust interaction of the Centre with MPI.</p>\r\n<h3>Further reading (updated Nov 2017)</h3>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&nbsp;<img title=\"NZAGRClogo\" src=\"user/image/small/247/NZ%20AGRC%20Logo-POS-on%20WHITE-CMYK_Crop.jpg\" alt=\"NZAGRClogo\" data-href=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"media,listing,433,new-research-shows-significant-impact-from-livestock-on-actual-warming.html\">Media release: New research shows significant impact from livestock on actual warming</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><img src=\"user/image/eventright/525/gcb_cover.jpg\" alt=\"\" /></td>\r\n<td>\r\n<h3><a href=\"science-publications,listing,434,how-much-do-direct-livestock-emissions-actually-contribute-to-global-warming.html\">Scientific publication: How much do direct livestock emissions actually contribute to global warming?</a></h3>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>', 'Dr Andy Reisinger: Agricultural emissions: their role in climate change\r\n\r\nSynopsis\r\nAndy Reisinger, the Deputy Director of the NZAGRC, spoke to attempt to clarify how much livestock actually contributes to global warming. It turns out that this is more difficult to quantify than it might at first appear. This is due to the need to convert methane into carbon dioxide equivalents in order to compare sources of the emissions, and there being a number of ways to do this. Agriculture contributes about 9% of current global emissions, but does this contribute 9% of the warming? Using different conversion factors, the warming potential of agriculture can range from 7-22%. By using actual historical temperature data and modelling, it can be shown that agricultural methane and nitrous oxide contribute about 19%. Andy has been involved in work looking at different future scenarios for global warming. These show that under business as usual conditions, where no changes are made to try to reduce emissions, agriculture’s effect gets smaller over time as other sectors emissions grow comparatively more rapidly. If all sectors take steps to reduce their GHGs, then agriculture’s contribution becomes more important as other sectors with more mitigation potential reduce their emissions. Andy highlighted that if nothing is done about non-carbon dioxide gases by 2050, we will have to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to achieve the 2 degree Paris Agreement target. On a positive note, international initiatives are growing. 119 countries included agriculture in their Paris commitments and 64% of these are developing countries. Andy’s closing points were that agricultural GHGs are important and not just an artefact of the accounting techniques. In order to achieve the Paris targets, all sectors need to work together and make some positive changes.\r\nDownload slides\r\n 2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Reisinger.pdf (2.02MB)\r\nAbout Andy\r\nDR ANDY REISINGER, Deputy Director (International), New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre\r\nDr Andy Reisinger joined the NZAGRC team in November 2010 from the New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute, based at Victoria University of Wellington.\r\nAndy earlier spent six years working for the Ministry for the Environment as Senior Adviser on climate change and has also worked for the Intergovernmental Panel\r\nfor Climate Change (IPCC) in the UK and in India. Andy served as Coordinating Lead Author for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and currently is the New Zealand representative for the Global Research Alliance Livestock Research Group. Andy provides strategic support to the NZAGRC Director and leads New Zealand’s science contribution to the Global Research Alliance and NZAGRC’s input into the Global Research Alliance Livestock Research Group. He works from the NZAGRC Wellington office to enable robust interaction of the Centre with MPI.\r\nFurther reading (updated Nov 2017)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMedia release: New research shows significant impact from livestock on actual warming\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nScientific publication: How much do direct livestock emissions actually contribute to global warming?', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
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(532, '', 'Francsesca Eggleton', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h1>Francesca Eggleton: Fonterra\'s approach to climate change</h1>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_body\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<p><strong>Synopsis</strong></p>\r\n<p>Fonterra&rsquo;s Francesca Eggleton gave a dairy industry perspective on climate change. The organisation is expecting global warming to have an impact on its supply chain and communities. Methane from enteric fermentation is the biggest contributor, with 85% of the dairy industry&rsquo;s emissions being produced on farm. Globally the dairy industry&rsquo;s emissions add up, but it also employs a significant number of people and provides nutrition in an &lsquo;emission efficient&rsquo; manner. The New Zealand dairy industry footprint is lower than the global average due to year round pasture grazing, low cow replacement rates and a relatively low use of supplementary feed. The Dairy Declaration of Rotterdam, signed in October 2016, shows that the global dairy industry are committed to sustainable development of the sector to generate benefit for people and the planet. So what are the dairy industry doing here in NZ? The sector has both climate and energy commitments. 25% of NZ emissions come from dairy. The emissions per unit of milk solids have dropped by 20% since 1990. Therefore Fonterra are promoting that farmers continue to farm more efficiently. Looking at managing nitrogen and nitrous oxide, Fonterra are using Overseer and working with about 10,000 farmers in this area. Farmers are developing riparian management plans and planting more. Fonterra is a part of the PGgRc, works closely with DairyNZ and is part of a number of international forums which share information. Fonterra is making an effort to reduce the energy emissions from its processing plants and transport emissions from its light fleet. They are using biodiesel already and a third of the urban fleet is going electric shortly. Branding has been established, known as the &lsquo;trusted goodness&rsquo; quality seal, to reflect in the marketplace the good initiatives underway. Francesca highlighted that a lot of work is going on to reduce the NZ dairy industry&rsquo;s environmental impact, but that Fonterra were keen to do more. There are a range of next steps being considered. Yes, climate change is a challenge, but there are also opportunities if we all work together.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Download slides</strong></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Eggleton.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1392/2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Eggleton.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" />&nbsp;2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Eggleton.pdf</a>&nbsp;(2.12MB)</span></p>\r\n<p><strong>About Francesca</strong></p>\r\n<p>Francesca is the Group Environment Manager at Fonterra in the Social Responsibility team. She is responsible for developing Fonterra&rsquo;s climate change strategy as well as overseeing a range of key environmental topics. Francesca is a member of the Government\'s Biological Emissions Reference Group, and the International Dairy Federation\'s Standing Committee for the Environment. Francesca initially joined Fonterra in the On-farm R&amp;D to work on climate change science, in particular, determining mitigation options for biological emissions. Francesca started her career at the New Zealand Treasury working on innovation policy, followed by a role at the Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment.</p>\r\n<p><strong>View photos</strong></p>\r\n</div>', 'Francesca Eggleton: Fonterra\'s approach to climate change\r\n\r\n\r\nSynopsis\r\nFonterra’s Francesca Eggleton gave a dairy industry perspective on climate change. The organisation is expecting global warming to have an impact on its supply chain and communities. Methane from enteric fermentation is the biggest contributor, with 85% of the dairy industry’s emissions being produced on farm. Globally the dairy industry’s emissions add up, but it also employs a significant number of people and provides nutrition in an ‘emission efficient’ manner. The New Zealand dairy industry footprint is lower than the global average due to year round pasture grazing, low cow replacement rates and a relatively low use of supplementary feed. The Dairy Declaration of Rotterdam, signed in October 2016, shows that the global dairy industry are committed to sustainable development of the sector to generate benefit for people and the planet. So what are the dairy industry doing here in NZ? The sector has both climate and energy commitments. 25% of NZ emissions come from dairy. The emissions per unit of milk solids have dropped by 20% since 1990. Therefore Fonterra are promoting that farmers continue to farm more efficiently. Looking at managing nitrogen and nitrous oxide, Fonterra are using Overseer and working with about 10,000 farmers in this area. Farmers are developing riparian management plans and planting more. Fonterra is a part of the PGgRc, works closely with DairyNZ and is part of a number of international forums which share information. Fonterra is making an effort to reduce the energy emissions from its processing plants and transport emissions from its light fleet. They are using biodiesel already and a third of the urban fleet is going electric shortly. Branding has been established, known as the ‘trusted goodness’ quality seal, to reflect in the marketplace the good initiatives underway. Francesca highlighted that a lot of work is going on to reduce the NZ dairy industry’s environmental impact, but that Fonterra were keen to do more. There are a range of next steps being considered. Yes, climate change is a challenge, but there are also opportunities if we all work together.\r\nDownload slides\r\n 2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Eggleton.pdf (2.12MB)\r\nAbout Francesca\r\nFrancesca is the Group Environment Manager at Fonterra in the Social Responsibility team. She is responsible for developing Fonterra’s climate change strategy as well as overseeing a range of key environmental topics. Francesca is a member of the Government\'s Biological Emissions Reference Group, and the International Dairy Federation\'s Standing Committee for the Environment. Francesca initially joined Fonterra in the On-farm R&D to work on climate change science, in particular, determining mitigation options for biological emissions. Francesca started her career at the New Zealand Treasury working on innovation policy, followed by a role at the Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment.\r\nView photos', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(533, '', 'Sam McIvor', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h1>Sam McIvor: Beef &amp; sheep industry perspectives</h1>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_body\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<p><strong>Synopsis</strong></p>\r\n<p>Sam McIvor, CEO of Beef + Lamb NZ, covered off the sheep and beef industry&rsquo;s perspectives in this area. He highlighted that farmers have made significant changes over the past decades and that since 1990 GHGs from sheep and beef farms have decreased by 19%. The focus has also changed from frozen carcasses to a range of specific cuts being shipped all over the world. It is possible that the industry will hit a 30% reduction by 2030, but how are they futureproofing this? They have been investing in the PGgRc since 2003 and have a strong focus on increasing productivity. Sam considered that it would be pragmatic to keep the sheep and beef sector out of the ETS. He suggested that the government should go for the &lsquo;easy wins&rsquo; at this point, such as electric cars and planting more trees. Farming is important and we should look for solutions, but we shouldn&rsquo;t &lsquo;kill the golden goose&rsquo;. NZ is efficient at producing food and, if we don&rsquo;t do it, other countries that are less efficient will fill the gap. The sector needs to be profitable as &lsquo;it&rsquo;s hard to be green when you&rsquo;re in the red&rsquo;. Sam highlighted a point raised by the PCE earlier in the morning, in that farmers could be incentivised to plant more trees. The areas that they get credit for currently have to be quite big. Beef + Lamb NZ have been out to their farmers recently to hear their stories. Sam reminded the audience that farmers are the stewards of the land and they understand that &ldquo;if I look after the land, it will look after me&rdquo;. The scientists and policymakers seeking change need to understand farmers. There needs to be clear market signals that if they make a change, it will get the desired effect. Also to allow farmers to try things and then scale up. No farmers are the same and there are a range of approaches to GHGs from different farms. Sam ended with a caution not to load change with cost. Farm working expenses have gone up, sheep and beef costs have gone up and profits have stayed flat. If changes are loaded with administrative costs and effort, it will not make them attractive options to implement.</p>\r\n<p><strong>About Sam</strong></p>\r\n<p>Sam McIvor took over the role of CEO of Beef + Lamb New Zealand in April 2016.</p>\r\n<p>Sam is a chief executive with extensive experience in the New Zealand food and agribusiness sector.</p>\r\n<p>He has held CEO roles with New Zealand Pork and Preston Corp Ltd and he has led strategy development and implementation in senior manager and consulting roles with Ospri and Lincoln University.</p>\r\n<p>Sam&rsquo;s experience in the food and agribusiness sector value chain encompasses research and development, production, processing/manufacturing, new product and new business development, logistics, distribution, wholesaling and retailing, including franchise management.</p>\r\n<p>He has comprehensive stakeholder management experience including issues management and building partnerships at both an organisational and industry level.</p>\r\n<p>Sam has board governance experience, serving on private sector, industry good, research and development and not for profit entities.</p>\r\n<p>Sam grew up on a sheep and beef farm and holds a Bachelor of Agriculture and an Executive Master of Business Administration from Massey University.</p>\r\n</div>', 'Sam McIvor: Beef & sheep industry perspectives\r\n\r\n\r\nSynopsis\r\nSam McIvor, CEO of Beef + Lamb NZ, covered off the sheep and beef industry’s perspectives in this area. He highlighted that farmers have made significant changes over the past decades and that since 1990 GHGs from sheep and beef farms have decreased by 19%. The focus has also changed from frozen carcasses to a range of specific cuts being shipped all over the world. It is possible that the industry will hit a 30% reduction by 2030, but how are they futureproofing this? They have been investing in the PGgRc since 2003 and have a strong focus on increasing productivity. Sam considered that it would be pragmatic to keep the sheep and beef sector out of the ETS. He suggested that the government should go for the ‘easy wins’ at this point, such as electric cars and planting more trees. Farming is important and we should look for solutions, but we shouldn’t ‘kill the golden goose’. NZ is efficient at producing food and, if we don’t do it, other countries that are less efficient will fill the gap. The sector needs to be profitable as ‘it’s hard to be green when you’re in the red’. Sam highlighted a point raised by the PCE earlier in the morning, in that farmers could be incentivised to plant more trees. The areas that they get credit for currently have to be quite big. Beef + Lamb NZ have been out to their farmers recently to hear their stories. Sam reminded the audience that farmers are the stewards of the land and they understand that “if I look after the land, it will look after me”. The scientists and policymakers seeking change need to understand farmers. There needs to be clear market signals that if they make a change, it will get the desired effect. Also to allow farmers to try things and then scale up. No farmers are the same and there are a range of approaches to GHGs from different farms. Sam ended with a caution not to load change with cost. Farm working expenses have gone up, sheep and beef costs have gone up and profits have stayed flat. If changes are loaded with administrative costs and effort, it will not make them attractive options to implement.\r\nAbout Sam\r\nSam McIvor took over the role of CEO of Beef + Lamb New Zealand in April 2016.\r\nSam is a chief executive with extensive experience in the New Zealand food and agribusiness sector.\r\nHe has held CEO roles with New Zealand Pork and Preston Corp Ltd and he has led strategy development and implementation in senior manager and consulting roles with Ospri and Lincoln University.\r\nSam’s experience in the food and agribusiness sector value chain encompasses research and development, production, processing/manufacturing, new product and new business development, logistics, distribution, wholesaling and retailing, including franchise management.\r\nHe has comprehensive stakeholder management experience including issues management and building partnerships at both an organisational and industry level.\r\nSam has board governance experience, serving on private sector, industry good, research and development and not for profit entities.\r\nSam grew up on a sheep and beef farm and holds a Bachelor of Agriculture and an Executive Master of Business Administration from Massey University.', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(534, '', 'Dr Stewart Ledgard', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h1>Dr Stewart Ledgard: Life Cycle Assessment - International comparisons</h1>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_body\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<p><strong>Synopsis</strong></p>\r\n<p>Stewart Ledgard, AgResearch, spoke next on Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and considering the total resource use or environmental emissions of a product from &lsquo;cradle to grave&rsquo;. This is being used in NZ to ensure that our producers can be competitive on the global stage in the light of food miles and carbon footprint labelling. This is now extending to other environmental impacts. EU Product Environmental Footprinting (PEF) is aiming to get consistency for consumers and may be a requirement for supply into the EU at some point in the future. Stewart showed international comparisons for NZ producers. Based on the average NZ farm, NZ milk production has the same, or a slightly lower, environmental footprint than European milk. Farms aren&rsquo;t all average though. Studies comparing lamb production have shown NZ to have a lower footprint that the UK, even with the shipping component, and France. The animals are housed for at least some of the year in France. Shipping produce from NZ to the UK has been shown to have a smaller environmental impact than the consumer-related travel in the UK. Most of the GHGs related to lamb production are generated on farm. If animals are finished on grain there are lower GHG emissions per kg of meat, but more fossil fuels are used. The international LEAP programme is looking for consensus on developing LCA methods to ensure that product comparisons are robust. The EU PEF covers fifteen environmental impacts. Stewart concluded by stating that the NZ has amongst the lowest environmental footprint for dairy and sheep production in the world. Traditional NZ beef production is also towards the lower end of the global range. Looking forward there needs to be a global harmonization of LCA methodology.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Download slides</strong></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Ledgard.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1394/2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Ledgard.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" />&nbsp;2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Ledgard.pdf</a>&nbsp;(1.43MB)</span></p>\r\n<p><strong>About Stewart</strong></p>\r\n<p>Stewart Ledgard is a Principal Scientist with AgResearch (a New Zealand Crown Research Institute) and is an adjunct Professor in Life Cycle Management at Massey University, New Zealand (NZ). He has worked with agricultural sector and policy groups in the areas of life cycle management and greenhouse gases for over 10 years, and in nutrient management for over 30 years.</p>\r\n<p>Stewart has worked with government and agricultural sector groups in determining and reducing the carbon footprint of agricultural products, and has linked research in use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in agricultural systems in a range of countries internationally. NZ research in this area involved development of methodology for carbon footprinting of dairy, beef, lamb, wool and venison. This methodology was then applied across regional and national farm datasets and used to determine the effectiveness of potential reduction options. International research has included training of researchers and linked research in Australia, Chile, Uruguay, France and the United Kingdom. Stewart is a member of the operations group (representing AgResearch) in the NZ Life Cycle Management Centre, which included co-supervision of a PhD student.</p>\r\n<p>Stewart led a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of the Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance (LEAP) partnership associated with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on developing Guidelines for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from small ruminant supply chains. He is currently co-chairing another LEAP TAG on nutrient accounting and environmental assessment across multiple livestock supply chains.</p>\r\n<p>Stewart has also worked on nutrient management research, covering work on initial development of the OVERSEER&reg; nutrient budget model, nitrogen mitigation on farms, and on developing and evaluating practical nitrogen mitigation options for farmers. He has also worked with NZ policy groups, including several Regional Councils on approaches for landholders to work within limits on nutrient losses from catchments to meet water quality targets. &nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Stewart has been active in publishing his research. This includes 8 book chapters, 116 scientific journal papers, 108 refereed scientific conference papers and over 350 other general publications and client reports.</p>\r\n</div>', 'Dr Stewart Ledgard: Life Cycle Assessment - International comparisons\r\n\r\n\r\nSynopsis\r\nStewart Ledgard, AgResearch, spoke next on Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and considering the total resource use or environmental emissions of a product from ‘cradle to grave’. This is being used in NZ to ensure that our producers can be competitive on the global stage in the light of food miles and carbon footprint labelling. This is now extending to other environmental impacts. EU Product Environmental Footprinting (PEF) is aiming to get consistency for consumers and may be a requirement for supply into the EU at some point in the future. Stewart showed international comparisons for NZ producers. Based on the average NZ farm, NZ milk production has the same, or a slightly lower, environmental footprint than European milk. Farms aren’t all average though. Studies comparing lamb production have shown NZ to have a lower footprint that the UK, even with the shipping component, and France. The animals are housed for at least some of the year in France. Shipping produce from NZ to the UK has been shown to have a smaller environmental impact than the consumer-related travel in the UK. Most of the GHGs related to lamb production are generated on farm. If animals are finished on grain there are lower GHG emissions per kg of meat, but more fossil fuels are used. The international LEAP programme is looking for consensus on developing LCA methods to ensure that product comparisons are robust. The EU PEF covers fifteen environmental impacts. Stewart concluded by stating that the NZ has amongst the lowest environmental footprint for dairy and sheep production in the world. Traditional NZ beef production is also towards the lower end of the global range. Looking forward there needs to be a global harmonization of LCA methodology.\r\nDownload slides\r\n 2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Ledgard.pdf (1.43MB)\r\nAbout Stewart\r\nStewart Ledgard is a Principal Scientist with AgResearch (a New Zealand Crown Research Institute) and is an adjunct Professor in Life Cycle Management at Massey University, New Zealand (NZ). He has worked with agricultural sector and policy groups in the areas of life cycle management and greenhouse gases for over 10 years, and in nutrient management for over 30 years.\r\nStewart has worked with government and agricultural sector groups in determining and reducing the carbon footprint of agricultural products, and has linked research in use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in agricultural systems in a range of countries internationally. NZ research in this area involved development of methodology for carbon footprinting of dairy, beef, lamb, wool and venison. This methodology was then applied across regional and national farm datasets and used to determine the effectiveness of potential reduction options. International research has included training of researchers and linked research in Australia, Chile, Uruguay, France and the United Kingdom. Stewart is a member of the operations group (representing AgResearch) in the NZ Life Cycle Management Centre, which included co-supervision of a PhD student.\r\nStewart led a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of the Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance (LEAP) partnership associated with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on developing Guidelines for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from small ruminant supply chains. He is currently co-chairing another LEAP TAG on nutrient accounting and environmental assessment across multiple livestock supply chains.\r\nStewart has also worked on nutrient management research, covering work on initial development of the OVERSEER® nutrient budget model, nitrogen mitigation on farms, and on developing and evaluating practical nitrogen mitigation options for farmers. He has also worked with NZ policy groups, including several Regional Councils on approaches for landholders to work within limits on nutrient losses from catchments to meet water quality targets.  \r\nStewart has been active in publishing his research. This includes 8 book chapters, 116 scientific journal papers, 108 refereed scientific conference papers and over 350 other general publications and client reports.', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(535, '', 'Dr Harry Clark', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<div class=\"left\">\r\n<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h1>Dr Harry Clark: Realities, magic potions &amp; clairvoyance</h1>\r\n</div>\r\n<br />\r\n<div id=\"module_html_body\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<p><strong>Synopsis</strong></p>\r\n<p>Harry Clark, NZAGRC Director, opened the afternoon session of the conference with a talk about &ldquo;realities, magic potions and clairvoyance&rdquo;. Harry highlighted the fact that there are a number of solutions that are available to reduce agricultural GHGs now. These include increasing farm efficiency, using different feeding strategies and reducing N fertiliser use. In his role, he sees a number of magic potions being promoted though. Feed additives that claim to reduce methane need to be carefully examined. Many of these need to go into the diet at a high concentration in order to be effective. Additionally, the active compounds may have unintended side effects, even if they come from a &lsquo;natural&rsquo; source. LCA of any supplements also need to be considered to avoid trading one negative environmental effect for another one. New technologies are required in order to hit the Paris Agreement target. There is unlikely to be a silver bullet, so a basket of options will be the most likely solution. Future New Zealand&nbsp;emissions are highly dependent on the size of the livestock sector, so this is something that a range of stakeholders will be considering going forwards.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Download slides</strong></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Clark.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1393/2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Clark.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" />&nbsp;2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Clark.pdf</a>&nbsp;(1.51MB)</span></p>\r\n<p><strong>About Harry</strong></p>\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\">DR HARRY CLARK</p>\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\">Director, New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre</p>\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\">Harry is the Director of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) and co-chair of the Livestock Research Group of the Global Research Alliance for Greenhouse Gases.</p>\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\">He gained his PhD from University College of North Wales, Bangor in 1986 and moved to New Zealand in 1991 to work on climate change issues. His research interests for the last 20 years have focussed on the quantification and mitigation of enteric methane emissions from grazing ruminants. He developed the current New Zealand methodology for estimating enteric methane emissions, was a Lead Author for the International Panel for Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), and sits on numerous international and domestic science&nbsp; advisory panels.</p>\r\n<p align=\"LEFT\">Harry was appointed a member of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2014 for services to environmental science.</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"right\">\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div id=\"gallery_preload\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div class=\"clear\">&nbsp;</div>\r\n<div class=\"mix_tab_menu\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li class=\"normal\"><a class=\"normal\" title=\"Edit\"><img src=\"admin/images/icons/page.gif\" alt=\"\" />Edit</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>', 'Dr Harry Clark: Realities, magic potions & clairvoyance\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSynopsis\r\nHarry Clark, NZAGRC Director, opened the afternoon session of the conference with a talk about “realities, magic potions and clairvoyance”. Harry highlighted the fact that there are a number of solutions that are available to reduce agricultural GHGs now. These include increasing farm efficiency, using different feeding strategies and reducing N fertiliser use. In his role, he sees a number of magic potions being promoted though. Feed additives that claim to reduce methane need to be carefully examined. Many of these need to go into the diet at a high concentration in order to be effective. Additionally, the active compounds may have unintended side effects, even if they come from a ‘natural’ source. LCA of any supplements also need to be considered to avoid trading one negative environmental effect for another one. New technologies are required in order to hit the Paris Agreement target. There is unlikely to be a silver bullet, so a basket of options will be the most likely solution. Future New Zealand emissions are highly dependent on the size of the livestock sector, so this is something that a range of stakeholders will be considering going forwards.\r\nDownload slides\r\n 2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Clark.pdf (1.51MB)\r\nAbout Harry\r\nDR HARRY CLARK\r\nDirector, New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre\r\nHarry is the Director of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) and co-chair of the Livestock Research Group of the Global Research Alliance for Greenhouse Gases.\r\nHe gained his PhD from University College of North Wales, Bangor in 1986 and moved to New Zealand in 1991 to work on climate change issues. His research interests for the last 20 years have focussed on the quantification and mitigation of enteric methane emissions from grazing ruminants. He developed the current New Zealand methodology for estimating enteric methane emissions, was a Lead Author for the International Panel for Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), and sits on numerous international and domestic science  advisory panels.\r\nHarry was appointed a member of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2014 for services to environmental science.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nEdit', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(536, '', 'Dr Suzi Kerr', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h1>Suzi Kerr: The role of land use change</h1>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_body\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<p><strong>Synopsis</strong></p>\r\n<p>Suzi Kerr, a Senior Fellow at Motu and an Adjunct Professor at Victoria University, then spoke about the role of land use change. She opened with the fact that on farm solutions are not going to be enough to hit NZ&rsquo;s climate change targets. There are three key options for diversifying land use: (i) forestry/natives; (ii) existing horticulture alternatives; and (iii) new products, including high-value foods. Suzi went through these options in turn. With respect to planting more forests, it&rsquo;s not something that we can continue to add indefinitely. Native forests are longer lasting, but to date no one has been planting these in response to the ETS. Additionally, forestry isn&rsquo;t reducing agricultural GHGs, it is sequestering carbon. If trees are planted on marginal land, then there weren&rsquo;t many GHGs coming from that land anyway. When considering horticulture, Suzi questioned why people aren&rsquo;t planting alternatives currently. The reasons include risk and uncertainty, behavioural barriers and capacity and capital requirements. As biological GHGs aren&rsquo;t currently priced, there is little incentive to consider other options. Even a small cost would encourage farmers to look at alternative land uses. Suzi then considered the other products that could be grown in NZ. She questioned whether there could be more investigation into these and more funding for experimental areas. There are people looking at products such as insect farming, lavender and saffron in NZ. These are currently at a cottage industry scale and it can be difficult to scale up. There are a number of &lsquo;crazes&rsquo; that have been popular in the past, such as ostriches and goats, which have never reached a significant scale. In closing, Suzi suggested a number of policies and actions that could encourage land owners to consider diversifying the way that they manage their land. These included: (i) basic research on new products; (ii) supporting early adoption with field trials and evaluation; (iii) support for emerging industries; and (iv) pricing biological GHGs.</p>\r\n<p><strong>View slides</strong></p>\r\n<p><a href=\"http://motu.nz/our-work/environment-and-resources/emission-mitigation/agricultural-greenhouse-gas-emissions/the-role-of-land-use-change/\">http://motu.nz/our-work/environment-and-resources/emission-mitigation/agricultural-greenhouse-gas-emissions/the-role-of-land-use-change/</a></p>\r\n<p><strong>About Suzi</strong></p>\r\n<p>Suzi Kerr is currently a Senior Fellow at Motu, a Principal Investigator in Te Punaha Matatini - a Centre of Research Excellence and an Adjunct Professor at Victoria University. She graduated from Harvard University in 1995 with a PhD in Economics. From 1998 to 2009 she was Director and Senior Fellow at Motu. In 2010 she won the NZIER Economics Award. She has also worked at the University of Maryland at College Park, Resources for the Future (USA), the Joint Center for the Science and Policy of Global Change at MIT, and more recently was a Visiting Professor at Stanford University for the 2009/10 year and at the University of the Andes in Bogot&aacute;, Colombia in the first half of 2014.Her current research work focuses on climate change. She empirically and theoretically investigates domestic and international climate change policy with special emphasis on emissions pricing and land use in both the tropics and New Zealand. She is Programme Leader for the Impacts and Implications programme of the Deep South National Science Challenge. She has previously worked extensively on economic instruments for managing water quality, fisheries and air quality. She has run four policy dialogue processes, one in the lead up to the establishment of New Zealand&rsquo;s emissions trading system, others on managing water quality in Lake Rotorua, on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and (co-led) on New Zealand&rsquo;s Low Emissions Future, and she is currently leading a dialogue on New Zealand&rsquo;s ETS.&nbsp;</p>\r\n</div>', 'Suzi Kerr: The role of land use change\r\n\r\n\r\nSynopsis\r\nSuzi Kerr, a Senior Fellow at Motu and an Adjunct Professor at Victoria University, then spoke about the role of land use change. She opened with the fact that on farm solutions are not going to be enough to hit NZ’s climate change targets. There are three key options for diversifying land use: (i) forestry/natives; (ii) existing horticulture alternatives; and (iii) new products, including high-value foods. Suzi went through these options in turn. With respect to planting more forests, it’s not something that we can continue to add indefinitely. Native forests are longer lasting, but to date no one has been planting these in response to the ETS. Additionally, forestry isn’t reducing agricultural GHGs, it is sequestering carbon. If trees are planted on marginal land, then there weren’t many GHGs coming from that land anyway. When considering horticulture, Suzi questioned why people aren’t planting alternatives currently. The reasons include risk and uncertainty, behavioural barriers and capacity and capital requirements. As biological GHGs aren’t currently priced, there is little incentive to consider other options. Even a small cost would encourage farmers to look at alternative land uses. Suzi then considered the other products that could be grown in NZ. She questioned whether there could be more investigation into these and more funding for experimental areas. There are people looking at products such as insect farming, lavender and saffron in NZ. These are currently at a cottage industry scale and it can be difficult to scale up. There are a number of ‘crazes’ that have been popular in the past, such as ostriches and goats, which have never reached a significant scale. In closing, Suzi suggested a number of policies and actions that could encourage land owners to consider diversifying the way that they manage their land. These included: (i) basic research on new products; (ii) supporting early adoption with field trials and evaluation; (iii) support for emerging industries; and (iv) pricing biological GHGs.\r\nView slides\r\nhttp://motu.nz/our-work/environment-and-resources/emission-mitigation/agricultural-greenhouse-gas-emissions/the-role-of-land-use-change/\r\nAbout Suzi\r\nSuzi Kerr is currently a Senior Fellow at Motu, a Principal Investigator in Te Punaha Matatini - a Centre of Research Excellence and an Adjunct Professor at Victoria University. She graduated from Harvard University in 1995 with a PhD in Economics. From 1998 to 2009 she was Director and Senior Fellow at Motu. In 2010 she won the NZIER Economics Award. She has also worked at the University of Maryland at College Park, Resources for the Future (USA), the Joint Center for the Science and Policy of Global Change at MIT, and more recently was a Visiting Professor at Stanford University for the 2009/10 year and at the University of the Andes in Bogotá, Colombia in the first half of 2014.Her current research work focuses on climate change. She empirically and theoretically investigates domestic and international climate change policy with special emphasis on emissions pricing and land use in both the tropics and New Zealand. She is Programme Leader for the Impacts and Implications programme of the Deep South National Science Challenge. She has previously worked extensively on economic instruments for managing water quality, fisheries and air quality. She has run four policy dialogue processes, one in the lead up to the establishment of New Zealand’s emissions trading system, others on managing water quality in Lake Rotorua, on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and (co-led) on New Zealand’s Low Emissions Future, and she is currently leading a dialogue on New Zealand’s ETS.', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(537, '', 'Dr Peter Janssen', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h1>Dr Peter Janssen: Progress with NZ methane technologies</h1>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_body\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<p>The NZAGRC-PGgRc research programme for reducing on-farm methane emissions from ruminant livestock is made up for four pipelines and this presentation discusses progress made to date for each.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Download slides</strong></p>\r\n<p>Unavailable</p>\r\n<p><strong>About Peter</strong></p>\r\n<p>Dr Peter Janssen is the Principal Investigator of the PGgRc-NZAGRC methane mitigation programme at AgResearch, and co-ordinates and contributes to the different work streams developing technologies to reduce ruminant methane emissions. He has established methods for investigating the microbial ecology of the rumen ecosystem, and for isolating novel rumen microbes. Peter has been involved in several global projects to increase knowledge of the rumen, most notably co-leading the Global Rumen Census project. Peter is an internationally recognised expert in isolating so-called unculturable microbes. Prior to joining AgResearch, he was an Associate Professor and Reader at &nbsp;the University of Melbourne, where his research team made recognised advances in solving the &ldquo;Great Plate Count Anomaly&rdquo;.</p>\r\n</div>', 'Dr Peter Janssen: Progress with NZ methane technologies\r\n\r\n\r\nThe NZAGRC-PGgRc research programme for reducing on-farm methane emissions from ruminant livestock is made up for four pipelines and this presentation discusses progress made to date for each.\r\nDownload slides\r\nUnavailable\r\nAbout Peter\r\nDr Peter Janssen is the Principal Investigator of the PGgRc-NZAGRC methane mitigation programme at AgResearch, and co-ordinates and contributes to the different work streams developing technologies to reduce ruminant methane emissions. He has established methods for investigating the microbial ecology of the rumen ecosystem, and for isolating novel rumen microbes. Peter has been involved in several global projects to increase knowledge of the rumen, most notably co-leading the Global Rumen Census project. Peter is an internationally recognised expert in isolating so-called unculturable microbes. Prior to joining AgResearch, he was an Associate Professor and Reader at  the University of Melbourne, where his research team made recognised advances in solving the “Great Plate Count Anomaly”.', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(538, '', 'Dr Cecile de Klein', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h1>Dr Cecile deKlein: Progress with NZ nitrous oxide technologies</h1>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_body\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<p>The NZAGRC-PGgRc nitrous oxide programme incudes two major pipelines for discovery and development of solutions to mitigate on-farm nitrous oxide emissions.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Download slides</strong></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_DeKlein.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1422/2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_DeKlein.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" />&nbsp;2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_DeKlein.pdf</a>&nbsp;(4.43MB)</span></p>\r\n<p><strong>About Cecile</strong></p>\r\n<p>Cecile is an internationally recognised expert on nitrous oxide emissions from soils. Born and educated in The Netherlands, she came to New Zealand in 1995 following a postdoc in Cambridge, UK. As Principal Investigator of the NZAGRC she co-leads, with Prof HJ Di, the nitrous oxide mitigation research programme.</p>\r\n<p>She also led an international Global Research Alliance project on developing guidelines for measuring N2O emissions using chamber methodologies. Cecile was New Zealand&rsquo;s representative on the international panel to review the IPCC inventory methodology for estimating N2O emissions. In her role as Chair</p>\r\n<p>of the national nitrous oxide research network, NzOnet, she works closely with MPI Policy in coordinating and conducting national programmes on N2O emissions to improve the N2O inventory methodology.</p>\r\n</div>', 'Dr Cecile deKlein: Progress with NZ nitrous oxide technologies\r\n\r\n\r\nThe NZAGRC-PGgRc nitrous oxide programme incudes two major pipelines for discovery and development of solutions to mitigate on-farm nitrous oxide emissions.\r\nDownload slides\r\n 2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_DeKlein.pdf (4.43MB)\r\nAbout Cecile\r\nCecile is an internationally recognised expert on nitrous oxide emissions from soils. Born and educated in The Netherlands, she came to New Zealand in 1995 following a postdoc in Cambridge, UK. As Principal Investigator of the NZAGRC she co-leads, with Prof HJ Di, the nitrous oxide mitigation research programme.\r\nShe also led an international Global Research Alliance project on developing guidelines for measuring N2O emissions using chamber methodologies. Cecile was New Zealand’s representative on the international panel to review the IPCC inventory methodology for estimating N2O emissions. In her role as Chair\r\nof the national nitrous oxide research network, NzOnet, she works closely with MPI Policy in coordinating and conducting national programmes on N2O emissions to improve the N2O inventory methodology.', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(539, '', 'Louis Schipper', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<div id=\"module_html_titletext\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<h1>Professor Louis Schipper: Can we build and maintain soil carbon in pastures?</h1>\r\n</div>\r\n<div id=\"module_html_body\" class=\"mix_edit mix_edit_text\">\r\n<p>Small increases or decreases in soil carbon stocks can result in large changes in carbon dioxide of the atmosphere. Maintaining or enhancing soil carbon is also critical for soil health. During the recent Paris meetings on climate change the French Ministry of Agriculture proposed the 4&permil; Initiative aimed at increasing soil carbon by 4 parts per thousand to offset emissions from fossil fuels. Changes in land use or management are understood to alter soil carbon stocks but the consequent direction and magnitude of change in carbon are not always obvious. I will summarise what is known about changes in soil carbon stocks for New Zealand pastures and what the opportunity for additional storage might be. Included are long-term changes under drystock and dairy systems and management practices (irrigation, fertiliser inputs and cultivation).&nbsp; Most of the data were summarised in: Schipper, L.A.; Mudge, P.L.; Kirschbaum, M.U.F.; Hedley, C.B.; Golubiewski, N.E.; Smaill, S.J.; Kelliher, F.M. (2017) A review of soil carbon change in grazed New Zealand pastures. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research DOI: 10.1080/00288233.2017.1284134</p>\r\n<p><strong>Download slides</strong></p>\r\n<p><span class=\"mix_file\"><a title=\"2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Schipper.pdf\" href=\"user/file/1395/2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Schipper.pdf\"><img src=\"images/icons/icon_pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" align=\"absmiddle\" border=\"0\" vspace=\"1\" />&nbsp;2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Schipper.pdf</a>&nbsp;(1.77MB)</span></p>\r\n<p><strong>About Louis</strong></p>\r\n<p>Louis Schipper is a Professor at the University of Waikato who investigates soil biogeochemical processes at landscape scales and how they might be manipulated to achieve improved environmental performance while maintaining production. For the last decade, Louis has led teams determining changes in carbon stocks of pasture soils at paddock to national scales. This research demonstrated that while carbon in the majority of pastures on flat land was at steady state, some of our important soils had lost substantial carbon while hill-country soils have gained large amounts. These data have been central to developing a national picture of New Zealand&rsquo;s carbon budget. They have also used micro-meteorological approaches to evaluate high-resolution fluxes of carbon at farm scales to identify practices that increase carbon stocks, generating in-depth understanding of climatic effects (e.g., drought, rainfall) and management impacts (pasture renewal, cultivation, new pasture species). Louis is an elected fellow of the New Zealand and American soil science societies with multiple awards from the NZ Society. He has published &gt;130 papers (Scopus H-index of 36), supervised ~40 PhD/MSc students, and developed substantial soil and environmental resources for schools.</p>\r\n</div>', 'Professor Louis Schipper: Can we build and maintain soil carbon in pastures?\r\n\r\n\r\nSmall increases or decreases in soil carbon stocks can result in large changes in carbon dioxide of the atmosphere. Maintaining or enhancing soil carbon is also critical for soil health. During the recent Paris meetings on climate change the French Ministry of Agriculture proposed the 4‰ Initiative aimed at increasing soil carbon by 4 parts per thousand to offset emissions from fossil fuels. Changes in land use or management are understood to alter soil carbon stocks but the consequent direction and magnitude of change in carbon are not always obvious. I will summarise what is known about changes in soil carbon stocks for New Zealand pastures and what the opportunity for additional storage might be. Included are long-term changes under drystock and dairy systems and management practices (irrigation, fertiliser inputs and cultivation).  Most of the data were summarised in: Schipper, L.A.; Mudge, P.L.; Kirschbaum, M.U.F.; Hedley, C.B.; Golubiewski, N.E.; Smaill, S.J.; Kelliher, F.M. (2017) A review of soil carbon change in grazed New Zealand pastures. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research DOI: 10.1080/00288233.2017.1284134\r\nDownload slides\r\n 2017NZAgGHGMitigationConference_Schipper.pdf (1.77MB)\r\nAbout Louis\r\nLouis Schipper is a Professor at the University of Waikato who investigates soil biogeochemical processes at landscape scales and how they might be manipulated to achieve improved environmental performance while maintaining production. For the last decade, Louis has led teams determining changes in carbon stocks of pasture soils at paddock to national scales. This research demonstrated that while carbon in the majority of pastures on flat land was at steady state, some of our important soils had lost substantial carbon while hill-country soils have gained large amounts. These data have been central to developing a national picture of New Zealand’s carbon budget. They have also used micro-meteorological approaches to evaluate high-resolution fluxes of carbon at farm scales to identify practices that increase carbon stocks, generating in-depth understanding of climatic effects (e.g., drought, rainfall) and management impacts (pasture renewal, cultivation, new pasture species). Louis is an elected fellow of the New Zealand and American soil science societies with multiple awards from the NZ Society. He has published >130 papers (Scopus H-index of 36), supervised ~40 PhD/MSc students, and developed substantial soil and environmental resources for schools.', '', '', '', '', '2017-03-28', '2017-03-28', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', '', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
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(540, '', 'International work update', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC continues to deliver a wide range of services to the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA), which has 56 member countries around the world.<br /><br />A large portion of the NZAGRC&rsquo;s support is in acting as contracting agent for the New Zealand Government&rsquo;s GRA investment in research including supporting international funds such as FACCE-JPI&rsquo;s ERA-GAS, and its own Global Partnerships in Livestock Emissions Research (GPLER) as well as targeted investments across the LRG&rsquo;s research priorities.<br /><br />Active GRA projects reporting to the NZAGRC as contracting agent for MPI are listed in the following table along with the lead New Zealand provider and main contact point.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<h5>GRA Enteric Fermentation Flagship</h5>\r\n<table width=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Rumen microbiomes to predict methane</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Suzanne Rowe</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<h5>FACCE-JPI/ERA-GAS</h5>\r\n<table width=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Predicting appropriate GHG mitigation strategies based on modelling variables that contribute to ruminant environmental impact</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Graeme Attwood</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Refining direct fed microbials (DFM) and silage inoculants for reduction of methane emissions from ruminants</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Graeme Attwood</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Capturing Effects of Diet on Emissions from Ruminant Systems</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Cecile de Klein</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Mitigating Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions by improved pH management of soils</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>University of Otago</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Sergio Morales</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Wise use of drained peatlands in a bio-based economy: development of improved assessment practices and sustainable techniques for mitigation of greenhouse gases</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>University of Waikato</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>David Campbell</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Barriers to adoption of no-cost mitigation options</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Motu Economic and Public Policy Research Trust</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>David Fleming</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<h5>GPLER</h5>\r\n<table width=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Reducing hydrogen and methyl-compound production to mitigate rumen methane</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Graeme Attwood</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Antibody binding to antigenic targets in the rumen</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Neil Wedlock</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Rumen microbiomes to predict methane</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Suzanne Rowe</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR INCREASING SOIL CARBON UNDER GRASSLANDS</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Landcare Research New Zealand Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Pete Millard</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Chemical di-nitrogen formation bypassing nitrous oxide</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Landcare Research New Zealand Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Andrew McMillan</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Discovery of New Nitrification Inhibitors to Mitigate Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Grazed Pasture Systems</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Lincoln University</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Hong Di</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>The N2O switch</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Lincoln University</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Tim Clough</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Mitigating N2O emissions by optimising irrigation management</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Lincoln University</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Tim Clough</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Discovery of new nitrification inhibitors: Phase II</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Lincoln University</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Hong Di</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Full inversion tillage to accelerate soil C sequestration</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Mike Beare</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Farming microbes for better farms: biostimulating non-denitrifying nitrous oxide reducers</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>University of Otago</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Sergio Morales</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Reducing nitrous oxide emissions from urine patches through accelerating nitrous oxide reduction</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>University of Otago</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Sergio Morales</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<h5>LRG Priority Projects</h5>\r\n<table width=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Good practice guidelines for enteric methane measurement methodologies</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Arjan Jonker</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Updating the existing Nitrous Oxide Chamber Methodology Guidelines</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Cecile de Klein</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Nitrous oxide and methane emissions associated with high metabolisable energy forage</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Paul Newton</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Mapping and managing urine patches to reduce nitrous oxide emissions</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Landcare Research New Zealand Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Surinder Saggar</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Understanding the effects of variation in individual animal production on greenhouse gas emissions</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Massey University</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Ian Yule</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Delivering methane inhibitors to pasture-fed ruminants</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Research Trust of Victoria University Wellington</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Emily Parker</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"278\">\r\n<p>The consequences of full-inversion tillage for nitrous oxide emissions</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"267\">\r\n<p>The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Mike Beare</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Establishment of a Database and Inventory Refinement for GHG emissions associated with Manure</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Tony van der Weerden</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Profitable, low GHG emitting grazing-based dairy systems in Costa Rica - Workshop</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Liz Wedderburn</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>The NZAGRC also leads a number of high profile GRA capability building projects, funded by the New Zealand Government, including across Africa; South East Asia, and Central and South America.&nbsp; See <em>separate article.&nbsp; </em>NZAGRC also administers the Government&rsquo;s LEARN and GRASS awards programme, supporting a number of students and researchers . Current award recipients and their New Zealand supervisors are listed in the table below.</p>\r\n<h5>LEARN/GRASS</h5>\r\n<table width=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>LEARN PHD: Jingfei Ren</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Paul Newton</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>LEARN Postdoctoral Fellow Award - Md. Ashraf Ali Biswas</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Arjan Jonker</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>LEARN PhD: Nannan Zhang</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Jiafa Luo</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>Grass Award - Franco Bilotto</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>AgResearch Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Ronaldo Vibart</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>GRASS Award -Adriano Nascente</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Landcare Research New Zealand Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>David Whitehead</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>LEARN Postdoctoral Award: Pham Hung Cuong</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Landcare Research New Zealand Limited</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Surinder Saggar</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"278\">\r\n<p>LEARN Postdoctoral Fellowship: Chamindu Deepagoda</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"267\">\r\n<p>Lincoln University</p>\r\n</td>\r\n<td width=\"95\">\r\n<p>Tim Clough</p>\r\n</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'The NZAGRC continues to deliver a wide range of services to the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA), which has 56 member countries around the world.A large portion of the NZAGRC’s support is in acting as contracting agent for the New Zealand Government’s GRA investment in research including supporting international funds such as FACCE-JPI’s ERA-GAS, and its own Global Partnerships in Livestock Emissions Research (GPLER) as well as targeted investments across the LRG’s research priorities.Active GRA projects reporting to the NZAGRC as contracting agent for MPI are listed in the following table along with the lead New Zealand provider and main contact point. \r\nGRA Enteric Fermentation Flagship\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRumen microbiomes to predict methane\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nSuzanne Rowe\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nFACCE-JPI/ERA-GAS\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPredicting appropriate GHG mitigation strategies based on modelling variables that contribute to ruminant environmental impact\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nGraeme Attwood\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRefining direct fed microbials (DFM) and silage inoculants for reduction of methane emissions from ruminants\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nGraeme Attwood\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCapturing Effects of Diet on Emissions from Ruminant Systems\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nCecile de Klein\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMitigating Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions by improved pH management of soils\r\n\r\n\r\nUniversity of Otago\r\n\r\n\r\nSergio Morales\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWise use of drained peatlands in a bio-based economy: development of improved assessment practices and sustainable techniques for mitigation of greenhouse gases\r\n\r\n\r\nUniversity of Waikato\r\n\r\n\r\nDavid Campbell\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBarriers to adoption of no-cost mitigation options\r\n\r\n\r\nMotu Economic and Public Policy Research Trust\r\n\r\n\r\nDavid Fleming\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nGPLER\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nReducing hydrogen and methyl-compound production to mitigate rumen methane\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nGraeme Attwood\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAntibody binding to antigenic targets in the rumen\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nNeil Wedlock\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRumen microbiomes to predict methane\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nSuzanne Rowe\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR INCREASING SOIL CARBON UNDER GRASSLANDS\r\n\r\n\r\nLandcare Research New Zealand Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nPete Millard\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nChemical di-nitrogen formation bypassing nitrous oxide\r\n\r\n\r\nLandcare Research New Zealand Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nAndrew McMillan\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDiscovery of New Nitrification Inhibitors to Mitigate Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Grazed Pasture Systems\r\n\r\n\r\nLincoln University\r\n\r\n\r\nHong Di\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe N2O switch\r\n\r\n\r\nLincoln University\r\n\r\n\r\nTim Clough\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMitigating N2O emissions by optimising irrigation management\r\n\r\n\r\nLincoln University\r\n\r\n\r\nTim Clough\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDiscovery of new nitrification inhibitors: Phase II\r\n\r\n\r\nLincoln University\r\n\r\n\r\nHong Di\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFull inversion tillage to accelerate soil C sequestration\r\n\r\n\r\nThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nMike Beare\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFarming microbes for better farms: biostimulating non-denitrifying nitrous oxide reducers\r\n\r\n\r\nUniversity of Otago\r\n\r\n\r\nSergio Morales\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nReducing nitrous oxide emissions from urine patches through accelerating nitrous oxide reduction\r\n\r\n\r\nUniversity of Otago\r\n\r\n\r\nSergio Morales\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nLRG Priority Projects\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGood practice guidelines for enteric methane measurement methodologies\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nArjan Jonker\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nUpdating the existing Nitrous Oxide Chamber Methodology Guidelines\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nCecile de Klein\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNitrous oxide and methane emissions associated with high metabolisable energy forage\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nPaul Newton\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMapping and managing urine patches to reduce nitrous oxide emissions\r\n\r\n\r\nLandcare Research New Zealand Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nSurinder Saggar\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nUnderstanding the effects of variation in individual animal production on greenhouse gas emissions\r\n\r\n\r\nMassey University\r\n\r\n\r\nIan Yule\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDelivering methane inhibitors to pasture-fed ruminants\r\n\r\n\r\nResearch Trust of Victoria University Wellington\r\n\r\n\r\nEmily Parker\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe consequences of full-inversion tillage for nitrous oxide emissions\r\n\r\n\r\nThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nMike Beare\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEstablishment of a Database and Inventory Refinement for GHG emissions associated with Manure\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nTony van der Weerden\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nProfitable, low GHG emitting grazing-based dairy systems in Costa Rica - Workshop\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nLiz Wedderburn\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nThe NZAGRC also leads a number of high profile GRA capability building projects, funded by the New Zealand Government, including across Africa; South East Asia, and Central and South America.  See separate article.  NZAGRC also administers the Government’s LEARN and GRASS awards programme, supporting a number of students and researchers . Current award recipients and their New Zealand supervisors are listed in the table below.\r\nLEARN/GRASS\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLEARN PHD: Jingfei Ren\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nPaul Newton\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLEARN Postdoctoral Fellow Award - Md. Ashraf Ali Biswas\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nArjan Jonker\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLEARN PhD: Nannan Zhang\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nJiafa Luo\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGrass Award - Franco Bilotto\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nRonaldo Vibart\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGRASS Award -Adriano Nascente\r\n\r\n\r\nLandcare Research New Zealand Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nDavid Whitehead\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLEARN Postdoctoral Award: Pham Hung Cuong\r\n\r\n\r\nLandcare Research New Zealand Limited\r\n\r\n\r\nSurinder Saggar\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLEARN Postdoctoral Fellowship: Chamindu Deepagoda\r\n\r\n\r\nLincoln University\r\n\r\n\r\nTim Clough', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '239', 'NZAGRC nternational work update', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(541, '', 'NZ draws Ackim back from Africa', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>A love affair with New Zealand has drawn the NZAGRC&rsquo;s new Post-Doctoral Fellow, Ackim Mwape, back to Palmerston North.</p>\r\n<p>Ackim was living in his home city of Lusaka, Zambia, when he was offered an NZAID scholarship to study environmental management in New Zealand at Massey University. Part of this scholarship was the opportunity to come with his wife and son, and when he accepted the offer his family immediately adapted to the Kiwi lifestyle.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;My wife and I were overwhelmed with the beautiful landscapes, countryside, people, and the child-friendly lifestyle in New Zealand. We just knew that this was the right place to stay permanently.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;We returned to Zambia after two years but our love and passion for New Zealand remained alive and kept growing. After five years, we packed our bags, came back to New Zealand, and started a new life in &lsquo;Palmy&rsquo;,&rdquo; he says.</p>\r\n<p>In his post-doctoral role Ackim will nonetheless retain very strong links with Africa, contributing to the implementation of New Zealand&rsquo;s engagement strategy with the GRA and potential GRA member countries in Africa.</p>\r\n<p>This strategy aims to encourage more countries to become members of the GRA and assist African countries to better account for and mitigate agricultural GHG emissions.</p>\r\n<p>Ackim is excited by his new role &ndash; &ldquo;I will work with scientists and policy-makers in different countries and contribute towards addressing the gap between science and policy. Science&ndash;policy interfaces are complex; understanding what they are and how they work, and how to improve them, is a significant challenge for many organisations.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;In this role, I will contribute to a number of processes designed to improve researchers&rsquo; abilities to collect, exchange and disseminate knowledge and information, and promote actions in favour of better livestock GHG emission quantification in several African countries.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;It will also involve travelling to different countries to engage with policy-makers and leverage political commitment from governments.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>Having previously worked in the agriculture and environment sectors in a developing country context, and with extensive knowledge of the general African policy environment and the implementation of international treaties in Africa, Ackim brings a highly-unique perspective that will support the implementation of the New Zealand African livestock engagement strategy.</p>\r\n<p>His interest in agriculture, food production and emissions has been life-long.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;I used to visit my grandma&rsquo;s farm at least once every year. Being around farm animals and going to the field to bring in the harvest was always so interesting to me. Although I grew up in the city, I always knew that agriculture was the career path that I wanted to pursue.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;When I started applying for colleges, I applied exclusively for agriculture-related courses and was delighted to be offered an opportunity to study agricultural engineering.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>Ackim first studied agricultural engineering at the Natural Resources Development College in Zambia but his interest in agriculture and the environment led him to travel extensively to learn different practices.</p>\r\n<p>He achieved academic success in several countries &ndash; Zambia, Portugal, Germany, China and then NZ.</p>\r\n<p><strong>&ldquo;</strong>Studying abroad provided an incredible opportunity to meet other like-minded people in my field, develop networks and appreciate diversity. It helped me to look at myself, my world, and my studies and my academic and professional careers from a different perspective.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;Studying in different countries also broadened my knowledge and experience in an incredible, immersive way, which would not have been possible had I confined myself to my home country.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>The years spent pursuing a PhD in Environmental Management at Massey University helped sharpen his research skills as a policy analyst and develop a comprehensive understanding of New Zealand&rsquo;s approach to addressing its domestic and international environmental commitments.</p>\r\n<p>Ackim feels that his greatest strength is connecting science and policy.</p>\r\n<p>&ldquo;I believe that science and policy are intersecting domains of human activities which are in co-evolution. Effective decision-making in the implementation of international best practices depends, in part, on social processes which allow for exchanges and joint construction of knowledge between scientists and other actors in the policy process.&rdquo;</p>\r\n<p>Now settled with his family in Palmerston North &ndash; &ldquo;part of a very supportive and multi-cultural community&rdquo; &ndash; Ackim enjoys long walks and jogging in his spare time, as well as listening to music and watching Country Calendar and political discussions such as Q &amp; A and Newshub Nation.</p>', 'A love affair with New Zealand has drawn the NZAGRC’s new Post-Doctoral Fellow, Ackim Mwape, back to Palmerston North.\r\nAckim was living in his home city of Lusaka, Zambia, when he was offered an NZAID scholarship to study environmental management in New Zealand at Massey University. Part of this scholarship was the opportunity to come with his wife and son, and when he accepted the offer his family immediately adapted to the Kiwi lifestyle.\r\n“My wife and I were overwhelmed with the beautiful landscapes, countryside, people, and the child-friendly lifestyle in New Zealand. We just knew that this was the right place to stay permanently. \r\n“We returned to Zambia after two years but our love and passion for New Zealand remained alive and kept growing. After five years, we packed our bags, came back to New Zealand, and started a new life in ‘Palmy’,” he says.\r\nIn his post-doctoral role Ackim will nonetheless retain very strong links with Africa, contributing to the implementation of New Zealand’s engagement strategy with the GRA and potential GRA member countries in Africa.\r\nThis strategy aims to encourage more countries to become members of the GRA and assist African countries to better account for and mitigate agricultural GHG emissions.\r\nAckim is excited by his new role – “I will work with scientists and policy-makers in different countries and contribute towards addressing the gap between science and policy. Science–policy interfaces are complex; understanding what they are and how they work, and how to improve them, is a significant challenge for many organisations.\r\n“In this role, I will contribute to a number of processes designed to improve researchers’ abilities to collect, exchange and disseminate knowledge and information, and promote actions in favour of better livestock GHG emission quantification in several African countries. \r\n“It will also involve travelling to different countries to engage with policy-makers and leverage political commitment from governments.”\r\nHaving previously worked in the agriculture and environment sectors in a developing country context, and with extensive knowledge of the general African policy environment and the implementation of international treaties in Africa, Ackim brings a highly-unique perspective that will support the implementation of the New Zealand African livestock engagement strategy.\r\nHis interest in agriculture, food production and emissions has been life-long.\r\n“I used to visit my grandma’s farm at least once every year. Being around farm animals and going to the field to bring in the harvest was always so interesting to me. Although I grew up in the city, I always knew that agriculture was the career path that I wanted to pursue.\r\n“When I started applying for colleges, I applied exclusively for agriculture-related courses and was delighted to be offered an opportunity to study agricultural engineering.”\r\nAckim first studied agricultural engineering at the Natural Resources Development College in Zambia but his interest in agriculture and the environment led him to travel extensively to learn different practices.\r\nHe achieved academic success in several countries – Zambia, Portugal, Germany, China and then NZ.\r\n“Studying abroad provided an incredible opportunity to meet other like-minded people in my field, develop networks and appreciate diversity. It helped me to look at myself, my world, and my studies and my academic and professional careers from a different perspective.\r\n“Studying in different countries also broadened my knowledge and experience in an incredible, immersive way, which would not have been possible had I confined myself to my home country.”\r\nThe years spent pursuing a PhD in Environmental Management at Massey University helped sharpen his research skills as a policy analyst and develop a comprehensive understanding of New Zealand’s approach to addressing its domestic and international environmental commitments.\r\nAckim feels that his greatest strength is connecting science and policy.\r\n“I believe that science and policy are intersecting domains of human activities which are in co-evolution. Effective decision-making in the implementation of international best practices depends, in part, on social processes which allow for exchanges and joint construction of knowledge between scientists and other actors in the policy process.”\r\nNow settled with his family in Palmerston North – “part of a very supportive and multi-cultural community” – Ackim enjoys long walks and jogging in his spare time, as well as listening to music and watching Country Calendar and political discussions such as Q & A and Newshub Nation.', '', '', '', '', '2018-09-30', '2018-09-30', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '638', 'New Zealand draws Ackim back from Africa', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(542, '', 'Institutional strengthening in South East Asia for mitigating livestock methane emissions', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC is working with Indonesian researchers and policy makers to help develop a project entitled &ldquo;Institutional strengthening in South East Asia for mitigating livestock methane emissions&rdquo;.</p>\r\n<p>The project was launched in May 2018 with an overall aim to help Indonesia develop and adopt higher tier livestock GHG accounting methodologies and use these to assess the general scope for mitigation of livestock methane emissions and to quantify the impacts of specific mitigation technologies.</p>\r\n<p>The project outcomes will also have benefits to the wider South East Asian region in providing training opportunities and developing regionally-relevant methane emission factors.</p>', 'The NZAGRC is working with Indonesian researchers and policy makers to help develop a project entitled “Institutional strengthening in South East Asia for mitigating livestock methane emissions”.\r\nThe project was launched in May 2018 with an overall aim to help Indonesia develop and adopt higher tier livestock GHG accounting methodologies and use these to assess the general scope for mitigation of livestock methane emissions and to quantify the impacts of specific mitigation technologies.\r\nThe project outcomes will also have benefits to the wider South East Asian region in providing training opportunities and developing regionally-relevant methane emission factors.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Institutional strengthening in South East Asia for mitigating livestock methane emissions', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(543, '', 'Low emissions livestock: Supporting policy making and implementation through science in East Africa', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC are working with the GRA and the CGIAR Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Bank, the NZAGRC assisted in the co-ordinatation of a high profile regional engagement workshop for government, policymakers and scientists to discuss countries&rsquo; ambitions for livestock development and climate change in East Africa.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>The &ldquo;Low emissions livestock: Supporting policy making and implementation through science in East Africa&rdquo; workshop was held in Ethiopia in July 2018</p>\r\n<p>For more information see <a href=\"https://ccafs.cgiar.org/news/using-science-inform-low-emissions-livestock-policy-development-and-implementation-east-africa#.W4NQB00UnIX\">https://ccafs.cgiar.org/news/using-science-inform-low-emissions-livestock-policy-development-and-implementation-east-africa#.W4NQB00UnIX</a></p>', 'The NZAGRC are working with the GRA and the CGIAR Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Bank, the NZAGRC assisted in the co-ordinatation of a high profile regional engagement workshop for government, policymakers and scientists to discuss countries’ ambitions for livestock development and climate change in East Africa. \r\nThe “Low emissions livestock: Supporting policy making and implementation through science in East Africa” workshop was held in Ethiopia in July 2018\r\nFor more information see https://ccafs.cgiar.org/news/using-science-inform-low-emissions-livestock-policy-development-and-implementation-east-africa#.W4NQB00UnIX', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Low emissions livestock: Supporting policy making and implementation through science in East Africa', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(544, '', 'Improving Thailand’s GHG inventory for nitrous oxide emissions from manure management', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The NZAGRC led the organisation of two technical workshops recently:</p>\r\n<p>(1) Hosted by Thailand&rsquo;s Department of Livestock Development (DLD), a workshop &lsquo;Improving Thailand&rsquo;s GHG inventory for nitrous oxide emissions from manure management.&rsquo; was held in Bangkok in March 2018.</p>\r\n<p>The workshop provided participants with a better understanding of the pathways of nitrogen (N) loss in manure management systems (in particular direct and indirect losses) and on the development and improvement of manure management in the national livestock inventory methodology in Thailand.</p>\r\n<p>(2) The second workshop was hosted by the Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and involved participants from several South-East Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Philippines) who came together to learn about the design, construction and use of low cost respiration chambers for small ruminant studies.</p>', 'The NZAGRC led the organisation of two technical workshops recently:\r\n(1) Hosted by Thailand’s Department of Livestock Development (DLD), a workshop ‘Improving Thailand’s GHG inventory for nitrous oxide emissions from manure management.’ was held in Bangkok in March 2018.\r\nThe workshop provided participants with a better understanding of the pathways of nitrogen (N) loss in manure management systems (in particular direct and indirect losses) and on the development and improvement of manure management in the national livestock inventory methodology in Thailand.\r\n(2) The second workshop was hosted by the Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and involved participants from several South-East Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, China, Vietnam, Philippines) who came together to learn about the design, construction and use of low cost respiration chambers for small ruminant studies.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '', 'Improving Thailand’s GHG inventory for nitrous oxide emissions from manure management', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(545, '', 'Sheep breeding for low methane', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The sheep breeding programme in 2017/2018 continued to build on developments from earlier years.</p>\r\n<p>High/low sheep lines continue to diverge and are currently on average 10% different for methane yield. The lines continue to segregate on maternal breeding worth with the low line favourable by ~$10 gross margin per mated ewe. However, breed proportion may play some role in the observed differences in maternal breeding worth so validation in other flocks with greater genetic diversity is required.</p>\r\n<p>A trial with low and high methane yield selection line sheep fed cut pasture indicated consistent differences in methane per unit of intake across all four seasons, and excreted nitrogen was similar in two seasons, suggesting that breeding sheep for low methane will neither increase nor decrease excreta greenhouse gas emissions.</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>', 'The sheep breeding programme in 2017/2018 continued to build on developments from earlier years.\r\nHigh/low sheep lines continue to diverge and are currently on average 10% different for methane yield. The lines continue to segregate on maternal breeding worth with the low line favourable by ~$10 gross margin per mated ewe. However, breed proportion may play some role in the observed differences in maternal breeding worth so validation in other flocks with greater genetic diversity is required.\r\nA trial with low and high methane yield selection line sheep fed cut pasture indicated consistent differences in methane per unit of intake across all four seasons, and excreted nitrogen was similar in two seasons, suggesting that breeding sheep for low methane will neither increase nor decrease excreta greenhouse gas emissions.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Sheep breeding for low methane', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(546, '', 'Rumen microbes a possibility for sheep selection', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Analyses of rumen microbial communities in ewe lambs measured multiple times on cut pasture and lucerne pellets suggest that rumen microbial community composition has the potential to be used to rank animals for prediction of methane.</p>', 'Analyses of rumen microbial communities in ewe lambs measured multiple times on cut pasture and lucerne pellets suggest that rumen microbial community composition has the potential to be used to rank animals for prediction of methane.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Rumen microbes a possibility for sheep selection', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(547, '', 'Low Methane trait looks positive for meat and milk', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Preliminary analysis showed that there are differences between the lines in fat and lean proportions of carcass. Additional detailed meat quality measures on a subset of ram lambs show that the low methane animals had no difference in intra-muscular fat and significantly higher branched chain fatty acids. This has potential positive implications not only for meat quality but also for milk quality and even for subsequent lamb growth in low emitting sheep. Breeding values were estimated for PAC traits using both pedigree (eBV) and molecular or genomic information (mBV). A module to automate estimation of breeding values for the national flock has been developed in collaboration with Beef + Lamb New Zealand Genetics (B+LNZG).</p>', 'Preliminary analysis showed that there are differences between the lines in fat and lean proportions of carcass. Additional detailed meat quality measures on a subset of ram lambs show that the low methane animals had no difference in intra-muscular fat and significantly higher branched chain fatty acids. This has potential positive implications not only for meat quality but also for milk quality and even for subsequent lamb growth in low emitting sheep. Breeding values were estimated for PAC traits using both pedigree (eBV) and molecular or genomic information (mBV). A module to automate estimation of breeding values for the national flock has been developed in collaboration with Beef + Lamb New Zealand Genetics (B+LNZG).', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Low methane trait looks positive for meat and milk', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(548, '', 'Important finding in sheep vaccination trials', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>During 2017/18, a sheep vaccination trial, including measurement of methane emissions, was conducted and all vaccinated animals produced antibodies against each of the 19 protein/protein fusions present in the mix of recombinant proteins. This is an important finding as anti-methanogen vaccines are very likely to contain multiple antigens. The issues that arose with assay repeatability in the vaccine programme in 2016/17 have been addressed over the past year. The methanogen growth assay has been refined in order to ensure reliable testing of antibodies against candidate vaccine targets. New auxiliary assays (ELISA, Western blotting, flow cytometry) for measuring &lsquo;effectiveness&rsquo; of antibodies produced against specific targets have been developed.</p>', 'During 2017/18, a sheep vaccination trial, including measurement of methane emissions, was conducted and all vaccinated animals produced antibodies against each of the 19 protein/protein fusions present in the mix of recombinant proteins. This is an important finding as anti-methanogen vaccines are very likely to contain multiple antigens. The issues that arose with assay repeatability in the vaccine programme in 2016/17 have been addressed over the past year. The methanogen growth assay has been refined in order to ensure reliable testing of antibodies against candidate vaccine targets. New auxiliary assays (ELISA, Western blotting, flow cytometry) for measuring ‘effectiveness’ of antibodies produced against specific targets have been developed.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Important finding in sheep vaccination trials', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(549, '', 'Feasibility study for methane capture', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>A feasibility study of a novel mechanism for capturing and breaking down methane was completed at the start of 2017/18. The aim of this study was to test the practicality of capturing methane emitted from housed cattle and stored animal waste, and injecting it in the soil for oxidation by methanotrophs. Laboratory column studies showed the soils did not prime adequately to make removal of methane from housed animals practicable. NZAGRC funding is not continuing in this area.</p>', 'A feasibility study of a novel mechanism for capturing and breaking down methane was completed at the start of 2017/18. The aim of this study was to test the practicality of capturing methane emitted from housed cattle and stored animal waste, and injecting it in the soil for oxidation by methanotrophs. Laboratory column studies showed the soils did not prime adequately to make removal of methane from housed animals practicable. NZAGRC funding is not continuing in this area.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Feasibility study for methane capture', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(550, '', 'Methane: Inhibitors', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>NZAGRC involvement in the inhibitor programme did not continue in 2017/18. It is now solely funded by the PGgRc as the lead commercialising partner.</p>', 'NZAGRC involvement in the inhibitor programme did not continue in 2017/18. It is now solely funded by the PGgRc as the lead commercialising partner.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Inhibitors', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(551, '', 'Investigating plantain properties', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>An animal feeding trial conducted in association with the Forages for Reduced Nitrate Leaching programme, investigating the ability of plantain to modify nitrogen processes in animals and soils, was a major focus this year. The aim was to assess the impact of increasing proportions of plantain in the diet on methane yield, nitrogen excretion in urine and dung, and nitrous oxide emissions.</p>\r\n<p>Preliminary findings include:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>a reduction in urinary nitrous oxide concentration with increasing proportions of plantain and associated reductions in nitrous oxide emissions from urine patches.</li>\r\n<li>differences in methane per kilogram of dry matter intake between the treatment groups. However, methane emissions were unusually high for the control group so these data need careful interpretation.</li>\r\n<li>nitrous oxide emission factors reduced with increasing proportions of plantain in the sward, most likely due to an effect of plantain plants on soil processes.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>To further study the effects of plantain, a sward containing 60% plantain has been established at a Waikato farm. Carbon balances and nitrous oxide emissions have been continuously measured in comparison to a ryegrass/clover sward. Experiments have commenced to compare results to traditional chamber measurements at the plot scale.</p>', 'An animal feeding trial conducted in association with the Forages for Reduced Nitrate Leaching programme, investigating the ability of plantain to modify nitrogen processes in animals and soils, was a major focus this year. The aim was to assess the impact of increasing proportions of plantain in the diet on methane yield, nitrogen excretion in urine and dung, and nitrous oxide emissions.\r\nPreliminary findings include:\r\n\r\na reduction in urinary nitrous oxide concentration with increasing proportions of plantain and associated reductions in nitrous oxide emissions from urine patches.\r\ndifferences in methane per kilogram of dry matter intake between the treatment groups. However, methane emissions were unusually high for the control group so these data need careful interpretation.\r\nnitrous oxide emission factors reduced with increasing proportions of plantain in the sward, most likely due to an effect of plantain plants on soil processes.\r\n\r\nTo further study the effects of plantain, a sward containing 60% plantain has been established at a Waikato farm. Carbon balances and nitrous oxide emissions have been continuously measured in comparison to a ryegrass/clover sward. Experiments have commenced to compare results to traditional chamber measurements at the plot scale.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Investigating plantain properties', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(552, '', 'Impact of importing feed', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>Parallel work at a nearby farm calculated carbon balances for three years for a farm with very high feed imports (about 12 tonnes dry matter or 5.3 tonnes of carbon per hectare, per year). The majority of the imported feed was converted back to carbon dioxide by cow respiration and decomposition of dung. Some of the imported carbon was also exported in increased milk production. Carbon balance measurements over maize are continuing at the site so that the carbon balance of feed production and importation can be completed.</p>', 'Parallel work at a nearby farm calculated carbon balances for three years for a farm with very high feed imports (about 12 tonnes dry matter or 5.3 tonnes of carbon per hectare, per year). The majority of the imported feed was converted back to carbon dioxide by cow respiration and decomposition of dung. Some of the imported carbon was also exported in increased milk production. Carbon balance measurements over maize are continuing at the site so that the carbon balance of feed production and importation can be completed.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Impact of importing feed', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(553, '', 'Positive results for novel nitrous oxide inhibitors', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>An initial study to determine the impact of a novel inhibitor was conducted in 2017/18. After 36 days urine from treated animals had 50% lower nitrous oxide emissions than untreated animals. This work will be expanded in 2018/19.</p>', 'An initial study to determine the impact of a novel inhibitor was conducted in 2017/18. After 36 days urine from treated animals had 50% lower nitrous oxide emissions than untreated animals. This work will be expanded in 2018/19.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Positive results for novel nitrous oxide inhibitor', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(554, '', 'Irrigation effects modelled', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>The CenW model developed for Waikato farms was compared against three years of eddy-covariance data from an irrigated grazed pasture in the Canterbury region. CenW was used to compare three irrigation management scenarios: no irrigation (dairy grazed), real life irrigation (dairy grazed), and sheep grazing (no irrigation or fertiliser). This initial modelling demonstrated that carbon accumulation was maximised with about 1100mm of combined rainfall and irrigation.</p>', 'The CenW model developed for Waikato farms was compared against three years of eddy-covariance data from an irrigated grazed pasture in the Canterbury region. CenW was used to compare three irrigation management scenarios: no irrigation (dairy grazed), real life irrigation (dairy grazed), and sheep grazing (no irrigation or fertiliser). This initial modelling demonstrated that carbon accumulation was maximised with about 1100mm of combined rainfall and irrigation.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Irrigation effects modelled', '', '', '', 4, 'Y'),
(555, '', 'Determining levels of soil carbon storage', 'NZAGRC Team', '', '<p>An experiment was designed and conducted using a novel 13C stable isotope method to determine how the stabilisation capacity and saturation deficit of different soils affects their ability to store more carbon. Research was also completed describing a rapid, nondestructive method based on mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to identify the soil carbon stabilisation capacity and saturation deficit of different New Zealand grassland soils.</p>', 'An experiment was designed and conducted using a novel 13C stable isotope method to determine how the stabilisation capacity and saturation deficit of different soils affects their ability to store more carbon. Research was also completed describing a rapid, nondestructive method based on mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to identify the soil carbon stabilisation capacity and saturation deficit of different New Zealand grassland soils.', '', '', '', '', '2018-11-22', '2018-11-22', '', NULL, NULL, '', '', '628', 'Determining levels of soil carbon storage', '', '', '', 4, 'Y');
