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(393, '<p class=\"h3\">\r\nObjective Leader - Dr David Pacheco (AgResearch) \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nPractical strategies to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are urgently sought, particularly for ruminant enteric methane, which forms 31% of New Zealand&#39;s total greenhouse gas inventory (Pinares-Patino <em>et al</em>, 2009).&nbsp; The most successful strategies will be those that lead to a profitable increase in animal productivity, as well as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, not just those of enteric methane alone. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nDietary fat supplements, especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce enteric methane emissions, but oil production for animal feed is usually associated with increased net greenhouse gas emissions (Beauchemin <em>et al</em>, 2008, 2009; Grainger <em>et al</em>, 2010).&nbsp; Eicosahexanoic acid (EPA or C20:5) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA or C22:6) are the major bioactive unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil and marine algae (Givens <em>et al</em>, 2000).&nbsp; <em>In-vitro</em> studies suggest that EPA and DHA may reduce methane emissions by up to 80% (Fievez <em>et al</em>, 2003) and marine algae by greater than 92% (Bozic <em>et al</em>, 2009).&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nA commercial DHA microalgae supplement has been shown to reduce dry matter intake and increase milk yield of dairy cows (Boeckaert <em>et al</em>, 2008).&nbsp; Seaweeds and algae are more digestible than many terrestrial plants, due to less cellulose and more starch.&nbsp; However, <em>in-vivo</em> trials feeding algae or algae products where methane emissions have been measured have not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature, although it is understood these are underway in Australia (Chris Grainger, pers comm., Tony Parker, pers comm.). \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nMicroalgae offer a means of supplementing animals with a source of unsaturated fatty acids with believed potent methane mitigation potential that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp; Microalgae of freshwater and marine origin can be cultivated to treat wastewaters of human, agricultural and industrial origin e.g. from sewage and effluents from dairy farms, piggeries, aquaculture facilities and fossil fuel fired power stations.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nNew Zealand research by NIWA has developed wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and there are several demonstration facilities that could provide sufficient biomass for harvest and potential use as a methane-mitigating animal feed supplement.&nbsp; Meanwhile, in Australia, researchers at James Cook University (T. Parker and R. de Nys) have been attempting to feed marine macroalgae cultivated in the University algal farm to cattle to reduce methane emissions.&nbsp; However, they have recently moved to producing freshwater microalgae to avoid suspected iodine toxicity in cattle initially fed algae of marine origin.&nbsp; These researchers are also to test a microalgal meal, a bi-product from microalgal oil production from a bio-sequestration &lsquo;algal synthesiser&#39; farm associated with a coal-fired power station, for methane mitigation potential in cattle (T. St Clair and T. Parker, pers comm.). \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThis project capitalises on these very recent developments to keep New Zealand at the forefront of enteric methane mitigation research.&nbsp; Microalgal supplements of NZ and Australian origin will be evaluated for methane mitigation potential in sheep using the &lsquo;gold-standard&#39; calorimetry facility at AgResearch.&nbsp; If successful, we may have a nutrition supplement capable of both reducing methane emissions and enhancing animal production, at a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\">\r\n<strong>1.1 - Progress in 2009/2010</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nAn international review of the literature of the potential of micro- and macro-algae or algae bi-products such as oil or meal as feed supplements for reducing ruminant enteric methane emissions has been initiated.&nbsp; This has included sourcing information on algae of fresh water and marine origin.&nbsp; The review will include the chemical composition of algal biomass for enteric methane emission reduction and the risks to animal health from feeding wastewater-grown algae.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nInitial samples of algal biomass grown in NIWA&#39;s domestic wastewater treatment ponds at Ruakura have been shown to contain 20-30% total lipid, with results for individual fatty acids pending.&nbsp; Further sampling over the next 4 months will also include the algae from NIWA designed ponds at DairyNZ, Hamilton and Christchurch wastewater treatment plant and will also be analysed for polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the total lipid, in addition to all other aspects of chemical composition and toxicology (Massey University).&nbsp; From this, the three NZ sources of microalgae can be compared and any risks to animal health from feeding these sources of algae can be identified.&nbsp; In October, the best source of algae for feeding to sheep will be identified so that the required quantities can be collected before the animal trial commences in January 2011.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nInitial discussions have been held with Australian researchers (James Cook University) on similar trials that they have already conducted supplementing the diet of cattle with macroalgae harvested from a coastal lagoon.\r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>1.1 - Progress in 2010/2011</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe objectives of this programme have been fully achieved after some modifications to the original milestones.&nbsp; Microalgae from two waste water ponds and two marine algae of NZ origin were grown, collected, and analysed for fatty acid and lipid composition.&nbsp; The two samples with the highest lipid concentrations were then tested in the laboratory for their ability to reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.&nbsp; No reduction in emissions was recorded, probably because the level of lipids in these samples was too low to reproduce the results from other studies demonstrating that feeds with a high lipid content can decrease CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.&nbsp; This work was therefore discontinued.&nbsp; An alternative algal species was incubated with ryegrass in an <em>in-vitro</em> batch test and this reduced CH<sub>4</sub> production.&nbsp; The next stage of this work will be to repeat the work under the more realistic conditions of a continuous culture test and to further assess the practicalities of using marine algae like this as CH<sub>4</sub> mitigation agents.&nbsp; The next stage of this work will be carried out under the MITIGAS component of an AgResearch SLMACC funded programme.\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Objective Leader - Dr David Pacheco (AgResearch) \r\n\r\n\r\nPractical strategies to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are urgently sought, particularly for ruminant enteric methane, which forms 31% of New Zealand&#39;s total greenhouse gas inventory (Pinares-Patino et al, 2009).  The most successful strategies will be those that lead to a profitable increase in animal productivity, as well as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, not just those of enteric methane alone. \r\n\r\n\r\nDietary fat supplements, especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce enteric methane emissions, but oil production for animal feed is usually associated with increased net greenhouse gas emissions (Beauchemin et al, 2008, 2009; Grainger et al, 2010).  Eicosahexanoic acid (EPA or C20:5) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA or C22:6) are the major bioactive unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil and marine algae (Givens et al, 2000).  In-vitro studies suggest that EPA and DHA may reduce methane emissions by up to 80% (Fievez et al, 2003) and marine algae by greater than 92% (Bozic et al, 2009).  \r\n\r\n\r\nA commercial DHA microalgae supplement has been shown to reduce dry matter intake and increase milk yield of dairy cows (Boeckaert et al, 2008).  Seaweeds and algae are more digestible than many terrestrial plants, due to less cellulose and more starch.  However, in-vivo trials feeding algae or algae products where methane emissions have been measured have not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature, although it is understood these are underway in Australia (Chris Grainger, pers comm., Tony Parker, pers comm.). \r\n\r\n\r\nMicroalgae offer a means of supplementing animals with a source of unsaturated fatty acids with believed potent methane mitigation potential that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.  Microalgae of freshwater and marine origin can be cultivated to treat wastewaters of human, agricultural and industrial origin e.g. from sewage and effluents from dairy farms, piggeries, aquaculture facilities and fossil fuel fired power stations.  \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand research by NIWA has developed wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and there are several demonstration facilities that could provide sufficient biomass for harvest and potential use as a methane-mitigating animal feed supplement.  Meanwhile, in Australia, researchers at James Cook University (T. Parker and R. de Nys) have been attempting to feed marine macroalgae cultivated in the University algal farm to cattle to reduce methane emissions.  However, they have recently moved to producing freshwater microalgae to avoid suspected iodine toxicity in cattle initially fed algae of marine origin.  These researchers are also to test a microalgal meal, a bi-product from microalgal oil production from a bio-sequestration ‘algal synthesiser&#39; farm associated with a coal-fired power station, for methane mitigation potential in cattle (T. St Clair and T. Parker, pers comm.). \r\n\r\n\r\nThis project capitalises on these very recent developments to keep New Zealand at the forefront of enteric methane mitigation research.  Microalgal supplements of NZ and Australian origin will be evaluated for methane mitigation potential in sheep using the ‘gold-standard&#39; calorimetry facility at AgResearch.  If successful, we may have a nutrition supplement capable of both reducing methane emissions and enhancing animal production, at a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n\r\n\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2009/2010\r\n\r\n\r\nAn international review of the literature of the potential of micro- and macro-algae or algae bi-products such as oil or meal as feed supplements for reducing ruminant enteric methane emissions has been initiated.  This has included sourcing information on algae of fresh water and marine origin.  The review will include the chemical composition of algal biomass for enteric methane emission reduction and the risks to animal health from feeding wastewater-grown algae.\r\n\r\n\r\nInitial samples of algal biomass grown in NIWA&#39;s domestic wastewater treatment ponds at Ruakura have been shown to contain 20-30% total lipid, with results for individual fatty acids pending.  Further sampling over the next 4 months will also include the algae from NIWA designed ponds at DairyNZ, Hamilton and Christchurch wastewater treatment plant and will also be analysed for polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the total lipid, in addition to all other aspects of chemical composition and toxicology (Massey University).  From this, the three NZ sources of microalgae can be compared and any risks to animal health from feeding these sources of algae can be identified.  In October, the best source of algae for feeding to sheep will be identified so that the required quantities can be collected before the animal trial commences in January 2011.\r\n\r\n\r\nInitial discussions have been held with Australian researchers (James Cook University) on similar trials that they have already conducted supplementing the diet of cattle with macroalgae harvested from a coastal lagoon.\r\n\r\n\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2010/2011\r\n\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this programme have been fully achieved after some modifications to the original milestones.  Microalgae from two waste water ponds and two marine algae of NZ origin were grown, collected, and analysed for fatty acid and lipid composition.  The two samples with the highest lipid concentrations were then tested in the laboratory for their ability to reduce CH4 emissions.  No reduction in emissions was recorded, probably because the level of lipids in these samples was too low to reproduce the results from other studies demonstrating that feeds with a high lipid content can decrease CH4 emissions.  This work was therefore discontinued.  An alternative algal species was incubated with ryegrass in an in-vitro batch test and this reduced CH4 production.  The next stage of this work will be to repeat the work under the more realistic conditions of a continuous culture test and to further assess the practicalities of using marine algae like this as CH4 mitigation agents.  The next stage of this work will be carried out under the MITIGAS component of an AgResearch SLMACC funded programme.', '9c7b9b8139fa63f71b0efc908ad2b09d', 72, 'published', 4, '2012-02-20 23:57:03', NULL, '2012-02-20 23:57:03'),
(394, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector.<a name=\"goals\" title=\"goals\"></a> \r\n</p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives \r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH<sub>4</sub> programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.<br />\r\n</p>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			David Pacheco \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Sinead Leahy \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Ron Ronimus \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Bryce Buddle \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.6 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Gemma Henderson \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.7 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Rupert Craggs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a></strong><br />\r\nPrincipal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAnimalCHANGE <br />\r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries <br />\r\nDPI Queensland&nbsp; <br />\r\nGlobal Research Alliance <br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nNIWA<br />\r\nPGgRc<br />\r\nScottish Agricultural College<br />\r\nSLMACC<br />\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5 \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH4 programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n\r\n\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			David Pacheco \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Sinead Leahy \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Ron Ronimus \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Bryce Buddle \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.6 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Gemma Henderson \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.7 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Rupert Craggs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAnimalCHANGE \r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries \r\nDPI Queensland  \r\nGlobal Research Alliance \r\nLandcare Research\r\nNIWA\r\nPGgRc\r\nScottish Agricultural College\r\nSLMACC\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5', '4ef1cafcba0d4ca9be0f4cd82cf22dd3', 40, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 00:03:43', NULL, '2012-02-21 00:03:43'),
(395, '<p class=\"h3\">\r\nObjective Leader - Dr David Pacheco (AgResearch) \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nPractical strategies to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are urgently sought, particularly for ruminant enteric methane, which forms 31% of New Zealand&#39;s total greenhouse gas inventory (Pinares-Patino <em>et al</em>, 2009).&nbsp; The most successful strategies will be those that lead to a profitable increase in animal productivity, as well as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, not just those of enteric methane alone. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nDietary fat supplements, especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce enteric methane emissions, but oil production for animal feed is usually associated with increased net greenhouse gas emissions (Beauchemin <em>et al</em>, 2008, 2009; Grainger <em>et al</em>, 2010).&nbsp; Eicosahexanoic acid (EPA or C20:5) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA or C22:6) are the major bioactive unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil and marine algae (Givens <em>et al</em>, 2000).&nbsp; <em>In-vitro</em> studies suggest that EPA and DHA may reduce methane emissions by up to 80% (Fievez <em>et al</em>, 2003) and marine algae by greater than 92% (Bozic <em>et al</em>, 2009).&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nA commercial DHA microalgae supplement has been shown to reduce dry matter intake and increase milk yield of dairy cows (Boeckaert <em>et al</em>, 2008).&nbsp; Seaweeds and algae are more digestible than many terrestrial plants, due to less cellulose and more starch.&nbsp; However, <em>in-vivo</em> trials feeding algae or algae products where methane emissions have been measured have not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature, although it is understood these are underway in Australia (Chris Grainger, pers comm., Tony Parker, pers comm.). \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nMicroalgae offer a means of supplementing animals with a source of unsaturated fatty acids with believed potent methane mitigation potential that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp; Microalgae of freshwater and marine origin can be cultivated to treat wastewaters of human, agricultural and industrial origin e.g. from sewage and effluents from dairy farms, piggeries, aquaculture facilities and fossil fuel fired power stations.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nNew Zealand research by NIWA has developed wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and there are several demonstration facilities that could provide sufficient biomass for harvest and potential use as a methane-mitigating animal feed supplement.&nbsp; Meanwhile, in Australia, researchers at James Cook University (T. Parker and R. de Nys) have been attempting to feed marine macroalgae cultivated in the University algal farm to cattle to reduce methane emissions.&nbsp; However, they have recently moved to producing freshwater microalgae to avoid suspected iodine toxicity in cattle initially fed algae of marine origin.&nbsp; These researchers are also to test a microalgal meal, a bi-product from microalgal oil production from a bio-sequestration &lsquo;algal synthesiser&#39; farm associated with a coal-fired power station, for methane mitigation potential in cattle (T. St Clair and T. Parker, pers comm.). \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThis project capitalises on these very recent developments to keep New Zealand at the forefront of enteric methane mitigation research.&nbsp; Microalgal supplements of NZ and Australian origin will be evaluated for methane mitigation potential in sheep using the &lsquo;gold-standard&#39; calorimetry facility at AgResearch.&nbsp; If successful, we may have a nutrition supplement capable of both reducing methane emissions and enhancing animal production, at a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\">\r\n<strong>1.1 - Progress in 2009/2010</strong> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nAn international review of the literature of the potential of micro- and macro-algae or algae bi-products such as oil or meal as feed supplements for reducing ruminant enteric methane emissions has been initiated.&nbsp; This has included sourcing information on algae of fresh water and marine origin.&nbsp; The review will include the chemical composition of algal biomass for enteric methane emission reduction and the risks to animal health from feeding wastewater-grown algae. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nInitial samples of algal biomass grown in NIWA&#39;s domestic wastewater treatment ponds at Ruakura have been shown to contain 20-30% total lipid, with results for individual fatty acids pending.&nbsp; Further sampling over the next 4 months will also include the algae from NIWA designed ponds at DairyNZ, Hamilton and Christchurch wastewater treatment plant and will also be analysed for polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the total lipid, in addition to all other aspects of chemical composition and toxicology (Massey University).&nbsp; From this, the three NZ sources of microalgae can be compared and any risks to animal health from feeding these sources of algae can be identified.&nbsp; In October, the best source of algae for feeding to sheep will be identified so that the required quantities can be collected before the animal trial commences in January 2011. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nInitial discussions have been held with Australian researchers (James Cook University) on similar trials that they have already conducted supplementing the diet of cattle with macroalgae harvested from a coastal lagoon. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>1.1 - Progress in 2010/2011</strong> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe objectives of this programme have been fully achieved after some modifications to the original milestones.&nbsp; Microalgae from two waste water ponds and two marine algae of NZ origin were grown, collected, and analysed for fatty acid and lipid composition.&nbsp; The two samples with the highest lipid concentrations were then tested in the laboratory for their ability to reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.&nbsp; No reduction in emissions was recorded, probably because the level of lipids in these samples was too low to reproduce the results from other studies demonstrating that feeds with a high lipid content can decrease CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.&nbsp; This work was therefore discontinued.&nbsp; An alternative algal species was incubated with ryegrass in an <em>in-vitro</em> batch test and this reduced CH<sub>4</sub> production.&nbsp; The next stage of this work will be to repeat the work under the more realistic conditions of a continuous culture test and to further assess the practicalities of using marine algae like this as CH<sub>4</sub> mitigation agents.&nbsp; The next stage of this work will be carried out under the MITIGAS component of an AgResearch SLMACC funded programme. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\n<strong>DISCLAIMER:&nbsp; The&nbsp;above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only. &nbsp;Therefore, they may be subject to change. </strong>\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Objective Leader - Dr David Pacheco (AgResearch) \r\n\r\n\r\nPractical strategies to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are urgently sought, particularly for ruminant enteric methane, which forms 31% of New Zealand&#39;s total greenhouse gas inventory (Pinares-Patino et al, 2009).  The most successful strategies will be those that lead to a profitable increase in animal productivity, as well as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, not just those of enteric methane alone. \r\n\r\n\r\nDietary fat supplements, especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce enteric methane emissions, but oil production for animal feed is usually associated with increased net greenhouse gas emissions (Beauchemin et al, 2008, 2009; Grainger et al, 2010).  Eicosahexanoic acid (EPA or C20:5) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA or C22:6) are the major bioactive unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil and marine algae (Givens et al, 2000).  In-vitro studies suggest that EPA and DHA may reduce methane emissions by up to 80% (Fievez et al, 2003) and marine algae by greater than 92% (Bozic et al, 2009).  \r\n\r\n\r\nA commercial DHA microalgae supplement has been shown to reduce dry matter intake and increase milk yield of dairy cows (Boeckaert et al, 2008).  Seaweeds and algae are more digestible than many terrestrial plants, due to less cellulose and more starch.  However, in-vivo trials feeding algae or algae products where methane emissions have been measured have not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature, although it is understood these are underway in Australia (Chris Grainger, pers comm., Tony Parker, pers comm.). \r\n\r\n\r\nMicroalgae offer a means of supplementing animals with a source of unsaturated fatty acids with believed potent methane mitigation potential that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.  Microalgae of freshwater and marine origin can be cultivated to treat wastewaters of human, agricultural and industrial origin e.g. from sewage and effluents from dairy farms, piggeries, aquaculture facilities and fossil fuel fired power stations.  \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand research by NIWA has developed wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and there are several demonstration facilities that could provide sufficient biomass for harvest and potential use as a methane-mitigating animal feed supplement.  Meanwhile, in Australia, researchers at James Cook University (T. Parker and R. de Nys) have been attempting to feed marine macroalgae cultivated in the University algal farm to cattle to reduce methane emissions.  However, they have recently moved to producing freshwater microalgae to avoid suspected iodine toxicity in cattle initially fed algae of marine origin.  These researchers are also to test a microalgal meal, a bi-product from microalgal oil production from a bio-sequestration ‘algal synthesiser&#39; farm associated with a coal-fired power station, for methane mitigation potential in cattle (T. St Clair and T. Parker, pers comm.). \r\n\r\n\r\nThis project capitalises on these very recent developments to keep New Zealand at the forefront of enteric methane mitigation research.  Microalgal supplements of NZ and Australian origin will be evaluated for methane mitigation potential in sheep using the ‘gold-standard&#39; calorimetry facility at AgResearch.  If successful, we may have a nutrition supplement capable of both reducing methane emissions and enhancing animal production, at a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n\r\n\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2009/2010 \r\n\r\n\r\nAn international review of the literature of the potential of micro- and macro-algae or algae bi-products such as oil or meal as feed supplements for reducing ruminant enteric methane emissions has been initiated.  This has included sourcing information on algae of fresh water and marine origin.  The review will include the chemical composition of algal biomass for enteric methane emission reduction and the risks to animal health from feeding wastewater-grown algae. \r\n\r\n\r\nInitial samples of algal biomass grown in NIWA&#39;s domestic wastewater treatment ponds at Ruakura have been shown to contain 20-30% total lipid, with results for individual fatty acids pending.  Further sampling over the next 4 months will also include the algae from NIWA designed ponds at DairyNZ, Hamilton and Christchurch wastewater treatment plant and will also be analysed for polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the total lipid, in addition to all other aspects of chemical composition and toxicology (Massey University).  From this, the three NZ sources of microalgae can be compared and any risks to animal health from feeding these sources of algae can be identified.  In October, the best source of algae for feeding to sheep will be identified so that the required quantities can be collected before the animal trial commences in January 2011. \r\n\r\n\r\nInitial discussions have been held with Australian researchers (James Cook University) on similar trials that they have already conducted supplementing the diet of cattle with macroalgae harvested from a coastal lagoon. \r\n\r\n\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2010/2011 \r\n\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this programme have been fully achieved after some modifications to the original milestones.  Microalgae from two waste water ponds and two marine algae of NZ origin were grown, collected, and analysed for fatty acid and lipid composition.  The two samples with the highest lipid concentrations were then tested in the laboratory for their ability to reduce CH4 emissions.  No reduction in emissions was recorded, probably because the level of lipids in these samples was too low to reproduce the results from other studies demonstrating that feeds with a high lipid content can decrease CH4 emissions.  This work was therefore discontinued.  An alternative algal species was incubated with ryegrass in an in-vitro batch test and this reduced CH4 production.  The next stage of this work will be to repeat the work under the more realistic conditions of a continuous culture test and to further assess the practicalities of using marine algae like this as CH4 mitigation agents.  The next stage of this work will be carried out under the MITIGAS component of an AgResearch SLMACC funded programme. \r\n\r\n\r\nDISCLAIMER:  The above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only.  Therefore, they may be subject to change.', '87fa2631da5ebaf253d68317b7090210', 72, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 00:08:47', NULL, '2012-02-21 00:08:47'),
(396, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nComprehensive research undertaken in NZ has already demonstrated that nitrification inhibitors provide a potent method for reducing N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from urine patches deposited on pasture during winter. Research funded by the&nbsp;NZAGRC addresses the challenge of optimising these inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased. Research is also being undertaken to better understand denitrification processes and better quantify the relationship between urine N concentration and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. The portfolio of research is completed by a project on how much N<sub>2</sub>O is emitted by plant leaves and a project exploring the potential to produce high agronomic value forages with a nitrogen content more in line with the requirements of ruminant animals. \r\n</p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe N<sub>2</sub>O programme focuses on manipulating some of the <strong>N inputs</strong> that drive the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O released and on manipulating the <strong>processes</strong> that form and release N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nManipulating <strong>N inputs</strong> investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating <strong>processes</strong> will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N<sub>2</sub>O/N<sub>2</sub> ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4).\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/170/N2O programme.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"N2O objectives\" title=\"N2O objectives\" width=\"566\" height=\"377\" />\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a></strong><br />\r\nPeople</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></strong><br />\r\nCapability</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"outcomes\" title=\"outcomes\"></a><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'Comprehensive research undertaken in NZ has already demonstrated that nitrification inhibitors provide a potent method for reducing N2O emissions from urine patches deposited on pasture during winter. Research funded by the NZAGRC addresses the challenge of optimising these inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased. Research is also being undertaken to better understand denitrification processes and better quantify the relationship between urine N concentration and N2O emissions. The portfolio of research is completed by a project on how much N2O is emitted by plant leaves and a project exploring the potential to produce high agronomic value forages with a nitrogen content more in line with the requirements of ruminant animals. \r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\nThe N2O programme focuses on manipulating some of the N inputs that drive the quantity of N2O released and on manipulating the processes that form and release N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nManipulating N inputs investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating processes will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N2O/N2 ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N2O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPeople \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCapability \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nStories', '60be32997cc6fd36eddac3a060087846', 62, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 00:31:44', NULL, '2012-02-21 00:31:44'),
(397, '<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">&nbsp;<img src=\"user/image/large/170/N2O programme.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"N2O objectives\" title=\"N2O objectives\" width=\"566\" height=\"377\" /></span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Goals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe N<sub>2</sub>O programme focuses on manipulating some of the <strong>N inputs</strong> that drive the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O released and on manipulating the <strong>processes</strong> that form and release N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nManipulating <strong>N inputs</strong> investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating <strong>processes</strong> will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N<sub>2</sub>O/N<sub>2</sub> ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a></strong><br />\r\nPeople</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></strong><br />\r\nCapability</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"outcomes\" title=\"outcomes\"></a><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'Goals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nThe N2O programme focuses on manipulating some of the N inputs that drive the quantity of N2O released and on manipulating the processes that form and release N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nManipulating N inputs investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating processes will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N2O/N2 ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N2O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPeople \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCapability \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nStories', 'c9e849ca20722c335a96ec9f8a9401d6', 62, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 00:33:37', NULL, '2012-02-21 00:33:37');
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(398, '<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Goals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe N<sub>2</sub>O programme focuses on manipulating some of the <strong>N inputs</strong> that drive the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O released and on manipulating the <strong>processes</strong> that form and release N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nManipulating <strong>N inputs</strong> investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating <strong>processes</strong> will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N<sub>2</sub>O/N<sub>2</sub> ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/medium/170/N2O programme.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"N2O objectives\" title=\"N2O objectives\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" />\r\n</p>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.1\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating N inputs\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.2\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof HJ Di\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.3\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.4\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and soil water status\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n<a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a><br />\r\n<strong class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University<br />\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch <br />\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<font face=\"#mce_temp_font#\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></font>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><font face=\"#mce_temp_font#\">\r\n<p>\r\n<font face=\"#mce_temp_font#\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></font>\r\n</p>\r\n</font>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><font face=\"#mce_temp_font#\">\r\n<p>\r\n<font face=\"#mce_temp_font#\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></font>\r\n</p>\r\n</font>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><font face=\"#mce_temp_font#\">\r\n<p>\r\n<font face=\"#mce_temp_font#\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></font>\r\n</p>\r\n</font>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><font face=\"#mce_temp_font#\">\r\n<p>\r\n<font face=\"#mce_temp_font#\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></font>\r\n</p>\r\n</font>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a><br />\r\nCapability</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"outcomes\" title=\"outcomes\"></a><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'Goals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nThe N2O programme focuses on manipulating some of the N inputs that drive the quantity of N2O released and on manipulating the processes that form and release N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nManipulating N inputs investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating processes will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N2O/N2 ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N2O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.1\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating N inputs\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.2\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof HJ Di\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.3\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.4\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			N2O emissions and soil water status\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators\r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCapability \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nStories', '8ed46c52ad84ec1d3a60cb6e0ecef022', 62, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 00:38:07', NULL, '2012-02-21 00:38:07'),
(399, '<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Goals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe N<sub>2</sub>O programme focuses on manipulating some of the <strong>N inputs</strong> that drive the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O released and on manipulating the <strong>processes</strong> that form and release N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nManipulating <strong>N inputs</strong> investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating <strong>processes</strong> will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N<sub>2</sub>O/N<sub>2</sub> ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/medium/170/N2O%20programme.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"N2O objectives\" title=\"N2O objectives\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" /> \r\n</p>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating N inputs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof HJ Di \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and soil water status \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n<a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a><br />\r\n<strong class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators</strong> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University<br />\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nCSIRO Australia<br />\r\nDairyNZ<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nPastoral-21<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nRavensdown<br />\r\nSLMACC\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 5 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 8&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Goals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nThe N2O programme focuses on manipulating some of the N inputs that drive the quantity of N2O released and on manipulating the processes that form and release N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nManipulating N inputs investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating processes will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N2O/N2 ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N2O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating N inputs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof HJ Di \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			N2O emissions and soil water status \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nCSIRO Australia\r\nDairyNZ\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nPastoral-21\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nRavensdown\r\nSLMACC\r\n\r\n\r\nStories\r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 5 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 8', '8f6f0f23689bb8a22a5c3a141c9d0825', 62, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:03:55', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:03:55'),
(400, '2.1 Manipulating N inputs', '2.1 Manipulating N inputs', 'a335adc5bac270a3bd0d103ba3b6d2ea', 73, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:06:40', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:06:40'),
(401, '<p class=\"h3\">\r\nObjective Leader - Dr Cecile de Klein (AgResearch)\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThis objective investigates ways to manipulate the N inputs into the pastoral system though plant breeding/selection and plant management options. The plant breeding/selection component focuses on exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species to produce high yielding plants with low N content. This research combines molecular biology, plant physiology and ecology to alter the fundamental biology of forage plants&#39; strategies for utilising N that has already been captured by the plants and convert it into DM. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nHigh yielding plants with low N content will not only reduce the total N input to the system, but also alter the N concentration of animal urine deposited to pasture. Over 80% of the national N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are derived from animal urine and the effect of N concentration on N<sub>2</sub>O emissions can have a major impact on total emissions. This objective will establish the relationship between N concentration in the urine and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, to fully assess the effectiveness of this mitigation option (and other options that will impact on the N concentration of animal urine) on reducing the agricultural N<sub>2</sub>O emissions.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe plant management component of this objective focuses on understanding and manipulating N<sub>2</sub>O emitted by leaves. Previous work has shown that plants can emit N<sub>2</sub>O in three ways: 1. N<sub>2</sub>O produced by soil micro-organisms is transported to the atmosphere through the plant. 2. N<sub>2</sub>O is produced by microorganisms (ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)) on plant leaves 3. N<sub>2</sub>O is produced by the plant during photo-assimilation of nitrogen. The work in this objective will quantify the contributions from each of these pathways and screen plants for variation in their potential to emit N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<strong>Key research questions:</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	1. What are key gene targets that regulate plant growth?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	2. Can exogenous growth stimulants be developed that promote plant growth under N limitation?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	3. What is the relationship between urine N concentration and the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factor?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	4. What is the relative contribution of plant canopy N<sub>2</sub>O emissions to total pasture emissions?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	5. What is the relative contribution of the three different pathways to N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from plant canopy?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\n<strong>Significant new knowledge:</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	Putative key molecular factors limiting plant growth under N limitation; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	The potential for developing novel pasture species that can produce more DM per unit of N supplied; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	Assessment of the impact of developing these species on N intake, milk yield, N excretion rates and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	Assessment of the effectiveness of N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation strategies that alter the urine N concentration and N excretion rates;\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	Assessment of the relative importance of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through plant canopy in relation to total pasture N<sub>2</sub>O emissions.\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"h5\">\r\n<strong>2.1 - Progress in 2009/2010</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nWork has been completed in three milestones, each pertaining to a separate area of work: 1) exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species; 2) assessing the effect of urine N concentration on the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factor, and 3) quantifying the importance of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from the plant canopy.\r\n</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	An early career scientist has been successfully recruited and a project plan and key experiments have been designed and presented at a N<sub>2</sub>O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. Based on extensive literature review and experimental evidence we have identified as key gene targets linking plant growth to nutrient and other environmental conditions gene products which are related to the reception, synthesis, and signalling of gibberellins, which are key regulators of plant growth\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	Two field experiments have been established to determine the effect of urine N concentration on the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors. The rates of N applied equate to 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 kg N/ha, and thus span the urine N deposition rates common to pastoral animals.\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	An experimental set-up to systematically quantify different pathways of N<sub>2</sub>O release from the plant canopy has been designed and presented at a N<sub>2</sub>O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. This set-up uses a hydroponic system with ammonium as an N source only to minimise any N<sub>2</sub>O emissions other than those from the plant canopy\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"h5\">\r\n<strong>2.1 - Progress in 2010/2011</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nTrials to confirm the critical importance of gibberellins in regulation of growth ryegrass were undertaken.&nbsp; Our results clearly show that defoliation of ryegrass results in a shift from reserve carbohydrate (CHO) accumulation to CHO mobilisation and that this is regulated by endogenous levels of gibberellins.&nbsp; This endogenous supply of gibberellins results in the growth of tissues, which because of defoliation, are resource deprived.&nbsp; A second series of trials has been initiated to test the effect of an exogenous supply of gibberellins on plant growth when N is the resource limiting plant growth.&nbsp; A peer-reviewed paper on the effects of defoliation on gibberelin synthesis has been drafted.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nIt is still an open question as to whether urinary N concentration itself influences the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O emitted per unit of N deposited in urine patches.&nbsp; This has important implications both for inventory and for potential mitigation practices.&nbsp; Field studies undertaken this year suggest that N<sub>2</sub>O emission per unit of deposited N is relatively constant for low urine N concentrations between 2 and 8 g N/l, but tended to increase at high concentrations of 10 and 12 g N/l.&nbsp; Typical urinary N concentrations in New Zealand are 8g N/l.&nbsp; Initial indications arising from the first year of these studies are (1) that N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation strategies that reduce urine N concentration from &lsquo;typical&#39; to &lsquo;low&#39; but don&#39;t reduce the total amount of N excreted, might have limited impact on reducing N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and (2) that the constant figure currently used in national inventory calculations is appropriate.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nA prototype experimental unit consisting root and shoot chamber was constructed to test pasture canopy N<sub>2</sub>O.&nbsp; This experimental unit allows the team to measure and quantify N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from pasture plants and to assess the contribution of this loss pathway relative to N<sub>2</sub>O losses directly from soil.&nbsp; A series of experiments have been conducted during 2010/11.&nbsp; Testing of the experimental unit identified some issues relating to air tightness of the unit, and an improved design was developed with the AgResearch engineering team.&nbsp; This improved unit is now being built and will be tested by 31 July 2011. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h7\" align=\"justify\">\r\nDISCLAIMER:&nbsp; The&nbsp;above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only. &nbsp;Therefore, they may be subject to change. \r\n</p>\r\n', 'Objective Leader - Dr Cecile de Klein (AgResearch)\r\n\r\n\r\nThis objective investigates ways to manipulate the N inputs into the pastoral system though plant breeding/selection and plant management options. The plant breeding/selection component focuses on exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species to produce high yielding plants with low N content. This research combines molecular biology, plant physiology and ecology to alter the fundamental biology of forage plants&#39; strategies for utilising N that has already been captured by the plants and convert it into DM. \r\n\r\n\r\nHigh yielding plants with low N content will not only reduce the total N input to the system, but also alter the N concentration of animal urine deposited to pasture. Over 80% of the national N2O emissions are derived from animal urine and the effect of N concentration on N2O emissions can have a major impact on total emissions. This objective will establish the relationship between N concentration in the urine and N2O emissions, to fully assess the effectiveness of this mitigation option (and other options that will impact on the N concentration of animal urine) on reducing the agricultural N2O emissions.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe plant management component of this objective focuses on understanding and manipulating N2O emitted by leaves. Previous work has shown that plants can emit N2O in three ways: 1. N2O produced by soil micro-organisms is transported to the atmosphere through the plant. 2. N2O is produced by microorganisms (ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)) on plant leaves 3. N2O is produced by the plant during photo-assimilation of nitrogen. The work in this objective will quantify the contributions from each of these pathways and screen plants for variation in their potential to emit N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nKey research questions:\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	1. What are key gene targets that regulate plant growth?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	2. Can exogenous growth stimulants be developed that promote plant growth under N limitation?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	3. What is the relationship between urine N concentration and the N2O emission factor?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	4. What is the relative contribution of plant canopy N2O emissions to total pasture emissions?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	5. What is the relative contribution of the three different pathways to N2O emissions from plant canopy?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\nSignificant new knowledge:\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Putative key molecular factors limiting plant growth under N limitation; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	The potential for developing novel pasture species that can produce more DM per unit of N supplied; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Assessment of the impact of developing these species on N intake, milk yield, N excretion rates and N2O emissions; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Assessment of the effectiveness of N2O mitigation strategies that alter the urine N concentration and N excretion rates;\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Assessment of the relative importance of N2O emissions through plant canopy in relation to total pasture N2O emissions.\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n2.1 - Progress in 2009/2010\r\n\r\n\r\nWork has been completed in three milestones, each pertaining to a separate area of work: 1) exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species; 2) assessing the effect of urine N concentration on the N2O emission factor, and 3) quantifying the importance of N2O emissions from the plant canopy.\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	An early career scientist has been successfully recruited and a project plan and key experiments have been designed and presented at a N2O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. Based on extensive literature review and experimental evidence we have identified as key gene targets linking plant growth to nutrient and other environmental conditions gene products which are related to the reception, synthesis, and signalling of gibberellins, which are key regulators of plant growth\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Two field experiments have been established to determine the effect of urine N concentration on the N2O emission factors. The rates of N applied equate to 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 kg N/ha, and thus span the urine N deposition rates common to pastoral animals.\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	An experimental set-up to systematically quantify different pathways of N2O release from the plant canopy has been designed and presented at a N2O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. This set-up uses a hydroponic system with ammonium as an N source only to minimise any N2O emissions other than those from the plant canopy\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n2.1 - Progress in 2010/2011\r\n\r\n\r\nTrials to confirm the critical importance of gibberellins in regulation of growth ryegrass were undertaken.  Our results clearly show that defoliation of ryegrass results in a shift from reserve carbohydrate (CHO) accumulation to CHO mobilisation and that this is regulated by endogenous levels of gibberellins.  This endogenous supply of gibberellins results in the growth of tissues, which because of defoliation, are resource deprived.  A second series of trials has been initiated to test the effect of an exogenous supply of gibberellins on plant growth when N is the resource limiting plant growth.  A peer-reviewed paper on the effects of defoliation on gibberelin synthesis has been drafted.\r\n\r\n\r\nIt is still an open question as to whether urinary N concentration itself influences the quantity of N2O emitted per unit of N deposited in urine patches.  This has important implications both for inventory and for potential mitigation practices.  Field studies undertaken this year suggest that N2O emission per unit of deposited N is relatively constant for low urine N concentrations between 2 and 8 g N/l, but tended to increase at high concentrations of 10 and 12 g N/l.  Typical urinary N concentrations in New Zealand are 8g N/l.  Initial indications arising from the first year of these studies are (1) that N2O mitigation strategies that reduce urine N concentration from ‘typical&#39; to ‘low&#39; but don&#39;t reduce the total amount of N excreted, might have limited impact on reducing N2O emissions and (2) that the constant figure currently used in national inventory calculations is appropriate.\r\n\r\n\r\nA prototype experimental unit consisting root and shoot chamber was constructed to test pasture canopy N2O.  This experimental unit allows the team to measure and quantify N2O emissions from pasture plants and to assess the contribution of this loss pathway relative to N2O losses directly from soil.  A series of experiments have been conducted during 2010/11.  Testing of the experimental unit identified some issues relating to air tightness of the unit, and an improved design was developed with the AgResearch engineering team.  This improved unit is now being built and will be tested by 31 July 2011. \r\n\r\n\r\nDISCLAIMER:  The above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only.  Therefore, they may be subject to change.', '7607617c337165a9f04ea956882e564b', 74, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:12:43', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:12:43'),
(402, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nIncreasing the quantity of&nbsp;carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n</p>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.1\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Mike Beare\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.2\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.3\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.4\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr David Whitehead\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.5\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong>\r\n<p>\r\n<a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a><br />\r\nPeople \r\n</p>\r\n</strong></span>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></strong><br />\r\nCapability</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"outcomes\" title=\"outcomes\"></a><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nIncreasing the quantity of carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.1\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Mike Beare\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.2\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.3\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.4\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Whitehead\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.5\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPeople \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCapability \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nStories', '12b3d18f0342ed4e04e2d2c5694b1750', 63, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:21:02', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:21:02'),
(403, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector.<a name=\"goals\" title=\"goals\"></a> \r\n</p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives \r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH<sub>4</sub> programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.<br />\r\n</p>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.6 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.7 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a></strong><br />\r\nPrincipal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAnimalCHANGE <br />\r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries <br />\r\nDPI Queensland&nbsp; <br />\r\nGlobal Research Alliance <br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nNIWA<br />\r\nPGgRc<br />\r\nScottish Agricultural College<br />\r\nSLMACC<br />\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5 \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH4 programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n\r\n\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.6 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.7 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAnimalCHANGE \r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries \r\nDPI Queensland  \r\nGlobal Research Alliance \r\nLandcare Research\r\nNIWA\r\nPGgRc\r\nScottish Agricultural College\r\nSLMACC\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5', '6667f2d3e994ba6344f4cf1058a3954c', 40, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:21:39', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:21:39');
INSERT INTO `mix_html_revision` (`html_revision_id`, `html`, `html_search`, `html_md5`, `html_id`, `status`, `user_id`, `created_date`, `pending_date`, `published_date`) VALUES
(404, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nIncreasing the quantity of&nbsp;carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n<a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\n<strong class=\"h5\">&nbsp;</strong><strong class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators&nbsp;</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"outcomes\" title=\"outcomes\"></a><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nAgriculture &amp; AgriFood, Canada<br />\r\nColorado State University, USA<br />\r\nCSIRO Land &amp; Water, Australia<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nScion<br />\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA<br />\r\nWaikato University\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4 <br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nIncreasing the quantity of carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Principal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nAgriculture & AgriFood, Canada\r\nColorado State University, USA\r\nCSIRO Land & Water, Australia\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nScion\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA\r\nWaikato University\r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4', 'cd96068a399f92b1cf367de532a7eb27', 63, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:31:24', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:31:24'),
(405, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe Centre&#39;s integrated solutions research programme concentrates initially on developing the tools needed to design novel, practical, credible and cost effective low GHG emitting farm systems. The Centre&#39;s programme of work&nbsp;is fully integrated with a companion programme, Farm Management and GHG Manipulation, funded by SLMACC. The Centre&#39;s work programme initially focuses in two areas: modelling enteric CH<sub>4</sub> emissions and modelling N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from grazed pastures; modelling soil carbon processes is a focus of the soil carbon research programme. Models currently exist for both of these processes but they are either too simple to provide new insights (e.g. inventory procedures used by Overseer/Farmax) or complex, requiring input data that are unavailable, and are not validated for NZ. The development of these new improved models will rely on the work being conducted in the programmes of work on CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O and soil carbon. \r\n</p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives</span> <br />\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			4.1\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Mechanistic modelling of enteric CH<sub>4</sub> production\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr David Pacheco\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			May 10 - Jun 13\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			4.2\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Improved N<sub>2</sub>O Component Modelling \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Iris Vogeler\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			May 10 - Jun 13\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong>\r\n<p>\r\n<a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a><br />\r\nPrincipal Investigators\r\n</p>\r\n</strong>\r\n<p>\r\nMr Dave Clark, DairyNZ<br />\r\nDr Robyn Dynes, AgResearch<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p>\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nCSIRO<br />\r\nDairyNZ<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLUCI<br />\r\nSLMACC<br />\r\nUniversity of Guelph<br />\r\nUniversity of Manitoba<br />\r\nUniversity of Melbourne<br />\r\nUniversity of Washington<br />\r\nWageningen University\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 7<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 5 <br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Centre&#39;s integrated solutions research programme concentrates initially on developing the tools needed to design novel, practical, credible and cost effective low GHG emitting farm systems. The Centre&#39;s programme of work is fully integrated with a companion programme, Farm Management and GHG Manipulation, funded by SLMACC. The Centre&#39;s work programme initially focuses in two areas: modelling enteric CH4 emissions and modelling N2O emissions from grazed pastures; modelling soil carbon processes is a focus of the soil carbon research programme. Models currently exist for both of these processes but they are either too simple to provide new insights (e.g. inventory procedures used by Overseer/Farmax) or complex, requiring input data that are unavailable, and are not validated for NZ. The development of these new improved models will rely on the work being conducted in the programmes of work on CH4, N2O and soil carbon. \r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n  \r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			4.1\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Mechanistic modelling of enteric CH4 production\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Pacheco\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 13\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			4.2\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Improved N2O Component Modelling \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Iris Vogeler\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 13\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMr Dave Clark, DairyNZ\r\nDr Robyn Dynes, AgResearch\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch\r\nCSIRO\r\nDairyNZ\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLUCI\r\nSLMACC\r\nUniversity of Guelph\r\nUniversity of Manitoba\r\nUniversity of Melbourne\r\nUniversity of Washington\r\nWageningen University\r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 7\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 5', 'dcbc57361f9d9f88b150c115df503f9f', 64, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:39:41', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:39:41'),
(406, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nIncreasing the quantity of&nbsp;carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n<a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\n<strong class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators&nbsp;</strong> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"outcomes\" title=\"outcomes\"></a><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nAgriculture &amp; AgriFood, Canada<br />\r\nColorado State University, USA<br />\r\nCSIRO Land &amp; Water, Australia<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nScion<br />\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA<br />\r\nWaikato University \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4 <br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nIncreasing the quantity of carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators  \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nAgriculture & AgriFood, Canada\r\nColorado State University, USA\r\nCSIRO Land & Water, Australia\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nScion\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA\r\nWaikato University \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4', 'fac10b8a1f26639562549931266fd568', 63, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:40:01', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:40:01'),
(407, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe role of NZAGRC Science Leadership Team (SLT) is to play a key&nbsp;part in the development, implementation and monitoring of all of the Centre&rsquo;s science programmes and strategies.&nbsp; It consists of respected New Zealand-based researchers with excellent science&nbsp;credentials accompanied by strong leadership, communication, strategic and inter-personal skills with expertise in those areas of science covered in the&nbsp;NZAGRC Strategy and Science Plan. Membership is agreed by the Steering Group and includes the NZAGRC Principal Investigators in addition to the Centre Director and Centre Operations Manager.&nbsp;&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Graeme Attwood</span> AgResearch <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Mr Dave Clark</span> DairyNZ <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Cecile DeKlein</span> AgResearch <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Professor Hong Di</span> Lincoln University <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Robyn Dynes</span> AgResearch <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Peter Janssen</span> AgResearch <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Professor Frank Kelliher</span> AgResearch <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr David Whitehead</span> Landcare Research<br />\r\n&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The role of NZAGRC Science Leadership Team (SLT) is to play a key part in the development, implementation and monitoring of all of the Centre’s science programmes and strategies.  It consists of respected New Zealand-based researchers with excellent science credentials accompanied by strong leadership, communication, strategic and inter-personal skills with expertise in those areas of science covered in the NZAGRC Strategy and Science Plan. Membership is agreed by the Steering Group and includes the NZAGRC Principal Investigators in addition to the Centre Director and Centre Operations Manager.   \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Graeme Attwood AgResearch \r\nMr Dave Clark DairyNZ \r\nDr Cecile DeKlein AgResearch \r\nProfessor Hong Di Lincoln University \r\nDr Robyn Dynes AgResearch \r\nDr Peter Janssen AgResearch \r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher AgResearch \r\nDr David Whitehead Landcare Research', 'cb90c6a1c456f70ee144895fd100fdbd', 59, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:40:40', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:40:40'),
(408, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe role of the NZAGRC Steering Group is to oversee the performance of the NZAGRC against its strategic plan.&nbsp;&nbsp;It consists of&nbsp;a senior&nbsp;representative from each of the nine organisations that make up the NZAGRC.&nbsp; Representatives were initially appointed by&nbsp;each organisation&#39;s Chief Executive Officer (or equivalent) in March 2010 and the current members&nbsp;are shown below.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Professor Warren McNabb (Chair)</span> AgResearch <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr David Johns</span> DairyNZ <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Richard Gordon</span> Landcare Research<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Peter John (Deputy Chair)</span> Lincoln University<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Professor Mike Hedley</span> Massey University<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Murray Poulter</span> NIWA<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Warrick Nelson</span>&nbsp;Plant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Mark Aspin</span> PGgRc<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Trevor Stuthridge</span>&nbsp;Scion<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The role of the NZAGRC Steering Group is to oversee the performance of the NZAGRC against its strategic plan.  It consists of a senior representative from each of the nine organisations that make up the NZAGRC.  Representatives were initially appointed by each organisation&#39;s Chief Executive Officer (or equivalent) in March 2010 and the current members are shown below.  \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Warren McNabb (Chair) AgResearch \r\nDr David Johns DairyNZ \r\nDr Richard Gordon Landcare Research\r\nDr Peter John (Deputy Chair) Lincoln University\r\nProfessor Mike Hedley Massey University\r\nDr Murray Poulter NIWA\r\nWarrick Nelson Plant & Food Research\r\nMark Aspin PGgRc\r\nDr Trevor Stuthridge Scion', '2853188d982a5a4d9762624882072e61', 58, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:40:52', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:40:52'),
(409, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe role of the NZAGRC ISAG is to act as an international science excellence review group, advising both the Steering Group and the Centre Director. The core responsibilities of the NZAGRC ISAG are to: \r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"justify\">\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Provide feedback on the strengths and weaknesses in science quality, the Centre Research Strategy and Science Plan and the Business Plan to the Centre Director. \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Recommend steps that the Centre Director and Steering Group should take to address any concerns that ISAG might have, including re-focussing current investment, and collaboration with other research groups. <br />\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nMembership of NZAGRC ISAG is initially for a three year term. Additional members can be added if there are changes in circumstance and/or focus changes or other expertise is required. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe current NZAGRC ISAG has 11 international scientists who are leading experts in their fields and have extensive global research collaboration networks. <br />\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Richard Eckard</span> The University of Melbourne <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Professor Keith Goulding</span> Rothamsted Research <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Peter Kuikman</span> Alterra, Wageningen UR <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Tim McAllister</span> Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Professor Mark Morrison</span> CSIRO, Australia <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Professor Jamie Newbold</span> Aberystwyth University <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Professor Johan Six</span> University of California - Davis <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Professor Keith Smith</span> University of Edinburgh <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Frank O&#39;Mara</span> Teagasc, Ireland <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Professor Pete Smith</span> University of Aberdeen <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dr Jean-Francois Soussana</span> French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)<br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The role of the NZAGRC ISAG is to act as an international science excellence review group, advising both the Steering Group and the Centre Director. The core responsibilities of the NZAGRC ISAG are to: \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Provide feedback on the strengths and weaknesses in science quality, the Centre Research Strategy and Science Plan and the Business Plan to the Centre Director. \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Recommend steps that the Centre Director and Steering Group should take to address any concerns that ISAG might have, including re-focussing current investment, and collaboration with other research groups. \r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMembership of NZAGRC ISAG is initially for a three year term. Additional members can be added if there are changes in circumstance and/or focus changes or other expertise is required. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe current NZAGRC ISAG has 11 international scientists who are leading experts in their fields and have extensive global research collaboration networks. \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Richard Eckard The University of Melbourne \r\nProfessor Keith Goulding Rothamsted Research \r\nDr Peter Kuikman Alterra, Wageningen UR \r\nDr Tim McAllister Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada \r\nProfessor Mark Morrison CSIRO, Australia \r\nProfessor Jamie Newbold Aberystwyth University \r\nProfessor Johan Six University of California - Davis \r\nProfessor Keith Smith University of Edinburgh \r\nDr Frank O&#39;Mara Teagasc, Ireland \r\nProfessor Pete Smith University of Aberdeen \r\nDr Jean-Francois Soussana French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)', '01afaa5e343e8aee671a79459778040f', 60, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:41:11', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:41:11'),
(410, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe role of NZAGRC SAG is to advise the Centre Director and the Steering Group on the direction and the implementation of the Strategy and Science Plan and Business Plan and to actively assist in delivery and uptake of Outcomes arising from Research Projects and Centre activities. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe core responsibilities of the NZAGRC SAG are to: \r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"justify\">\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Advise the NZAGRC Steering Group on a broad range of issues; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Give Stakeholder guidance on and endorse the direction of the Strategy and Science Plan and Business Plan to ensure they meet priority national needs; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Advise on the Stakeholder perspective on the performance of the Centre; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Seek, encourage and integrate co-funding of research; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Actively champion the Centre and its research and assist links between the Centre and stakeholders; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Contribute to decision-making regarding delivery of Outcomes through IP Uptake, actively supporting adoption of New IP. \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nMembership of NZAGRC SAG will vary between one and three years and will be reviewed regularly to ensure that its representatives are best suited to make an effective contribution to the group. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe NZAGRC SAG currently has 12 key industry stakeholders appointed by the NZAGRC Steering Group on the basis of their expertise, industry knowledge and ability to contribute to the responsibilities of the group. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Simon Tucker</span> Dairy Companies Association of NZ <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Rick Pridmore</span> DairyNZ <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Philip Mladenov</span> Fert Research <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Nick Pyke</span> Foundation for Arable Research <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Peter Silcock</span> Horticulture New Zealand <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Richard Wakelin</span> Meat &amp; Wool New Zealand <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dan Coup</span> Meat Industry Association <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Paul Stocks</span> Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Jo Tyndall</span> Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">George Slim</span> Ministry of Science and Innovation <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Sam McIvor</span> New Zealand Pork <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Jamie Tuuta</span> Parininihi Ki Waitotara Incorporation <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Mark Leslie</span> PGgRc \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The role of NZAGRC SAG is to advise the Centre Director and the Steering Group on the direction and the implementation of the Strategy and Science Plan and Business Plan and to actively assist in delivery and uptake of Outcomes arising from Research Projects and Centre activities. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe core responsibilities of the NZAGRC SAG are to: \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Advise the NZAGRC Steering Group on a broad range of issues; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Give Stakeholder guidance on and endorse the direction of the Strategy and Science Plan and Business Plan to ensure they meet priority national needs; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Advise on the Stakeholder perspective on the performance of the Centre; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Seek, encourage and integrate co-funding of research; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Actively champion the Centre and its research and assist links between the Centre and stakeholders; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Contribute to decision-making regarding delivery of Outcomes through IP Uptake, actively supporting adoption of New IP. \r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMembership of NZAGRC SAG will vary between one and three years and will be reviewed regularly to ensure that its representatives are best suited to make an effective contribution to the group. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe NZAGRC SAG currently has 12 key industry stakeholders appointed by the NZAGRC Steering Group on the basis of their expertise, industry knowledge and ability to contribute to the responsibilities of the group. \r\n\r\n\r\nSimon Tucker Dairy Companies Association of NZ \r\nRick Pridmore DairyNZ \r\nPhilip Mladenov Fert Research \r\nNick Pyke Foundation for Arable Research \r\nPeter Silcock Horticulture New Zealand \r\nRichard Wakelin Meat & Wool New Zealand \r\nDan Coup Meat Industry Association \r\nPaul Stocks Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry \r\nJo Tyndall Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade \r\nGeorge Slim Ministry of Science and Innovation \r\nSam McIvor New Zealand Pork \r\nJamie Tuuta Parininihi Ki Waitotara Incorporation \r\nMark Leslie PGgRc', '73b0e1948278c6aa03a14dd3c2267b0a', 61, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:41:25', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:41:25'),
(411, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nNinety five percent&nbsp;of agricultural emissions in New Zealand arise from the pastoral sector.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nFor this reason, the primary focus of the NZAGRC&#39;s activities is on the pastoral sector, although some targeted research in the arable and horticultural areas and non-pastoral livestock will be carried out. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe NZAGRC science programme has been constructed from the recommendations made by leading scientists involved in GHG and associated research. The recommendations arose from a prioritisation process after developing high level strategies for research in: \r\n</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	Methane\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	Nitrous oxide\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div align=\"justify\">\r\n	Soil carbon\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe programme also includes a integrated systems research stream. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThis prioritisation process clearly identified that the NZAGRC&#39;s research should focus on the pastoral sector, but the generic understanding generated in both the soil carbon and nitrous oxide programmes will be applicable to both the arable and horticultural sectors. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe proposed research programmes have been scrutinised by the NZAGRC International Science Advisory Group, NZAGRC Stakeholder Advisory and NZAGRC Steering Group. \r\n</p>\r\n', 'Ninety five percent of agricultural emissions in New Zealand arise from the pastoral sector.  \r\n\r\n\r\nFor this reason, the primary focus of the NZAGRC&#39;s activities is on the pastoral sector, although some targeted research in the arable and horticultural areas and non-pastoral livestock will be carried out. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe NZAGRC science programme has been constructed from the recommendations made by leading scientists involved in GHG and associated research. The recommendations arose from a prioritisation process after developing high level strategies for research in: \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Methane\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Nitrous oxide\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Soil carbon\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\nThe programme also includes a integrated systems research stream. \r\n\r\n\r\nThis prioritisation process clearly identified that the NZAGRC&#39;s research should focus on the pastoral sector, but the generic understanding generated in both the soil carbon and nitrous oxide programmes will be applicable to both the arable and horticultural sectors. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe proposed research programmes have been scrutinised by the NZAGRC International Science Advisory Group, NZAGRC Stakeholder Advisory and NZAGRC Steering Group.', 'c82714c8b239271c0117d16cc5c11a45', 39, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:43:53', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:43:53'),
(412, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\n<span class=\"h2\">Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to<br />\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission<br />\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.</span><br />\r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<br />\r\n<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/146/NZAGRC%20Conference.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NZAGRC Conference\" title=\"NZAGRC Conference\" width=\"583\" height=\"166\" />&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h4\">\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n</p>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference.&nbsp; The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.&nbsp; The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity.&nbsp; Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow <em>sustained absolute reductions</em> whilst <em>supporting projected output growth</em>, new technologies and practices are needed.&nbsp; This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation.&nbsp; The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.&nbsp; Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest.&nbsp; A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.&nbsp; In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward.&nbsp; He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.&nbsp; Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!<br />\r\n<br />\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Research \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"methane.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 1: Methane</span></a><br />\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"nitrous-oxide.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide</span></a><br />\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"soil-carbon.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon</span></a><br />\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"integrated-systems.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems</span></a><br />\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Knowledge</span><br />\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Technologies</span><br />\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Practices</span><br />\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitendunt \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n', 'Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference.  The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.  The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n\r\n\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity.  Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow sustained absolute reductions whilst supporting projected output growth, new technologies and practices are needed.  This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation.  The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.  Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest.  A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n\r\n\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.  In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward.  He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.  \r\n\r\n\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.  Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n\r\n\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Research \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 1: Methane\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Knowledge\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Technologies\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Practices\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitendunt', '1ee99bccd27152f2432a3bd0ffa7205a', 1, 'published', 4, '2012-02-21 01:46:09', NULL, '2012-02-21 01:46:09');
INSERT INTO `mix_html_revision` (`html_revision_id`, `html`, `html_search`, `html_md5`, `html_id`, `status`, `user_id`, `created_date`, `pending_date`, `published_date`) VALUES
(413, '<div align=\"left\">\r\n<br />\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector.<a name=\"goals\" title=\"goals\"></a> \r\n</p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives \r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH<sub>4</sub> programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.<br />\r\n</p>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.6 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.7 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a></strong><br />\r\nPrincipal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAnimalCHANGE <br />\r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries <br />\r\nDPI Queensland&nbsp; <br />\r\nGlobal Research Alliance <br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nNIWA<br />\r\nPGgRc<br />\r\nScottish Agricultural College<br />\r\nSLMACC<br />\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5 \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH4 programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n\r\n\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.6 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.7 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAnimalCHANGE \r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries \r\nDPI Queensland  \r\nGlobal Research Alliance \r\nLandcare Research\r\nNIWA\r\nPGgRc\r\nScottish Agricultural College\r\nSLMACC\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5', 'b03187c7da0fdbfda59e9e00a3acc9eb', 40, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:25:46', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:25:46'),
(414, '<p class=\"h3\">\r\nObjective Leader - Dr David Pacheco (AgResearch) \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nPractical strategies to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are urgently sought, particularly for ruminant enteric methane, which forms 31% of New Zealand&#39;s total greenhouse gas inventory (Pinares-Patino <em>et al</em>, 2009).&nbsp; The most successful strategies will be those that lead to a profitable increase in animal productivity, as well as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, not just those of enteric methane alone. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nDietary fat supplements, especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce enteric methane emissions, but oil production for animal feed is usually associated with increased net greenhouse gas emissions (Beauchemin <em>et al</em>, 2008, 2009; Grainger <em>et al</em>, 2010).&nbsp; Eicosahexanoic acid (EPA or C20:5) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA or C22:6) are the major bioactive unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil and marine algae (Givens <em>et al</em>, 2000).&nbsp; <em>In-vitro</em> studies suggest that EPA and DHA may reduce methane emissions by up to 80% (Fievez <em>et al</em>, 2003) and marine algae by greater than 92% (Bozic <em>et al</em>, 2009).&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nA commercial DHA microalgae supplement has been shown to reduce dry matter intake and increase milk yield of dairy cows (Boeckaert <em>et al</em>, 2008).&nbsp; Seaweeds and algae are more digestible than many terrestrial plants, due to less cellulose and more starch.&nbsp; However, <em>in-vivo</em> trials feeding algae or algae products where methane emissions have been measured have not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature, although it is understood these are underway in Australia (Chris Grainger, pers comm., Tony Parker, pers comm.). \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nMicroalgae offer a means of supplementing animals with a source of unsaturated fatty acids with believed potent methane mitigation potential that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp; Microalgae of freshwater and marine origin can be cultivated to treat wastewaters of human, agricultural and industrial origin e.g. from sewage and effluents from dairy farms, piggeries, aquaculture facilities and fossil fuel fired power stations.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nNew Zealand research by NIWA has developed wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and there are several demonstration facilities that could provide sufficient biomass for harvest and potential use as a methane-mitigating animal feed supplement.&nbsp; Meanwhile, in Australia, researchers at James Cook University (T. Parker and R. de Nys) have been attempting to feed marine macroalgae cultivated in the University algal farm to cattle to reduce methane emissions.&nbsp; However, they have recently moved to producing freshwater microalgae to avoid suspected iodine toxicity in cattle initially fed algae of marine origin.&nbsp; These researchers are also to test a microalgal meal, a bi-product from microalgal oil production from a bio-sequestration &lsquo;algal synthesiser&#39; farm associated with a coal-fired power station, for methane mitigation potential in cattle (T. St Clair and T. Parker, pers comm.). \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThis project capitalises on these very recent developments to keep New Zealand at the forefront of enteric methane mitigation research.&nbsp; Microalgal supplements of NZ and Australian origin will be evaluated for methane mitigation potential in sheep using the &lsquo;gold-standard&#39; calorimetry facility at AgResearch.&nbsp; If successful, we may have a nutrition supplement capable of both reducing methane emissions and enhancing animal production, at a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>1.1 - Progress in 2009/2010</strong> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nAn international review of the literature of the potential of micro- and macro-algae or algae bi-products such as oil or meal as feed supplements for reducing ruminant enteric methane emissions has been initiated.&nbsp; This has included sourcing information on algae of fresh water and marine origin.&nbsp; The review will include the chemical composition of algal biomass for enteric methane emission reduction and the risks to animal health from feeding wastewater-grown algae. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nInitial samples of algal biomass grown in NIWA&#39;s domestic wastewater treatment ponds at Ruakura have been shown to contain 20-30% total lipid, with results for individual fatty acids pending.&nbsp; Further sampling over the next 4 months will also include the algae from NIWA designed ponds at DairyNZ, Hamilton and Christchurch wastewater treatment plant and will also be analysed for polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the total lipid, in addition to all other aspects of chemical composition and toxicology (Massey University).&nbsp; From this, the three NZ sources of microalgae can be compared and any risks to animal health from feeding these sources of algae can be identified.&nbsp; In October, the best source of algae for feeding to sheep will be identified so that the required quantities can be collected before the animal trial commences in January 2011. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nInitial discussions have been held with Australian researchers (James Cook University) on similar trials that they have already conducted supplementing the diet of cattle with macroalgae harvested from a coastal lagoon. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>1.1 - Progress in 2010/2011</strong> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe objectives of this programme have been fully achieved after some modifications to the original milestones.&nbsp; Microalgae from two waste water ponds and two marine algae of NZ origin were grown, collected, and analysed for fatty acid and lipid composition.&nbsp; The two samples with the highest lipid concentrations were then tested in the laboratory for their ability to reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.&nbsp; No reduction in emissions was recorded, probably because the level of lipids in these samples was too low to reproduce the results from other studies demonstrating that feeds with a high lipid content can decrease CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.&nbsp; This work was therefore discontinued.&nbsp; An alternative algal species was incubated with ryegrass in an <em>in-vitro</em> batch test and this reduced CH<sub>4</sub> production.&nbsp; The next stage of this work will be to repeat the work under the more realistic conditions of a continuous culture test and to further assess the practicalities of using marine algae like this as CH<sub>4</sub> mitigation agents.&nbsp; The next stage of this work will be carried out under the MITIGAS component of an AgResearch SLMACC funded programme. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>DISCLAIMER:&nbsp; The&nbsp;above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only. &nbsp;Therefore, they may be subject to change. </strong>\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Objective Leader - Dr David Pacheco (AgResearch) \r\n\r\n\r\nPractical strategies to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are urgently sought, particularly for ruminant enteric methane, which forms 31% of New Zealand&#39;s total greenhouse gas inventory (Pinares-Patino et al, 2009).  The most successful strategies will be those that lead to a profitable increase in animal productivity, as well as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, not just those of enteric methane alone. \r\n\r\n\r\nDietary fat supplements, especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce enteric methane emissions, but oil production for animal feed is usually associated with increased net greenhouse gas emissions (Beauchemin et al, 2008, 2009; Grainger et al, 2010).  Eicosahexanoic acid (EPA or C20:5) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA or C22:6) are the major bioactive unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil and marine algae (Givens et al, 2000).  In-vitro studies suggest that EPA and DHA may reduce methane emissions by up to 80% (Fievez et al, 2003) and marine algae by greater than 92% (Bozic et al, 2009).  \r\n\r\n\r\nA commercial DHA microalgae supplement has been shown to reduce dry matter intake and increase milk yield of dairy cows (Boeckaert et al, 2008).  Seaweeds and algae are more digestible than many terrestrial plants, due to less cellulose and more starch.  However, in-vivo trials feeding algae or algae products where methane emissions have been measured have not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature, although it is understood these are underway in Australia (Chris Grainger, pers comm., Tony Parker, pers comm.). \r\n\r\n\r\nMicroalgae offer a means of supplementing animals with a source of unsaturated fatty acids with believed potent methane mitigation potential that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.  Microalgae of freshwater and marine origin can be cultivated to treat wastewaters of human, agricultural and industrial origin e.g. from sewage and effluents from dairy farms, piggeries, aquaculture facilities and fossil fuel fired power stations.  \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand research by NIWA has developed wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and there are several demonstration facilities that could provide sufficient biomass for harvest and potential use as a methane-mitigating animal feed supplement.  Meanwhile, in Australia, researchers at James Cook University (T. Parker and R. de Nys) have been attempting to feed marine macroalgae cultivated in the University algal farm to cattle to reduce methane emissions.  However, they have recently moved to producing freshwater microalgae to avoid suspected iodine toxicity in cattle initially fed algae of marine origin.  These researchers are also to test a microalgal meal, a bi-product from microalgal oil production from a bio-sequestration ‘algal synthesiser&#39; farm associated with a coal-fired power station, for methane mitigation potential in cattle (T. St Clair and T. Parker, pers comm.). \r\n\r\n\r\nThis project capitalises on these very recent developments to keep New Zealand at the forefront of enteric methane mitigation research.  Microalgal supplements of NZ and Australian origin will be evaluated for methane mitigation potential in sheep using the ‘gold-standard&#39; calorimetry facility at AgResearch.  If successful, we may have a nutrition supplement capable of both reducing methane emissions and enhancing animal production, at a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n\r\n\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2009/2010 \r\n\r\n\r\nAn international review of the literature of the potential of micro- and macro-algae or algae bi-products such as oil or meal as feed supplements for reducing ruminant enteric methane emissions has been initiated.  This has included sourcing information on algae of fresh water and marine origin.  The review will include the chemical composition of algal biomass for enteric methane emission reduction and the risks to animal health from feeding wastewater-grown algae. \r\n\r\n\r\nInitial samples of algal biomass grown in NIWA&#39;s domestic wastewater treatment ponds at Ruakura have been shown to contain 20-30% total lipid, with results for individual fatty acids pending.  Further sampling over the next 4 months will also include the algae from NIWA designed ponds at DairyNZ, Hamilton and Christchurch wastewater treatment plant and will also be analysed for polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the total lipid, in addition to all other aspects of chemical composition and toxicology (Massey University).  From this, the three NZ sources of microalgae can be compared and any risks to animal health from feeding these sources of algae can be identified.  In October, the best source of algae for feeding to sheep will be identified so that the required quantities can be collected before the animal trial commences in January 2011. \r\n\r\n\r\nInitial discussions have been held with Australian researchers (James Cook University) on similar trials that they have already conducted supplementing the diet of cattle with macroalgae harvested from a coastal lagoon. \r\n\r\n\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2010/2011 \r\n\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this programme have been fully achieved after some modifications to the original milestones.  Microalgae from two waste water ponds and two marine algae of NZ origin were grown, collected, and analysed for fatty acid and lipid composition.  The two samples with the highest lipid concentrations were then tested in the laboratory for their ability to reduce CH4 emissions.  No reduction in emissions was recorded, probably because the level of lipids in these samples was too low to reproduce the results from other studies demonstrating that feeds with a high lipid content can decrease CH4 emissions.  This work was therefore discontinued.  An alternative algal species was incubated with ryegrass in an in-vitro batch test and this reduced CH4 production.  The next stage of this work will be to repeat the work under the more realistic conditions of a continuous culture test and to further assess the practicalities of using marine algae like this as CH4 mitigation agents.  The next stage of this work will be carried out under the MITIGAS component of an AgResearch SLMACC funded programme. \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nDISCLAIMER:  The above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only.  Therefore, they may be subject to change.', 'bdeed8d4056825b2c79811a510c560c0', 72, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:26:07', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:26:07'),
(415, '<p class=\"h3\">\r\nObjective Leader - Dr David Pacheco (AgResearch) \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nPractical strategies to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are urgently sought, particularly for ruminant enteric methane, which forms 31% of New Zealand&#39;s total greenhouse gas inventory (Pinares-Patino <em>et al</em>, 2009).&nbsp; The most successful strategies will be those that lead to a profitable increase in animal productivity, as well as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, not just those of enteric methane alone. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nDietary fat supplements, especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce enteric methane emissions, but oil production for animal feed is usually associated with increased net greenhouse gas emissions (Beauchemin <em>et al</em>, 2008, 2009; Grainger <em>et al</em>, 2010).&nbsp; Eicosahexanoic acid (EPA or C20:5) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA or C22:6) are the major bioactive unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil and marine algae (Givens <em>et al</em>, 2000).&nbsp; <em>In-vitro</em> studies suggest that EPA and DHA may reduce methane emissions by up to 80% (Fievez <em>et al</em>, 2003) and marine algae by greater than 92% (Bozic <em>et al</em>, 2009).&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nA commercial DHA microalgae supplement has been shown to reduce dry matter intake and increase milk yield of dairy cows (Boeckaert <em>et al</em>, 2008).&nbsp; Seaweeds and algae are more digestible than many terrestrial plants, due to less cellulose and more starch.&nbsp; However, <em>in-vivo</em> trials feeding algae or algae products where methane emissions have been measured have not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature, although it is understood these are underway in Australia (Chris Grainger, pers comm., Tony Parker, pers comm.). \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nMicroalgae offer a means of supplementing animals with a source of unsaturated fatty acids with believed potent methane mitigation potential that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp; Microalgae of freshwater and marine origin can be cultivated to treat wastewaters of human, agricultural and industrial origin e.g. from sewage and effluents from dairy farms, piggeries, aquaculture facilities and fossil fuel fired power stations.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nNew Zealand research by NIWA has developed wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and there are several demonstration facilities that could provide sufficient biomass for harvest and potential use as a methane-mitigating animal feed supplement.&nbsp; Meanwhile, in Australia, researchers at James Cook University (T. Parker and R. de Nys) have been attempting to feed marine macroalgae cultivated in the University algal farm to cattle to reduce methane emissions.&nbsp; However, they have recently moved to producing freshwater microalgae to avoid suspected iodine toxicity in cattle initially fed algae of marine origin.&nbsp; These researchers are also to test a microalgal meal, a bi-product from microalgal oil production from a bio-sequestration &lsquo;algal synthesiser&#39; farm associated with a coal-fired power station, for methane mitigation potential in cattle (T. St Clair and T. Parker, pers comm.). \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThis project capitalises on these very recent developments to keep New Zealand at the forefront of enteric methane mitigation research.&nbsp; Microalgal supplements of NZ and Australian origin will be evaluated for methane mitigation potential in sheep using the &lsquo;gold-standard&#39; calorimetry facility at AgResearch.&nbsp; If successful, we may have a nutrition supplement capable of both reducing methane emissions and enhancing animal production, at a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2009/2010 \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nAn international review of the literature of the potential of micro- and macro-algae or algae bi-products such as oil or meal as feed supplements for reducing ruminant enteric methane emissions has been initiated.&nbsp; This has included sourcing information on algae of fresh water and marine origin.&nbsp; The review will include the chemical composition of algal biomass for enteric methane emission reduction and the risks to animal health from feeding wastewater-grown algae. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nInitial samples of algal biomass grown in NIWA&#39;s domestic wastewater treatment ponds at Ruakura have been shown to contain 20-30% total lipid, with results for individual fatty acids pending.&nbsp; Further sampling over the next 4 months will also include the algae from NIWA designed ponds at DairyNZ, Hamilton and Christchurch wastewater treatment plant and will also be analysed for polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the total lipid, in addition to all other aspects of chemical composition and toxicology (Massey University).&nbsp; From this, the three NZ sources of microalgae can be compared and any risks to animal health from feeding these sources of algae can be identified.&nbsp; In October, the best source of algae for feeding to sheep will be identified so that the required quantities can be collected before the animal trial commences in January 2011. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nInitial discussions have been held with Australian researchers (James Cook University) on similar trials that they have already conducted supplementing the diet of cattle with macroalgae harvested from a coastal lagoon. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2010/2011 \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe objectives of this programme have been fully achieved after some modifications to the original milestones.&nbsp; Microalgae from two waste water ponds and two marine algae of NZ origin were grown, collected, and analysed for fatty acid and lipid composition.&nbsp; The two samples with the highest lipid concentrations were then tested in the laboratory for their ability to reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.&nbsp; No reduction in emissions was recorded, probably because the level of lipids in these samples was too low to reproduce the results from other studies demonstrating that feeds with a high lipid content can decrease CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.&nbsp; This work was therefore discontinued.&nbsp; An alternative algal species was incubated with ryegrass in an <em>in-vitro</em> batch test and this reduced CH<sub>4</sub> production.&nbsp; The next stage of this work will be to repeat the work under the more realistic conditions of a continuous culture test and to further assess the practicalities of using marine algae like this as CH<sub>4</sub> mitigation agents.&nbsp; The next stage of this work will be carried out under the MITIGAS component of an AgResearch SLMACC funded programme. \r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>DISCLAIMER:&nbsp; The&nbsp;above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only. &nbsp;Therefore, they may be subject to change. </strong>\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Objective Leader - Dr David Pacheco (AgResearch) \r\n\r\n\r\nPractical strategies to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are urgently sought, particularly for ruminant enteric methane, which forms 31% of New Zealand&#39;s total greenhouse gas inventory (Pinares-Patino et al, 2009).  The most successful strategies will be those that lead to a profitable increase in animal productivity, as well as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, not just those of enteric methane alone. \r\n\r\n\r\nDietary fat supplements, especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce enteric methane emissions, but oil production for animal feed is usually associated with increased net greenhouse gas emissions (Beauchemin et al, 2008, 2009; Grainger et al, 2010).  Eicosahexanoic acid (EPA or C20:5) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA or C22:6) are the major bioactive unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil and marine algae (Givens et al, 2000).  In-vitro studies suggest that EPA and DHA may reduce methane emissions by up to 80% (Fievez et al, 2003) and marine algae by greater than 92% (Bozic et al, 2009).  \r\n\r\n\r\nA commercial DHA microalgae supplement has been shown to reduce dry matter intake and increase milk yield of dairy cows (Boeckaert et al, 2008).  Seaweeds and algae are more digestible than many terrestrial plants, due to less cellulose and more starch.  However, in-vivo trials feeding algae or algae products where methane emissions have been measured have not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature, although it is understood these are underway in Australia (Chris Grainger, pers comm., Tony Parker, pers comm.). \r\n\r\n\r\nMicroalgae offer a means of supplementing animals with a source of unsaturated fatty acids with believed potent methane mitigation potential that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.  Microalgae of freshwater and marine origin can be cultivated to treat wastewaters of human, agricultural and industrial origin e.g. from sewage and effluents from dairy farms, piggeries, aquaculture facilities and fossil fuel fired power stations.  \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand research by NIWA has developed wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and there are several demonstration facilities that could provide sufficient biomass for harvest and potential use as a methane-mitigating animal feed supplement.  Meanwhile, in Australia, researchers at James Cook University (T. Parker and R. de Nys) have been attempting to feed marine macroalgae cultivated in the University algal farm to cattle to reduce methane emissions.  However, they have recently moved to producing freshwater microalgae to avoid suspected iodine toxicity in cattle initially fed algae of marine origin.  These researchers are also to test a microalgal meal, a bi-product from microalgal oil production from a bio-sequestration ‘algal synthesiser&#39; farm associated with a coal-fired power station, for methane mitigation potential in cattle (T. St Clair and T. Parker, pers comm.). \r\n\r\n\r\nThis project capitalises on these very recent developments to keep New Zealand at the forefront of enteric methane mitigation research.  Microalgal supplements of NZ and Australian origin will be evaluated for methane mitigation potential in sheep using the ‘gold-standard&#39; calorimetry facility at AgResearch.  If successful, we may have a nutrition supplement capable of both reducing methane emissions and enhancing animal production, at a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n\r\n\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2009/2010 \r\n\r\n\r\nAn international review of the literature of the potential of micro- and macro-algae or algae bi-products such as oil or meal as feed supplements for reducing ruminant enteric methane emissions has been initiated.  This has included sourcing information on algae of fresh water and marine origin.  The review will include the chemical composition of algal biomass for enteric methane emission reduction and the risks to animal health from feeding wastewater-grown algae. \r\n\r\n\r\nInitial samples of algal biomass grown in NIWA&#39;s domestic wastewater treatment ponds at Ruakura have been shown to contain 20-30% total lipid, with results for individual fatty acids pending.  Further sampling over the next 4 months will also include the algae from NIWA designed ponds at DairyNZ, Hamilton and Christchurch wastewater treatment plant and will also be analysed for polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the total lipid, in addition to all other aspects of chemical composition and toxicology (Massey University).  From this, the three NZ sources of microalgae can be compared and any risks to animal health from feeding these sources of algae can be identified.  In October, the best source of algae for feeding to sheep will be identified so that the required quantities can be collected before the animal trial commences in January 2011. \r\n\r\n\r\nInitial discussions have been held with Australian researchers (James Cook University) on similar trials that they have already conducted supplementing the diet of cattle with macroalgae harvested from a coastal lagoon. \r\n\r\n\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2010/2011 \r\n\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this programme have been fully achieved after some modifications to the original milestones.  Microalgae from two waste water ponds and two marine algae of NZ origin were grown, collected, and analysed for fatty acid and lipid composition.  The two samples with the highest lipid concentrations were then tested in the laboratory for their ability to reduce CH4 emissions.  No reduction in emissions was recorded, probably because the level of lipids in these samples was too low to reproduce the results from other studies demonstrating that feeds with a high lipid content can decrease CH4 emissions.  This work was therefore discontinued.  An alternative algal species was incubated with ryegrass in an in-vitro batch test and this reduced CH4 production.  The next stage of this work will be to repeat the work under the more realistic conditions of a continuous culture test and to further assess the practicalities of using marine algae like this as CH4 mitigation agents.  The next stage of this work will be carried out under the MITIGAS component of an AgResearch SLMACC funded programme. \r\n\r\n\r\nDISCLAIMER:  The above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only.  Therefore, they may be subject to change.', '9572153dfeaeea0490bc7d8bb3e0d720', 72, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:26:38', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:26:38');
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(416, '<p class=\"h3\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Objective Leader - Dr David Pacheco (AgResearch) \r\n</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nPractical strategies to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are urgently sought, particularly for ruminant enteric methane, which forms 31% of New Zealand&#39;s total greenhouse gas inventory (Pinares-Patino <em>et al</em>, 2009).&nbsp; The most successful strategies will be those that lead to a profitable increase in animal productivity, as well as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, not just those of enteric methane alone. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nDietary fat supplements, especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce enteric methane emissions, but oil production for animal feed is usually associated with increased net greenhouse gas emissions (Beauchemin <em>et al</em>, 2008, 2009; Grainger <em>et al</em>, 2010).&nbsp; Eicosahexanoic acid (EPA or C20:5) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA or C22:6) are the major bioactive unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil and marine algae (Givens <em>et al</em>, 2000).&nbsp; <em>In-vitro</em> studies suggest that EPA and DHA may reduce methane emissions by up to 80% (Fievez <em>et al</em>, 2003) and marine algae by greater than 92% (Bozic <em>et al</em>, 2009).&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nA commercial DHA microalgae supplement has been shown to reduce dry matter intake and increase milk yield of dairy cows (Boeckaert <em>et al</em>, 2008).&nbsp; Seaweeds and algae are more digestible than many terrestrial plants, due to less cellulose and more starch.&nbsp; However, <em>in-vivo</em> trials feeding algae or algae products where methane emissions have been measured have not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature, although it is understood these are underway in Australia (Chris Grainger, pers comm., Tony Parker, pers comm.). \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nMicroalgae offer a means of supplementing animals with a source of unsaturated fatty acids with believed potent methane mitigation potential that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp; Microalgae of freshwater and marine origin can be cultivated to treat wastewaters of human, agricultural and industrial origin e.g. from sewage and effluents from dairy farms, piggeries, aquaculture facilities and fossil fuel fired power stations.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nNew Zealand research by NIWA has developed wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and there are several demonstration facilities that could provide sufficient biomass for harvest and potential use as a methane-mitigating animal feed supplement.&nbsp; Meanwhile, in Australia, researchers at James Cook University (T. Parker and R. de Nys) have been attempting to feed marine macroalgae cultivated in the University algal farm to cattle to reduce methane emissions.&nbsp; However, they have recently moved to producing freshwater microalgae to avoid suspected iodine toxicity in cattle initially fed algae of marine origin.&nbsp; These researchers are also to test a microalgal meal, a bi-product from microalgal oil production from a bio-sequestration &lsquo;algal synthesiser&#39; farm associated with a coal-fired power station, for methane mitigation potential in cattle (T. St Clair and T. Parker, pers comm.). \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThis project capitalises on these very recent developments to keep New Zealand at the forefront of enteric methane mitigation research.&nbsp; Microalgal supplements of NZ and Australian origin will be evaluated for methane mitigation potential in sheep using the &lsquo;gold-standard&#39; calorimetry facility at AgResearch.&nbsp; If successful, we may have a nutrition supplement capable of both reducing methane emissions and enhancing animal production, at a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2009/2010 \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nAn international review of the literature of the potential of micro- and macro-algae or algae bi-products such as oil or meal as feed supplements for reducing ruminant enteric methane emissions has been initiated.&nbsp; This has included sourcing information on algae of fresh water and marine origin.&nbsp; The review will include the chemical composition of algal biomass for enteric methane emission reduction and the risks to animal health from feeding wastewater-grown algae. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nInitial samples of algal biomass grown in NIWA&#39;s domestic wastewater treatment ponds at Ruakura have been shown to contain 20-30% total lipid, with results for individual fatty acids pending.&nbsp; Further sampling over the next 4 months will also include the algae from NIWA designed ponds at DairyNZ, Hamilton and Christchurch wastewater treatment plant and will also be analysed for polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the total lipid, in addition to all other aspects of chemical composition and toxicology (Massey University).&nbsp; From this, the three NZ sources of microalgae can be compared and any risks to animal health from feeding these sources of algae can be identified.&nbsp; In October, the best source of algae for feeding to sheep will be identified so that the required quantities can be collected before the animal trial commences in January 2011. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nInitial discussions have been held with Australian researchers (James Cook University) on similar trials that they have already conducted supplementing the diet of cattle with macroalgae harvested from a coastal lagoon. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2010/2011 \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe objectives of this programme have been fully achieved after some modifications to the original milestones.&nbsp; Microalgae from two waste water ponds and two marine algae of NZ origin were grown, collected, and analysed for fatty acid and lipid composition.&nbsp; The two samples with the highest lipid concentrations were then tested in the laboratory for their ability to reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.&nbsp; No reduction in emissions was recorded, probably because the level of lipids in these samples was too low to reproduce the results from other studies demonstrating that feeds with a high lipid content can decrease CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.&nbsp; This work was therefore discontinued.&nbsp; An alternative algal species was incubated with ryegrass in an <em>in-vitro</em> batch test and this reduced CH<sub>4</sub> production.&nbsp; The next stage of this work will be to repeat the work under the more realistic conditions of a continuous culture test and to further assess the practicalities of using marine algae like this as CH<sub>4</sub> mitigation agents.&nbsp; The next stage of this work will be carried out under the MITIGAS component of an AgResearch SLMACC funded programme. \r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>DISCLAIMER:&nbsp; The&nbsp;above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only. &nbsp;Therefore, they may be subject to change. </strong>\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Objective Leader - Dr David Pacheco (AgResearch) \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPractical strategies to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are urgently sought, particularly for ruminant enteric methane, which forms 31% of New Zealand&#39;s total greenhouse gas inventory (Pinares-Patino et al, 2009).  The most successful strategies will be those that lead to a profitable increase in animal productivity, as well as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, not just those of enteric methane alone. \r\n\r\n\r\nDietary fat supplements, especially those containing unsaturated fatty acids, can reduce enteric methane emissions, but oil production for animal feed is usually associated with increased net greenhouse gas emissions (Beauchemin et al, 2008, 2009; Grainger et al, 2010).  Eicosahexanoic acid (EPA or C20:5) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA or C22:6) are the major bioactive unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil and marine algae (Givens et al, 2000).  In-vitro studies suggest that EPA and DHA may reduce methane emissions by up to 80% (Fievez et al, 2003) and marine algae by greater than 92% (Bozic et al, 2009).  \r\n\r\n\r\nA commercial DHA microalgae supplement has been shown to reduce dry matter intake and increase milk yield of dairy cows (Boeckaert et al, 2008).  Seaweeds and algae are more digestible than many terrestrial plants, due to less cellulose and more starch.  However, in-vivo trials feeding algae or algae products where methane emissions have been measured have not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature, although it is understood these are underway in Australia (Chris Grainger, pers comm., Tony Parker, pers comm.). \r\n\r\n\r\nMicroalgae offer a means of supplementing animals with a source of unsaturated fatty acids with believed potent methane mitigation potential that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions.  Microalgae of freshwater and marine origin can be cultivated to treat wastewaters of human, agricultural and industrial origin e.g. from sewage and effluents from dairy farms, piggeries, aquaculture facilities and fossil fuel fired power stations.  \r\n\r\n\r\nNew Zealand research by NIWA has developed wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and there are several demonstration facilities that could provide sufficient biomass for harvest and potential use as a methane-mitigating animal feed supplement.  Meanwhile, in Australia, researchers at James Cook University (T. Parker and R. de Nys) have been attempting to feed marine macroalgae cultivated in the University algal farm to cattle to reduce methane emissions.  However, they have recently moved to producing freshwater microalgae to avoid suspected iodine toxicity in cattle initially fed algae of marine origin.  These researchers are also to test a microalgal meal, a bi-product from microalgal oil production from a bio-sequestration ‘algal synthesiser&#39; farm associated with a coal-fired power station, for methane mitigation potential in cattle (T. St Clair and T. Parker, pers comm.). \r\n\r\n\r\nThis project capitalises on these very recent developments to keep New Zealand at the forefront of enteric methane mitigation research.  Microalgal supplements of NZ and Australian origin will be evaluated for methane mitigation potential in sheep using the ‘gold-standard&#39; calorimetry facility at AgResearch.  If successful, we may have a nutrition supplement capable of both reducing methane emissions and enhancing animal production, at a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions. \r\n\r\n\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2009/2010 \r\n\r\n\r\nAn international review of the literature of the potential of micro- and macro-algae or algae bi-products such as oil or meal as feed supplements for reducing ruminant enteric methane emissions has been initiated.  This has included sourcing information on algae of fresh water and marine origin.  The review will include the chemical composition of algal biomass for enteric methane emission reduction and the risks to animal health from feeding wastewater-grown algae. \r\n\r\n\r\nInitial samples of algal biomass grown in NIWA&#39;s domestic wastewater treatment ponds at Ruakura have been shown to contain 20-30% total lipid, with results for individual fatty acids pending.  Further sampling over the next 4 months will also include the algae from NIWA designed ponds at DairyNZ, Hamilton and Christchurch wastewater treatment plant and will also be analysed for polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the total lipid, in addition to all other aspects of chemical composition and toxicology (Massey University).  From this, the three NZ sources of microalgae can be compared and any risks to animal health from feeding these sources of algae can be identified.  In October, the best source of algae for feeding to sheep will be identified so that the required quantities can be collected before the animal trial commences in January 2011. \r\n\r\n\r\nInitial discussions have been held with Australian researchers (James Cook University) on similar trials that they have already conducted supplementing the diet of cattle with macroalgae harvested from a coastal lagoon. \r\n\r\n\r\n1.1 - Progress in 2010/2011 \r\n\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this programme have been fully achieved after some modifications to the original milestones.  Microalgae from two waste water ponds and two marine algae of NZ origin were grown, collected, and analysed for fatty acid and lipid composition.  The two samples with the highest lipid concentrations were then tested in the laboratory for their ability to reduce CH4 emissions.  No reduction in emissions was recorded, probably because the level of lipids in these samples was too low to reproduce the results from other studies demonstrating that feeds with a high lipid content can decrease CH4 emissions.  This work was therefore discontinued.  An alternative algal species was incubated with ryegrass in an in-vitro batch test and this reduced CH4 production.  The next stage of this work will be to repeat the work under the more realistic conditions of a continuous culture test and to further assess the practicalities of using marine algae like this as CH4 mitigation agents.  The next stage of this work will be carried out under the MITIGAS component of an AgResearch SLMACC funded programme. \r\n\r\n\r\nDISCLAIMER:  The above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only.  Therefore, they may be subject to change.', '1a970898dc8387593dea123a057dd163', 72, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:27:11', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:27:11'),
(417, '<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Goals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe N<sub>2</sub>O programme focuses on manipulating some of the <strong>N inputs</strong> that drive the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O released and on manipulating the <strong>processes</strong> that form and release N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nManipulating <strong>N inputs</strong> investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating <strong>processes</strong> will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N<sub>2</sub>O/N<sub>2</sub> ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/medium/170/N2O%20programme.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"N2O objectives\" title=\"N2O objectives\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" /> \r\n</p>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating N inputs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof HJ Di \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and soil water status \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University<br />\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nCSIRO Australia<br />\r\nDairyNZ<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nPastoral-21<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nRavensdown<br />\r\nSLMACC\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 5 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 8&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Goals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nThe N2O programme focuses on manipulating some of the N inputs that drive the quantity of N2O released and on manipulating the processes that form and release N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nManipulating N inputs investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating processes will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N2O/N2 ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N2O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating N inputs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof HJ Di \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			N2O emissions and soil water status \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nCSIRO Australia\r\nDairyNZ\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nPastoral-21\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nRavensdown\r\nSLMACC\r\n\r\n\r\nStories\r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 5 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 8', 'eff6c4a9124d7ae1f0d7a2e01fea89ea', 62, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:27:45', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:27:45'),
(418, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nIncreasing the quantity of&nbsp;carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n<a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators&nbsp;</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"outcomes\" title=\"outcomes\"></a><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nAgriculture &amp; AgriFood, Canada<br />\r\nColorado State University, USA<br />\r\nCSIRO Land &amp; Water, Australia<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nScion<br />\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA<br />\r\nWaikato University \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4 <br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nIncreasing the quantity of carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators  \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nAgriculture & AgriFood, Canada\r\nColorado State University, USA\r\nCSIRO Land & Water, Australia\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nScion\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA\r\nWaikato University \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4', 'aed5216f4cc6539e055c5f744382fa9a', 63, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:28:27', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:28:27'),
(419, '<div align=\"left\">\r\nThe NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector.<a name=\"goals\" title=\"goals\"></a> \r\n</div>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives \r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH<sub>4</sub> programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.<br />\r\n</p>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.6 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.7 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a></strong><br />\r\nPrincipal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAnimalCHANGE <br />\r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries <br />\r\nDPI Queensland&nbsp; <br />\r\nGlobal Research Alliance <br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nNIWA<br />\r\nPGgRc<br />\r\nScottish Agricultural College<br />\r\nSLMACC<br />\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5 \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH4 programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n\r\n\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.6 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.7 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAnimalCHANGE \r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries \r\nDPI Queensland  \r\nGlobal Research Alliance \r\nLandcare Research\r\nNIWA\r\nPGgRc\r\nScottish Agricultural College\r\nSLMACC\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5', 'e90bb6cc647c775d2c374e1fb1eaf57e', 40, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:28:39', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:28:39'),
(420, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\nThe Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\nIncreasing the quantity of&nbsp;carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n<a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators&nbsp;</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"outcomes\" title=\"outcomes\"></a><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nAgriculture &amp; AgriFood, Canada<br />\r\nColorado State University, USA<br />\r\nCSIRO Land &amp; Water, Australia<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nScion<br />\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA<br />\r\nWaikato University \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4 <br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nIncreasing the quantity of carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators  \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nAgriculture & AgriFood, Canada\r\nColorado State University, USA\r\nCSIRO Land & Water, Australia\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nScion\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA\r\nWaikato University \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4', '1212cd3318c9785f440b6db2f5c07f51', 63, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:29:20', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:29:20');
INSERT INTO `mix_html_revision` (`html_revision_id`, `html`, `html_search`, `html_md5`, `html_id`, `status`, `user_id`, `created_date`, `pending_date`, `published_date`) VALUES
(421, '<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe Centre&#39;s integrated solutions research programme concentrates initially on developing the tools needed to design novel, practical, credible and cost effective low GHG emitting farm systems. The Centre&#39;s programme of work&nbsp;is fully integrated with a companion programme, Farm Management and GHG Manipulation, funded by SLMACC. The Centre&#39;s work programme initially focuses in two areas: modelling enteric CH<sub>4</sub> emissions and modelling N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from grazed pastures; modelling soil carbon processes is a focus of the soil carbon research programme. Models currently exist for both of these processes but they are either too simple to provide new insights (e.g. inventory procedures used by Overseer/Farmax) or complex, requiring input data that are unavailable, and are not validated for NZ. The development of these new improved models will rely on the work being conducted in the programmes of work on CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O and soil carbon. \r\n</p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives</span> <br />\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong>\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			4.1\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Mechanistic modelling of enteric CH<sub>4</sub> production\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr David Pacheco\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			May 10 - Jun 13\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			4.2\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Improved N<sub>2</sub>O Component Modelling \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Iris Vogeler\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			May 10 - Jun 13\r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators\r\n</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nMr Dave Clark, DairyNZ<br />\r\nDr Robyn Dynes, AgResearch<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nCSIRO<br />\r\nDairyNZ<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLUCI<br />\r\nSLMACC<br />\r\nUniversity of Guelph<br />\r\nUniversity of Manitoba<br />\r\nUniversity of Melbourne<br />\r\nUniversity of Washington<br />\r\nWageningen University\r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\">\r\nStories \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 7<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 5 <br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Centre&#39;s integrated solutions research programme concentrates initially on developing the tools needed to design novel, practical, credible and cost effective low GHG emitting farm systems. The Centre&#39;s programme of work is fully integrated with a companion programme, Farm Management and GHG Manipulation, funded by SLMACC. The Centre&#39;s work programme initially focuses in two areas: modelling enteric CH4 emissions and modelling N2O emissions from grazed pastures; modelling soil carbon processes is a focus of the soil carbon research programme. Models currently exist for both of these processes but they are either too simple to provide new insights (e.g. inventory procedures used by Overseer/Farmax) or complex, requiring input data that are unavailable, and are not validated for NZ. The development of these new improved models will rely on the work being conducted in the programmes of work on CH4, N2O and soil carbon. \r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n  \r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			4.1\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Mechanistic modelling of enteric CH4 production\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Pacheco\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 13\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			4.2\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Improved N2O Component Modelling \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Iris Vogeler\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 13\r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\nPrincipal Investigators\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMr Dave Clark, DairyNZ\r\nDr Robyn Dynes, AgResearch\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgResearch\r\nCSIRO\r\nDairyNZ\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLUCI\r\nSLMACC\r\nUniversity of Guelph\r\nUniversity of Manitoba\r\nUniversity of Melbourne\r\nUniversity of Washington\r\nWageningen University\r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 7\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 5', 'a2e8c827db68530e80ec367f287ad2d5', 64, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:32:22', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:32:22'),
(422, '<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\nIncreasing the quantity of&nbsp;carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n<br />\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\n<br />\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n<a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators&nbsp;</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"outcomes\" title=\"outcomes\"></a><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nAgriculture &amp; AgriFood, Canada<br />\r\nColorado State University, USA<br />\r\nCSIRO Land &amp; Water, Australia<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nScion<br />\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA<br />\r\nWaikato University \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4 <br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nIncreasing the quantity of carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators  \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nAgriculture & AgriFood, Canada\r\nColorado State University, USA\r\nCSIRO Land & Water, Australia\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nScion\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA\r\nWaikato University \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4', 'ef3efe7ac610d37e7ae213460c30bfa5', 63, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:32:49', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:32:49'),
(423, '<p class=\"h3\" align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Objective Leader - Dr Cecile de Klein (AgResearch)\r\n</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThis objective investigates ways to manipulate the N inputs into the pastoral system though plant breeding/selection and plant management options. The plant breeding/selection component focuses on exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species to produce high yielding plants with low N content. This research combines molecular biology, plant physiology and ecology to alter the fundamental biology of forage plants&#39; strategies for utilising N that has already been captured by the plants and convert it into DM. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nHigh yielding plants with low N content will not only reduce the total N input to the system, but also alter the N concentration of animal urine deposited to pasture. Over 80% of the national N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are derived from animal urine and the effect of N concentration on N<sub>2</sub>O emissions can have a major impact on total emissions. This objective will establish the relationship between N concentration in the urine and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, to fully assess the effectiveness of this mitigation option (and other options that will impact on the N concentration of animal urine) on reducing the agricultural N<sub>2</sub>O emissions.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe plant management component of this objective focuses on understanding and manipulating N<sub>2</sub>O emitted by leaves. Previous work has shown that plants can emit N<sub>2</sub>O in three ways: 1. N<sub>2</sub>O produced by soil micro-organisms is transported to the atmosphere through the plant. 2. N<sub>2</sub>O is produced by microorganisms (ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)) on plant leaves 3. N<sub>2</sub>O is produced by the plant during photo-assimilation of nitrogen. The work in this objective will quantify the contributions from each of these pathways and screen plants for variation in their potential to emit N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>Key research questions:</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	1. What are key gene targets that regulate plant growth?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	2. Can exogenous growth stimulants be developed that promote plant growth under N limitation?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	3. What is the relationship between urine N concentration and the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factor?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	4. What is the relative contribution of plant canopy N<sub>2</sub>O emissions to total pasture emissions?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	5. What is the relative contribution of the three different pathways to N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from plant canopy?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>Significant new knowledge:</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Putative key molecular factors limiting plant growth under N limitation; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	The potential for developing novel pasture species that can produce more DM per unit of N supplied; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Assessment of the impact of developing these species on N intake, milk yield, N excretion rates and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Assessment of the effectiveness of N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation strategies that alter the urine N concentration and N excretion rates;\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Assessment of the relative importance of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through plant canopy in relation to total pasture N<sub>2</sub>O emissions.\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n2.1 - Progress in 2009/2010\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nWork has been completed in three milestones, each pertaining to a separate area of work: 1) exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species; 2) assessing the effect of urine N concentration on the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factor, and 3) quantifying the importance of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from the plant canopy.\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	An early career scientist has been successfully recruited and a project plan and key experiments have been designed and presented at a N<sub>2</sub>O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. Based on extensive literature review and experimental evidence we have identified as key gene targets linking plant growth to nutrient and other environmental conditions gene products which are related to the reception, synthesis, and signalling of gibberellins, which are key regulators of plant growth\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Two field experiments have been established to determine the effect of urine N concentration on the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors. The rates of N applied equate to 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 kg N/ha, and thus span the urine N deposition rates common to pastoral animals.\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	An experimental set-up to systematically quantify different pathways of N<sub>2</sub>O release from the plant canopy has been designed and presented at a N<sub>2</sub>O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. This set-up uses a hydroponic system with ammonium as an N source only to minimise any N<sub>2</sub>O emissions other than those from the plant canopy\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</div>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n2.1 - Progress in 2010/2011\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nTrials to confirm the critical importance of gibberellins in regulation of growth ryegrass were undertaken.&nbsp; Our results clearly show that defoliation of ryegrass results in a shift from reserve carbohydrate (CHO) accumulation to CHO mobilisation and that this is regulated by endogenous levels of gibberellins.&nbsp; This endogenous supply of gibberellins results in the growth of tissues, which because of defoliation, are resource deprived.&nbsp; A second series of trials has been initiated to test the effect of an exogenous supply of gibberellins on plant growth when N is the resource limiting plant growth.&nbsp; A peer-reviewed paper on the effects of defoliation on gibberelin synthesis has been drafted.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nIt is still an open question as to whether urinary N concentration itself influences the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O emitted per unit of N deposited in urine patches.&nbsp; This has important implications both for inventory and for potential mitigation practices.&nbsp; Field studies undertaken this year suggest that N<sub>2</sub>O emission per unit of deposited N is relatively constant for low urine N concentrations between 2 and 8 g N/l, but tended to increase at high concentrations of 10 and 12 g N/l.&nbsp; Typical urinary N concentrations in New Zealand are 8g N/l.&nbsp; Initial indications arising from the first year of these studies are (1) that N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation strategies that reduce urine N concentration from &lsquo;typical&#39; to &lsquo;low&#39; but don&#39;t reduce the total amount of N excreted, might have limited impact on reducing N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and (2) that the constant figure currently used in national inventory calculations is appropriate.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nA prototype experimental unit consisting root and shoot chamber was constructed to test pasture canopy N<sub>2</sub>O.&nbsp; This experimental unit allows the team to measure and quantify N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from pasture plants and to assess the contribution of this loss pathway relative to N<sub>2</sub>O losses directly from soil.&nbsp; A series of experiments have been conducted during 2010/11.&nbsp; Testing of the experimental unit identified some issues relating to air tightness of the unit, and an improved design was developed with the AgResearch engineering team.&nbsp; This improved unit is now being built and will be tested by 31 July 2011. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h7\" align=\"left\">\r\nDISCLAIMER:&nbsp; The&nbsp;above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only. &nbsp;Therefore, they may be subject to change. \r\n</p>\r\n', 'Objective Leader - Dr Cecile de Klein (AgResearch)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis objective investigates ways to manipulate the N inputs into the pastoral system though plant breeding/selection and plant management options. The plant breeding/selection component focuses on exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species to produce high yielding plants with low N content. This research combines molecular biology, plant physiology and ecology to alter the fundamental biology of forage plants&#39; strategies for utilising N that has already been captured by the plants and convert it into DM. \r\n\r\n\r\nHigh yielding plants with low N content will not only reduce the total N input to the system, but also alter the N concentration of animal urine deposited to pasture. Over 80% of the national N2O emissions are derived from animal urine and the effect of N concentration on N2O emissions can have a major impact on total emissions. This objective will establish the relationship between N concentration in the urine and N2O emissions, to fully assess the effectiveness of this mitigation option (and other options that will impact on the N concentration of animal urine) on reducing the agricultural N2O emissions.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe plant management component of this objective focuses on understanding and manipulating N2O emitted by leaves. Previous work has shown that plants can emit N2O in three ways: 1. N2O produced by soil micro-organisms is transported to the atmosphere through the plant. 2. N2O is produced by microorganisms (ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)) on plant leaves 3. N2O is produced by the plant during photo-assimilation of nitrogen. The work in this objective will quantify the contributions from each of these pathways and screen plants for variation in their potential to emit N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nKey research questions:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	1. What are key gene targets that regulate plant growth?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	2. Can exogenous growth stimulants be developed that promote plant growth under N limitation?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	3. What is the relationship between urine N concentration and the N2O emission factor?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	4. What is the relative contribution of plant canopy N2O emissions to total pasture emissions?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	5. What is the relative contribution of the three different pathways to N2O emissions from plant canopy?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSignificant new knowledge:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Putative key molecular factors limiting plant growth under N limitation; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	The potential for developing novel pasture species that can produce more DM per unit of N supplied; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Assessment of the impact of developing these species on N intake, milk yield, N excretion rates and N2O emissions; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Assessment of the effectiveness of N2O mitigation strategies that alter the urine N concentration and N excretion rates;\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Assessment of the relative importance of N2O emissions through plant canopy in relation to total pasture N2O emissions.\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n2.1 - Progress in 2009/2010\r\n\r\n\r\nWork has been completed in three milestones, each pertaining to a separate area of work: 1) exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species; 2) assessing the effect of urine N concentration on the N2O emission factor, and 3) quantifying the importance of N2O emissions from the plant canopy.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	An early career scientist has been successfully recruited and a project plan and key experiments have been designed and presented at a N2O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. Based on extensive literature review and experimental evidence we have identified as key gene targets linking plant growth to nutrient and other environmental conditions gene products which are related to the reception, synthesis, and signalling of gibberellins, which are key regulators of plant growth\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Two field experiments have been established to determine the effect of urine N concentration on the N2O emission factors. The rates of N applied equate to 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 kg N/ha, and thus span the urine N deposition rates common to pastoral animals.\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	An experimental set-up to systematically quantify different pathways of N2O release from the plant canopy has been designed and presented at a N2O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. This set-up uses a hydroponic system with ammonium as an N source only to minimise any N2O emissions other than those from the plant canopy\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n2.1 - Progress in 2010/2011\r\n\r\n\r\nTrials to confirm the critical importance of gibberellins in regulation of growth ryegrass were undertaken.  Our results clearly show that defoliation of ryegrass results in a shift from reserve carbohydrate (CHO) accumulation to CHO mobilisation and that this is regulated by endogenous levels of gibberellins.  This endogenous supply of gibberellins results in the growth of tissues, which because of defoliation, are resource deprived.  A second series of trials has been initiated to test the effect of an exogenous supply of gibberellins on plant growth when N is the resource limiting plant growth.  A peer-reviewed paper on the effects of defoliation on gibberelin synthesis has been drafted.\r\n\r\n\r\nIt is still an open question as to whether urinary N concentration itself influences the quantity of N2O emitted per unit of N deposited in urine patches.  This has important implications both for inventory and for potential mitigation practices.  Field studies undertaken this year suggest that N2O emission per unit of deposited N is relatively constant for low urine N concentrations between 2 and 8 g N/l, but tended to increase at high concentrations of 10 and 12 g N/l.  Typical urinary N concentrations in New Zealand are 8g N/l.  Initial indications arising from the first year of these studies are (1) that N2O mitigation strategies that reduce urine N concentration from ‘typical&#39; to ‘low&#39; but don&#39;t reduce the total amount of N excreted, might have limited impact on reducing N2O emissions and (2) that the constant figure currently used in national inventory calculations is appropriate.\r\n\r\n\r\nA prototype experimental unit consisting root and shoot chamber was constructed to test pasture canopy N2O.  This experimental unit allows the team to measure and quantify N2O emissions from pasture plants and to assess the contribution of this loss pathway relative to N2O losses directly from soil.  A series of experiments have been conducted during 2010/11.  Testing of the experimental unit identified some issues relating to air tightness of the unit, and an improved design was developed with the AgResearch engineering team.  This improved unit is now being built and will be tested by 31 July 2011. \r\n\r\n\r\nDISCLAIMER:  The above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only.  Therefore, they may be subject to change.', '5844cb1086afa69d3f5ccb546a1a3f6b', 74, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:49:33', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:49:33'),
(424, '<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Objective Leader - Dr Cecile de Klein (AgResearch)</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThis objective investigates ways to manipulate the N inputs into the pastoral system though plant breeding/selection and plant management options. The plant breeding/selection component focuses on exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species to produce high yielding plants with low N content. This research combines molecular biology, plant physiology and ecology to alter the fundamental biology of forage plants&#39; strategies for utilising N that has already been captured by the plants and convert it into DM. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nHigh yielding plants with low N content will not only reduce the total N input to the system, but also alter the N concentration of animal urine deposited to pasture. Over 80% of the national N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are derived from animal urine and the effect of N concentration on N<sub>2</sub>O emissions can have a major impact on total emissions. This objective will establish the relationship between N concentration in the urine and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, to fully assess the effectiveness of this mitigation option (and other options that will impact on the N concentration of animal urine) on reducing the agricultural N<sub>2</sub>O emissions.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe plant management component of this objective focuses on understanding and manipulating N<sub>2</sub>O emitted by leaves. Previous work has shown that plants can emit N<sub>2</sub>O in three ways: 1. N<sub>2</sub>O produced by soil micro-organisms is transported to the atmosphere through the plant. 2. N<sub>2</sub>O is produced by microorganisms (ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)) on plant leaves 3. N<sub>2</sub>O is produced by the plant during photo-assimilation of nitrogen. The work in this objective will quantify the contributions from each of these pathways and screen plants for variation in their potential to emit N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>Key research questions:</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	1. What are key gene targets that regulate plant growth?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	2. Can exogenous growth stimulants be developed that promote plant growth under N limitation?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	3. What is the relationship between urine N concentration and the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factor?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	4. What is the relative contribution of plant canopy N<sub>2</sub>O emissions to total pasture emissions?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	5. What is the relative contribution of the three different pathways to N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from plant canopy?\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<strong>Significant new knowledge:</strong>\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Putative key molecular factors limiting plant growth under N limitation; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	The potential for developing novel pasture species that can produce more DM per unit of N supplied; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Assessment of the impact of developing these species on N intake, milk yield, N excretion rates and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Assessment of the effectiveness of N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation strategies that alter the urine N concentration and N excretion rates;\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Assessment of the relative importance of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through plant canopy in relation to total pasture N<sub>2</sub>O emissions.\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n2.1 - Progress in 2009/2010\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nWork has been completed in three milestones, each pertaining to a separate area of work: 1) exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species; 2) assessing the effect of urine N concentration on the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factor, and 3) quantifying the importance of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from the plant canopy.\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<ol>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	An early career scientist has been successfully recruited and a project plan and key experiments have been designed and presented at a N<sub>2</sub>O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. Based on extensive literature review and experimental evidence we have identified as key gene targets linking plant growth to nutrient and other environmental conditions gene products which are related to the reception, synthesis, and signalling of gibberellins, which are key regulators of plant growth\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Two field experiments have been established to determine the effect of urine N concentration on the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors. The rates of N applied equate to 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 kg N/ha, and thus span the urine N deposition rates common to pastoral animals.\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	An experimental set-up to systematically quantify different pathways of N<sub>2</sub>O release from the plant canopy has been designed and presented at a N<sub>2</sub>O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. This set-up uses a hydroponic system with ammonium as an N source only to minimise any N<sub>2</sub>O emissions other than those from the plant canopy\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</div>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\n2.1 - Progress in 2010/2011\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nTrials to confirm the critical importance of gibberellins in regulation of growth ryegrass were undertaken.&nbsp; Our results clearly show that defoliation of ryegrass results in a shift from reserve carbohydrate (CHO) accumulation to CHO mobilisation and that this is regulated by endogenous levels of gibberellins.&nbsp; This endogenous supply of gibberellins results in the growth of tissues, which because of defoliation, are resource deprived.&nbsp; A second series of trials has been initiated to test the effect of an exogenous supply of gibberellins on plant growth when N is the resource limiting plant growth.&nbsp; A peer-reviewed paper on the effects of defoliation on gibberelin synthesis has been drafted.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nIt is still an open question as to whether urinary N concentration itself influences the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O emitted per unit of N deposited in urine patches.&nbsp; This has important implications both for inventory and for potential mitigation practices.&nbsp; Field studies undertaken this year suggest that N<sub>2</sub>O emission per unit of deposited N is relatively constant for low urine N concentrations between 2 and 8 g N/l, but tended to increase at high concentrations of 10 and 12 g N/l.&nbsp; Typical urinary N concentrations in New Zealand are 8g N/l.&nbsp; Initial indications arising from the first year of these studies are (1) that N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation strategies that reduce urine N concentration from &lsquo;typical&#39; to &lsquo;low&#39; but don&#39;t reduce the total amount of N excreted, might have limited impact on reducing N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and (2) that the constant figure currently used in national inventory calculations is appropriate.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nA prototype experimental unit consisting root and shoot chamber was constructed to test pasture canopy N<sub>2</sub>O.&nbsp; This experimental unit allows the team to measure and quantify N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from pasture plants and to assess the contribution of this loss pathway relative to N<sub>2</sub>O losses directly from soil.&nbsp; A series of experiments have been conducted during 2010/11.&nbsp; Testing of the experimental unit identified some issues relating to air tightness of the unit, and an improved design was developed with the AgResearch engineering team.&nbsp; This improved unit is now being built and will be tested by 31 July 2011. \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h7\" align=\"left\">\r\nDISCLAIMER:&nbsp; The&nbsp;above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only. &nbsp;Therefore, they may be subject to change. \r\n</p>\r\n', 'Objective Leader - Dr Cecile de Klein (AgResearch)\r\n\r\n\r\nThis objective investigates ways to manipulate the N inputs into the pastoral system though plant breeding/selection and plant management options. The plant breeding/selection component focuses on exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species to produce high yielding plants with low N content. This research combines molecular biology, plant physiology and ecology to alter the fundamental biology of forage plants&#39; strategies for utilising N that has already been captured by the plants and convert it into DM. \r\n\r\n\r\nHigh yielding plants with low N content will not only reduce the total N input to the system, but also alter the N concentration of animal urine deposited to pasture. Over 80% of the national N2O emissions are derived from animal urine and the effect of N concentration on N2O emissions can have a major impact on total emissions. This objective will establish the relationship between N concentration in the urine and N2O emissions, to fully assess the effectiveness of this mitigation option (and other options that will impact on the N concentration of animal urine) on reducing the agricultural N2O emissions.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe plant management component of this objective focuses on understanding and manipulating N2O emitted by leaves. Previous work has shown that plants can emit N2O in three ways: 1. N2O produced by soil micro-organisms is transported to the atmosphere through the plant. 2. N2O is produced by microorganisms (ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)) on plant leaves 3. N2O is produced by the plant during photo-assimilation of nitrogen. The work in this objective will quantify the contributions from each of these pathways and screen plants for variation in their potential to emit N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nKey research questions:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	1. What are key gene targets that regulate plant growth?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	2. Can exogenous growth stimulants be developed that promote plant growth under N limitation?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	3. What is the relationship between urine N concentration and the N2O emission factor?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	4. What is the relative contribution of plant canopy N2O emissions to total pasture emissions?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	5. What is the relative contribution of the three different pathways to N2O emissions from plant canopy?\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSignificant new knowledge:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Putative key molecular factors limiting plant growth under N limitation; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	The potential for developing novel pasture species that can produce more DM per unit of N supplied; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Assessment of the impact of developing these species on N intake, milk yield, N excretion rates and N2O emissions; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Assessment of the effectiveness of N2O mitigation strategies that alter the urine N concentration and N excretion rates;\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Assessment of the relative importance of N2O emissions through plant canopy in relation to total pasture N2O emissions.\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n2.1 - Progress in 2009/2010\r\n\r\n\r\nWork has been completed in three milestones, each pertaining to a separate area of work: 1) exploring the hypothesis that novel pasture grasses can produce more DM per unit N supplied than existing grass species; 2) assessing the effect of urine N concentration on the N2O emission factor, and 3) quantifying the importance of N2O emissions from the plant canopy.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	An early career scientist has been successfully recruited and a project plan and key experiments have been designed and presented at a N2O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. Based on extensive literature review and experimental evidence we have identified as key gene targets linking plant growth to nutrient and other environmental conditions gene products which are related to the reception, synthesis, and signalling of gibberellins, which are key regulators of plant growth\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Two field experiments have been established to determine the effect of urine N concentration on the N2O emission factors. The rates of N applied equate to 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 kg N/ha, and thus span the urine N deposition rates common to pastoral animals.\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	An experimental set-up to systematically quantify different pathways of N2O release from the plant canopy has been designed and presented at a N2O NZAGRC meeting on 24 June 2010. This set-up uses a hydroponic system with ammonium as an N source only to minimise any N2O emissions other than those from the plant canopy\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n2.1 - Progress in 2010/2011\r\n\r\n\r\nTrials to confirm the critical importance of gibberellins in regulation of growth ryegrass were undertaken.  Our results clearly show that defoliation of ryegrass results in a shift from reserve carbohydrate (CHO) accumulation to CHO mobilisation and that this is regulated by endogenous levels of gibberellins.  This endogenous supply of gibberellins results in the growth of tissues, which because of defoliation, are resource deprived.  A second series of trials has been initiated to test the effect of an exogenous supply of gibberellins on plant growth when N is the resource limiting plant growth.  A peer-reviewed paper on the effects of defoliation on gibberelin synthesis has been drafted.\r\n\r\n\r\nIt is still an open question as to whether urinary N concentration itself influences the quantity of N2O emitted per unit of N deposited in urine patches.  This has important implications both for inventory and for potential mitigation practices.  Field studies undertaken this year suggest that N2O emission per unit of deposited N is relatively constant for low urine N concentrations between 2 and 8 g N/l, but tended to increase at high concentrations of 10 and 12 g N/l.  Typical urinary N concentrations in New Zealand are 8g N/l.  Initial indications arising from the first year of these studies are (1) that N2O mitigation strategies that reduce urine N concentration from ‘typical&#39; to ‘low&#39; but don&#39;t reduce the total amount of N excreted, might have limited impact on reducing N2O emissions and (2) that the constant figure currently used in national inventory calculations is appropriate.\r\n\r\n\r\nA prototype experimental unit consisting root and shoot chamber was constructed to test pasture canopy N2O.  This experimental unit allows the team to measure and quantify N2O emissions from pasture plants and to assess the contribution of this loss pathway relative to N2O losses directly from soil.  A series of experiments have been conducted during 2010/11.  Testing of the experimental unit identified some issues relating to air tightness of the unit, and an improved design was developed with the AgResearch engineering team.  This improved unit is now being built and will be tested by 31 July 2011. \r\n\r\n\r\nDISCLAIMER:  The above reports have not been peer reviewed and report interim results only.  Therefore, they may be subject to change.', '9744658ec0d11409ac8ab5dcb173ee3a', 74, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:49:51', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:49:51'),
(425, '<p align=\"left\">\r\nNinety five percent&nbsp;of agricultural emissions in New Zealand arise from the pastoral sector.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nFor this reason, the primary focus of the NZAGRC&#39;s activities is on the pastoral sector, although some targeted research in the arable and horticultural areas and non-pastoral livestock will be carried out. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe NZAGRC science programme has been constructed from the recommendations made by leading scientists involved in GHG and associated research. The recommendations arose from a prioritisation process after developing high level strategies for research in: \r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Methane\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Nitrous oxide\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Soil carbon\r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe programme also includes a integrated systems research stream. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThis prioritisation process clearly identified that the NZAGRC&#39;s research should focus on the pastoral sector, but the generic understanding generated in both the soil carbon and nitrous oxide programmes will be applicable to both the arable and horticultural sectors. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe proposed research programmes have been scrutinised by the NZAGRC International Science Advisory Group, NZAGRC Stakeholder Advisory and NZAGRC Steering Group. \r\n</p>\r\n', 'Ninety five percent of agricultural emissions in New Zealand arise from the pastoral sector.  \r\n\r\n\r\nFor this reason, the primary focus of the NZAGRC&#39;s activities is on the pastoral sector, although some targeted research in the arable and horticultural areas and non-pastoral livestock will be carried out. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe NZAGRC science programme has been constructed from the recommendations made by leading scientists involved in GHG and associated research. The recommendations arose from a prioritisation process after developing high level strategies for research in: \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Methane\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Nitrous oxide\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Soil carbon\r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe programme also includes a integrated systems research stream. \r\n\r\n\r\nThis prioritisation process clearly identified that the NZAGRC&#39;s research should focus on the pastoral sector, but the generic understanding generated in both the soil carbon and nitrous oxide programmes will be applicable to both the arable and horticultural sectors. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe proposed research programmes have been scrutinised by the NZAGRC International Science Advisory Group, NZAGRC Stakeholder Advisory and NZAGRC Steering Group.', '6c7e4b9e3d57bf1069dec84c24641d61', 39, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:57:14', NULL, '2012-02-21 03:17:47');
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(426, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\n<span class=\"h2\">Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to<br />\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission<br />\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.</span><br />\r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<br />\r\n<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/146/NZAGRC%20Conference.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NZAGRC Conference\" title=\"NZAGRC Conference\" width=\"583\" height=\"166\" />&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h4\">\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference.&nbsp; The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.&nbsp; The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity.&nbsp; Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow <em>sustained absolute reductions</em> whilst <em>supporting projected output growth</em>, new technologies and practices are needed.&nbsp; This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation.&nbsp; The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.&nbsp; Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest.&nbsp; A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.&nbsp; In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward.&nbsp; He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.&nbsp; Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!<br />\r\n</div>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Research \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"methane.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 1: Methane</span></a><br />\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"nitrous-oxide.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide</span></a><br />\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"soil-carbon.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon</span></a><br />\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"integrated-systems.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems</span></a><br />\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Knowledge</span><br />\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Technologies</span><br />\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Practices</span><br />\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitendunt \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n', 'Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n\r\n\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference.  The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.  The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n\r\n\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity.  Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow sustained absolute reductions whilst supporting projected output growth, new technologies and practices are needed.  This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation.  The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.  Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest.  A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n\r\n\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.  In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward.  He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.  \r\n\r\n\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.  Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n\r\n\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Research \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 1: Methane\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Knowledge\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Technologies\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Practices\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitendunt', '3068d88e3046a332fedf66f21a25ce32', 1, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 02:59:45', NULL, '2012-02-21 02:59:45'),
(427, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\n<span class=\"h2\">Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to<br />\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission<br />\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.</span><br />\r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<br />\r\n<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/146/NZAGRC%20Conference.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NZAGRC Conference\" title=\"NZAGRC Conference\" width=\"583\" height=\"166\" />&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h4\">\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference.&nbsp; The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.&nbsp; The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity.&nbsp; Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow <em>sustained absolute reductions</em> whilst <em>supporting projected output growth</em>, new technologies and practices are needed.&nbsp; This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation.&nbsp; The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.&nbsp; Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest.&nbsp; A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.&nbsp; In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward. He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.&nbsp; Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!<br />\r\n</div>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Research \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"methane.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 1: Methane</span></a><br />\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"nitrous-oxide.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide</span></a><br />\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"soil-carbon.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon</span></a><br />\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"integrated-systems.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems</span></a><br />\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Knowledge</span><br />\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Technologies</span><br />\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Practices</span><br />\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitendunt \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n', 'Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n\r\n\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference.  The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.  The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n\r\n\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity.  Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow sustained absolute reductions whilst supporting projected output growth, new technologies and practices are needed.  This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation.  The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.  Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest.  A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n\r\n\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.  In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward. He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.  \r\n\r\n\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.  Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n\r\n\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Research \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 1: Methane\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Knowledge\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Technologies\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Practices\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitendunt', '21f8811f55cdaf63686300bf37b889a9', 1, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 03:01:30', NULL, '2012-02-21 03:01:30'),
(428, '<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe role of NZAGRC SAG is to advise the Centre Director and the Steering Group on the direction and the implementation of the Strategy and Science Plan and Business Plan and to actively assist in delivery and uptake of Outcomes arising from Research Projects and Centre activities. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe core responsibilities of the NZAGRC SAG are to: \r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\n<ul>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Advise the NZAGRC Steering Group on a broad range of issues; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Give Stakeholder guidance on and endorse the direction of the Strategy and Science Plan and Business Plan to ensure they meet priority national needs; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Advise on the Stakeholder perspective on the performance of the Centre; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Seek, encourage and integrate co-funding of research; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Actively champion the Centre and its research and assist links between the Centre and stakeholders; \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n	<li>\r\n	<div>\r\n	Contribute to decision-making regarding delivery of Outcomes through IP Uptake, actively supporting adoption of New IP. \r\n	</div>\r\n	</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nMembership of NZAGRC SAG will vary between one and three years and will be reviewed regularly to ensure that its representatives are best suited to make an effective contribution to the group. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe NZAGRC SAG currently has 12 key industry stakeholders appointed by the NZAGRC Steering Group on the basis of their expertise, industry knowledge and ability to contribute to the responsibilities of the group. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Simon Tucker</span> Dairy Companies Association of NZ <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Rick Pridmore</span> DairyNZ <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Philip Mladenov</span> Fert Research <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Nick Pyke</span> Foundation for Arable Research <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Peter Silcock</span> Horticulture New Zealand <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Richard Wakelin</span> Meat &amp; Wool New Zealand <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Dan Coup</span> Meat Industry Association <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Paul Stocks</span> Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Jo Tyndall</span> Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">George Slim</span> Ministry of Science and Innovation <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Sam McIvor</span> New Zealand Pork <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Jamie Tuuta</span> Parininihi Ki Waitotara Incorporation <br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Mark Leslie</span> PGgRc \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The role of NZAGRC SAG is to advise the Centre Director and the Steering Group on the direction and the implementation of the Strategy and Science Plan and Business Plan and to actively assist in delivery and uptake of Outcomes arising from Research Projects and Centre activities. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe core responsibilities of the NZAGRC SAG are to: \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Advise the NZAGRC Steering Group on a broad range of issues; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Give Stakeholder guidance on and endorse the direction of the Strategy and Science Plan and Business Plan to ensure they meet priority national needs; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Advise on the Stakeholder perspective on the performance of the Centre; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Seek, encourage and integrate co-funding of research; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Actively champion the Centre and its research and assist links between the Centre and stakeholders; \r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	\r\n	Contribute to decision-making regarding delivery of Outcomes through IP Uptake, actively supporting adoption of New IP. \r\n	\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMembership of NZAGRC SAG will vary between one and three years and will be reviewed regularly to ensure that its representatives are best suited to make an effective contribution to the group. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe NZAGRC SAG currently has 12 key industry stakeholders appointed by the NZAGRC Steering Group on the basis of their expertise, industry knowledge and ability to contribute to the responsibilities of the group. \r\n\r\n\r\nSimon Tucker Dairy Companies Association of NZ \r\nRick Pridmore DairyNZ \r\nPhilip Mladenov Fert Research \r\nNick Pyke Foundation for Arable Research \r\nPeter Silcock Horticulture New Zealand \r\nRichard Wakelin Meat & Wool New Zealand \r\nDan Coup Meat Industry Association \r\nPaul Stocks Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry \r\nJo Tyndall Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade \r\nGeorge Slim Ministry of Science and Innovation \r\nSam McIvor New Zealand Pork \r\nJamie Tuuta Parininihi Ki Waitotara Incorporation \r\nMark Leslie PGgRc', '8a0420e1d7e0ebe28ada920bc1ba0519', 61, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 03:16:51', NULL, '2012-02-21 03:16:51'),
(429, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\n<span class=\"h2\">Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to<br />\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission<br />\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.</span><br />\r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<br />\r\n<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/146/NZAGRC%20Conference.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NZAGRC Conference\" title=\"NZAGRC Conference\" width=\"583\" height=\"166\" />&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h4\">\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference.&nbsp; The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.&nbsp; The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity.&nbsp; Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow <em>sustained absolute reductions</em> whilst <em>supporting projected output growth</em>, new technologies and practices are needed.&nbsp; This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation.&nbsp; The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.&nbsp; Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest.&nbsp; A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.&nbsp; In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward. He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.&nbsp; Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!<br />\r\n</div>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Research \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"methane.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 1: Methane</span></a><br />\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"nitrous-oxide.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide</span></a><br />\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"soil-carbon.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon</span></a><br />\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"integrated-systems.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems</span></a><br />\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Knowledge</span><br />\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Technologies</span><br />\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Practices</span><br />\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitendunt \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n', 'Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n\r\n\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference.  The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.  The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n\r\n\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity.  Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow sustained absolute reductions whilst supporting projected output growth, new technologies and practices are needed.  This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation.  The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.  Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest.  A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n\r\n\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.  In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward. He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.  \r\n\r\n\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.  Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n\r\n\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Research \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 1: Methane\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Knowledge\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Technologies\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Practices\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitendunt', '08362ff0d0cbe7a1bc5cb116e38d4af1', 1, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 03:19:19', NULL, '2012-02-21 03:19:19');
INSERT INTO `mix_html_revision` (`html_revision_id`, `html`, `html_search`, `html_md5`, `html_id`, `status`, `user_id`, `created_date`, `pending_date`, `published_date`) VALUES
(430, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\n<span class=\"h2\">Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to<br />\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission<br />\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.</span><br />\r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<br />\r\n<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/146/NZAGRC%20Conference.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NZAGRC Conference\" title=\"NZAGRC Conference\" width=\"583\" height=\"166\" />&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h4\">\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference.&nbsp; The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.&nbsp; The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity.&nbsp; Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow <em>sustained absolute reductions</em> whilst <em>supporting projected output growth</em>, new technologies and practices are needed.&nbsp; This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation.&nbsp; The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.&nbsp; Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest.&nbsp; A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.&nbsp; In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward. He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.&nbsp; Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!<br />\r\n<br />\r\n</div>\r\n<hr />\r\n<br />\r\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Research \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"methane.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 1: Methane</span></a><br />\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"nitrous-oxide.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide</span></a><br />\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"soil-carbon.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon</span></a><br />\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"integrated-systems.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems</span></a><br />\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Knowledge</span><br />\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Technologies</span><br />\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Practices</span><br />\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitend \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n', 'Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n\r\n\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference.  The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.  The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n\r\n\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity.  Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow sustained absolute reductions whilst supporting projected output growth, new technologies and practices are needed.  This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation.  The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.  Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest.  A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n\r\n\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.  In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward. He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.  \r\n\r\n\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.  Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n\r\n\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Research \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 1: Methane\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Knowledge\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Technologies\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Practices\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitend', 'aea962259de440d264974769df8b2ee9', 1, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 03:20:10', NULL, '2012-02-21 03:20:10'),
(431, '<p align=\"justify\">\r\n<span class=\"h2\">Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to<br />\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission<br />\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.</span><br />\r\n</p>\r\n<hr />\r\n<br />\r\n<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/146/NZAGRC%20Conference.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NZAGRC Conference\" title=\"NZAGRC Conference\" width=\"583\" height=\"166\" />&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h4\">\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference. The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.&nbsp; The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity. Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow <em>sustained absolute reductions</em> whilst <em>supporting projected output growth</em>, new technologies and practices are needed.&nbsp; This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation. The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.&nbsp; Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest. A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.&nbsp; In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward. He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.&nbsp; Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!<br />\r\n<br />\r\n</div>\r\n<hr />\r\n<br />\r\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Research \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"methane.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 1: Methane</span></a><br />\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"nitrous-oxide.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide</span></a><br />\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"soil-carbon.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon</span></a><br />\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<a href=\"integrated-systems.html\"><span class=\"h5\">Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems</span></a><br />\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td>&nbsp;</td>\r\n			<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48%\">\r\n			<p class=\"h4\">\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Knowledge</span><br />\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Technologies</span><br />\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			</p>\r\n			<p>\r\n			<span class=\"h5\">Practices</span><br />\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitend \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n', 'Our role is to find ways for New Zealand to\r\nmeet its international greenhouse gas emission\r\nobligations without reducing agricultural output.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nAnnual NZAGRC Conference \r\n\r\n\r\nOne hundred and fifty greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation focused scientists, policy makers and industry representatives made the trip to the Travelodge in Palmerston North to attend the second Annual NZAGRC Conference. The conference provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on the international context in which New Zealand&#39;s agricultural GHG emissions research programme resides.  The day also included a wide range of presentations and posters covering research underway and how this may be applied on-farm in the future.\r\n\r\n\r\nDr Andy Reisinger, NZAGRC Deputy Director, opened the conference by presenting an overview of the global challenge to secure food supply in an uneven world and for a growing and increasingly affluent population, whilst maintaining environmental integrity. Bringing his focus to New Zealand, he emphasised that to allow sustained absolute reductions whilst supporting projected output growth, new technologies and practices are needed.  This requires a multi-pronged effort that can expand existing options, develop new ones and creates and delivers tools for implementation. The NZ government has recognised the long term and global nature of the challenge and is providing dedicated research funding. Andy concluded by stating that the &quot;journey will inevitably have many twists and turns and some dead ends, but we are confident that it will deliver&quot;. \r\n\r\n\r\nFour science sessions followed, covering methane, nitrous oxide, soil carbon and integrated systems research.  Four speakers, including one leading international scientist, presented in each session. This provided an opportunity for delegates to hear the latest developments in areas outside of their regular sphere of interest. A number of the audience commented afterwards that they had gained new knowledge and some even experienced &quot;eureka&quot; moments.\r\n\r\n\r\nJohn Hutchings, General Manager (Sustainability Policy and Carbon) at Fonterra provided a motivating summing up to the conference.  In line with it being the start of the year, he provided his seven &quot;wishes&quot; for a more sustainable and efficient NZ agricultural sector: improvements in emissions efficiency; producers becoming more aware of GHG issues; optimal research investment; trusted industry participation in policy making; cost effective management of liabilities; emission efficient production of milk; and all parties working together respectfully and collaboratively going forward. He highlighted that good progress was being made towards fulfilling a number of his goals already.  \r\n\r\n\r\nReturning to the opening comments made by Andy Reisinger, John quoted a recent article by John Vidal in The Observer (&quot;The Future of Food&quot;, 22 January 2012) which suggested that science&#39;s answer to feeding an extra 2.5 billion people on the planet is a diet of algae, insects and meat grown in a lab.  Whilst this may be one option, from a NZ dairying perspective &quot;you can&#39;t go past milk!&quot; So for the foreseeable future, the NZ research effort will continue to support local agricultural producers and industry&#39;s future goals, while keeping a close eye on how the research can be implemented globally.\r\n\r\n\r\nWatch your Inbox for a full conference report, coming at the end of February - sign up below!\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Research \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 1: Methane\r\n			Lead scientists Peter Janssen and Graeme Attwood are overseeing multiple cutting-edge research programmes at the NZAGRC that will mitigate emissions of enteric methane. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 2: Nitrous Oxide\r\n			Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent GHG with a long-term global warming potential 310 times that of CO2. In New Zealand, approximately 20% of total GHG&#39;s are N2O. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 3: Soil Carbon\r\n			Soils sequester and store atmospheric carbon via the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Work Stream 4: Integrated Systems\r\n			The NZAGRC&#39;s integrated farm systems research programme is focused on developing the tools to design novel, practical, credible and cost-effective low GHG-emitting farm systems for New Zealand farms \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Information Hub \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Knowledge\r\n			Take a look at the quarterly Newsletter of the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC). \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Technologies\r\n			et la etur, utemper iaturitibus autUnt et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et qui diciumquatet dolor aut audis re et prate ab ipsamus quiduci endunt autem illabores auda quos mo \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Practices\r\n			quis exernatur, comnimo lessit maximax imusandus autem eostio excepelignis endunt 4. illabores auda quos mo eatur sam, quis exematur, comnimo lessitend', '8dc740812d7b5d6a5ccef43ce7bdd5b9', 1, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 19:11:48', NULL, '2012-02-21 19:11:48'),
(432, '<div align=\"left\">\r\nThe NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector.<a name=\"goals\" title=\"goals\"></a> \r\n</div>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives \r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH<sub>4</sub> programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/171/Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 9.55.38 AM.png\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 9.55.38 AM.png\" title=\"Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 9.55.38 AM.png\" width=\"484\" height=\"236\" />&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.6 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.7 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a></strong><br />\r\nPrincipal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAnimalCHANGE <br />\r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries <br />\r\nDPI Queensland&nbsp; <br />\r\nGlobal Research Alliance <br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nNIWA<br />\r\nPGgRc<br />\r\nScottish Agricultural College<br />\r\nSLMACC<br />\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5 \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH4 programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n\r\n\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.6 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.7 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAnimalCHANGE \r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries \r\nDPI Queensland  \r\nGlobal Research Alliance \r\nLandcare Research\r\nNIWA\r\nPGgRc\r\nScottish Agricultural College\r\nSLMACC\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5', '2b3660a4aa8edce61616e03973718f1e', 40, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 21:09:24', NULL, '2012-02-21 21:09:24'),
(433, '<div align=\"left\">\r\nThe NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector.<a name=\"goals\" title=\"goals\"></a> \r\n</div>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives \r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH<sub>4</sub> programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/171/Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 9.55.38 AM.png\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 9.55.38 AM.png\" title=\"Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 9.55.38 AM.png\" /><br />\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.6 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.7 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a></strong><br />\r\nPrincipal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAnimalCHANGE <br />\r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries <br />\r\nDPI Queensland&nbsp; <br />\r\nGlobal Research Alliance <br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nNIWA<br />\r\nPGgRc<br />\r\nScottish Agricultural College<br />\r\nSLMACC<br />\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5 \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH4 programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n\r\n\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.6 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.7 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAnimalCHANGE \r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries \r\nDPI Queensland  \r\nGlobal Research Alliance \r\nLandcare Research\r\nNIWA\r\nPGgRc\r\nScottish Agricultural College\r\nSLMACC\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5', '1982fc872acc573c4555719d44ba4689', 40, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 21:09:48', NULL, '2012-02-21 21:09:48');
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(434, '<div align=\"left\">\r\nThe NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector.<a name=\"goals\" title=\"goals\"></a> \r\n</div>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives \r\n</p>\r\n</span>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH<sub>4</sub> programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/171/Screen%20shot%202012-02-22%20at%209.55.38%20AM.png\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 9.55.38 AM.png\" title=\"Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 9.55.38 AM.png\" width=\"501\" height=\"245\" /><br />\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.6 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			1.7 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n&nbsp; \r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><strong><a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a></strong><br />\r\nPrincipal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAnimalCHANGE <br />\r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries <br />\r\nDPI Queensland&nbsp; <br />\r\nGlobal Research Alliance <br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nNIWA<br />\r\nPGgRc<br />\r\nScottish Agricultural College<br />\r\nSLMACC<br />\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5 \r\n</p>\r\n', 'The NZAGRC&#39;s research programme is designed specifically to build on existing well-targeted research funded by the PGgRc and SLMACC (MAF) to advance the discovery of cost effective solutions. Since 97% of all agricultural methane emissions arise from enteric fermentation, the research concentrates almost exclusively on this sector. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe underlying aim of the NZAGRC CH4 programme is to reduce emissions by manipulating the processes responsible for producing methane. This essentially involves a two pronged approach; directly manipulating the activities of methanogens through such things as small molecule inhibitors or vaccines and indirectly manipulating the activities of methanogens through feeding and changes in animal phenotype. The NZAGRC investment in these areas is highly aligned with existing programmes already being funded by the PGgRc and/or PGgRc/MAF. \r\n\r\n\r\nA further small programme has concentrated on the development and validation of a model that can be used by farmers to estimate the economics of installing methane bio-digesters. The model suggests that the installation of bio-digesters on farms having as few as 400 cows can be economic, with a payback period on the investment of 3-5 years. Further work is being undertaken using SLMACC funding from MAF to confirm these initial findings prior to the model being promoted and released.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Feeding Microalgae \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Pacheco \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Low Methane producing animals \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			John McEwan \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Genomic identification of universal targets for methanogen inhibition \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Sinead Leahy \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Enhanced discovery of methanogen-specific inhibitors \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Ron Ronimus \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Expression of vaccine target proteins \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Bryce Buddle \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Jul 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.6 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Identifying alternative hydrogen utilisers \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Gemma Henderson \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Dec 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			1.7 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Methane capture and utilisation from dairy effluent \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Rupert Craggs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			May 10 - Jun 11 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nDr Graeme Attwood, AgResearch\r\nDr Peter Janssen, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAnimalCHANGE \r\nCSIRO Livestock Industries \r\nDPI Queensland  \r\nGlobal Research Alliance \r\nLandcare Research\r\nNIWA\r\nPGgRc\r\nScottish Agricultural College\r\nSLMACC\r\nUS Joint Genome Initative \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 8 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter April 2011 Page 4 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 5', 'd1122981bd537d9116ab369f3fd3ed36', 40, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 21:10:04', NULL, '2012-02-21 21:10:43'),
(435, '<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Goals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe N<sub>2</sub>O programme focuses on manipulating some of the <strong>N inputs</strong> that drive the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O released and on manipulating the <strong>processes</strong> that form and release N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nManipulating <strong>N inputs</strong> investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating <strong>processes</strong> will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N<sub>2</sub>O/N<sub>2</sub> ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/medium/170/N2O%20programme.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"N2O objectives\" title=\"N2O objectives\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" /> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/172/Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 10.15.15 AM.png\" border=\"0\" alt=\"nitrous\" title=\"nitrous\" width=\"500\" height=\"128\" />&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating N inputs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof HJ Di \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and soil water status \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University<br />\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nCSIRO Australia<br />\r\nDairyNZ<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nPastoral-21<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nRavensdown<br />\r\nSLMACC\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 5 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 8&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Goals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nThe N2O programme focuses on manipulating some of the N inputs that drive the quantity of N2O released and on manipulating the processes that form and release N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nManipulating N inputs investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating processes will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N2O/N2 ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N2O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating N inputs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof HJ Di \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			N2O emissions and soil water status \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nCSIRO Australia\r\nDairyNZ\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nPastoral-21\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nRavensdown\r\nSLMACC\r\n\r\n\r\nStories\r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 5 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 8', '7a24f31b6822b209f25c8cbf535925ac', 62, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 21:18:41', NULL, '2012-02-21 21:18:41'),
(436, '<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Goals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe N<sub>2</sub>O programme focuses on manipulating some of the <strong>N inputs</strong> that drive the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O released and on manipulating the <strong>processes</strong> that form and release N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nManipulating <strong>N inputs</strong> investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating <strong>processes</strong> will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N<sub>2</sub>O/N<sub>2</sub> ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/medium/170/N2O%20programme.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"N2O objectives\" title=\"N2O objectives\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" /> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/172/Screen%20shot%202012-02-22%20at%2010.15.15%20AM.png\" border=\"0\" alt=\"nitrous\" title=\"nitrous\" width=\"501\" height=\"129\" />&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating N inputs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof HJ Di \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and soil water status \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University<br />\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nCSIRO Australia<br />\r\nDairyNZ<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nPastoral-21<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nRavensdown<br />\r\nSLMACC\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 5 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 8&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Goals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nThe N2O programme focuses on manipulating some of the N inputs that drive the quantity of N2O released and on manipulating the processes that form and release N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nManipulating N inputs investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating processes will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N2O/N2 ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N2O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating N inputs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof HJ Di \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			N2O emissions and soil water status \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nCSIRO Australia\r\nDairyNZ\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nPastoral-21\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nRavensdown\r\nSLMACC\r\n\r\n\r\nStories\r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 5 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 8', 'b4855c108d8731cb363e28f6a86e17b0', 62, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 21:19:34', NULL, '2012-02-21 21:19:34'),
(437, '<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nGoals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<div align=\"left\">\r\nIncreasing the quantity of&nbsp;carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n<br />\r\n</div>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/173/Screen%20shot%202012-02-22%20at%2011.03.08%20AM.png\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 11.03.08 AM.png\" title=\"Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 11.03.08 AM.png\" width=\"501\" height=\"215\" />&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			3.5 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n<a name=\"people\" title=\"people\"></a>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<br />\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators&nbsp;</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch<br />\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research&nbsp; \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"outcomes\" title=\"outcomes\"></a><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nAgriculture &amp; AgriFood, Canada<br />\r\nColorado State University, USA<br />\r\nCSIRO Land &amp; Water, Australia<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nScion<br />\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA<br />\r\nWaikato University \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4<br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4 <br />\r\n</p>\r\n', 'The Centre&#39;s research programme on soil carbon is designed to move beyond quantifying how much soil carbon is stored in agricultural soils into the challenging area of understanding the processes driving soil carbon storage and, crucially, manipulating these processes so that agricultural soil carbon is conserved and, where possible, increased.  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGoals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nIncreasing the quantity of carbon stored in agricultural soils has the potential to offset emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, realising this potential is technically challenging, especially when soil carbon stocks are already high as they are in New Zealand. The NZAGRC&#39;s programme has three distinct components (1) assessing the potential to store carbon across the range of physical and climatic conditions found in New Zealand, (2) devising management practises that can increase the long term soil carbon store and (3) methods for verifying that soil carbon stocks have been changed. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Limits of soil carbon storage in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Mike Beare \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Quantifying the carbon currently stored in New Zealand soils \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Allan Hewitt \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 12 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Process-based modelling of drivers of soil carbon change \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Tony Parsons \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulation of carbon inputs, incorporation and retention to protect and enhance soil carbon \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr David Whitehead \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			3.5 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Improved soil carbon measurements \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof Frank Kelliher \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators  \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Frank Kelliher, AgResearch\r\nDr David Whitehead, Landcare Research  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nAgriculture & AgriFood, Canada\r\nColorado State University, USA\r\nCSIRO Land & Water, Australia\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nNew South Wales DPI, Australia\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nScion\r\nUniversity of California, Davis, USA\r\nWaikato University \r\n\r\n\r\nStories \r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 6\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter November 2011 Page 4\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 6 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 4', '51273e96722d1ee90de02813cf0bea6a', 63, 'published', 2, '2012-02-21 22:05:16', NULL, '2012-02-21 22:05:16'),
(438, '<p align=\"left\">\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Goals &amp; Objectives</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nThe N<sub>2</sub>O programme focuses on manipulating some of the <strong>N inputs</strong> that drive the quantity of N<sub>2</sub>O released and on manipulating the <strong>processes</strong> that form and release N<sub>2</sub>O. \r\n</p>\r\n<p align=\"left\">\r\nManipulating <strong>N inputs</strong> investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating <strong>processes</strong> will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N<sub>2</sub>O/N<sub>2</sub> ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n</p>\r\n<p class=\"h5\" align=\"left\">\r\nOverview of N<sub>2</sub>0 research programme \r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\" align=\"left\">\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/174/Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 3.52.25 PM.png\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 3.52.25 PM.png\" title=\"Screen shot 2012-02-22 at 3.52.25 PM.png\" width=\"501\" height=\"228\" /><br />\r\n \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<img src=\"user/image/large/172/Screen%20shot%202012-02-22%20at%2010.15.15%20AM.png\" border=\"0\" alt=\"nitrous\" title=\"nitrous\" width=\"501\" height=\"129\" />&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n	<tbody>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"250\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Objective</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Leader</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			<strong>Timeframe</strong> \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.1 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating N inputs \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.2 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Prof HJ Di \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.3 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n		<tr>\r\n			<td width=\"33\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"center\">\r\n			2.4 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"217\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and soil water status \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"121\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p align=\"left\">\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n			<td width=\"128\" valign=\"top\">\r\n			<p>\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			</p>\r\n			</td>\r\n		</tr>\r\n	</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Principal Investigators</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University<br />\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\"><a name=\"capability\" title=\"capability\"></a></span><span class=\"h5\"><br />\r\nLinkages</span> \r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nAgMardt<br />\r\nAgResearch<br />\r\nCSIRO Australia<br />\r\nDairyNZ<br />\r\nLandcare Research<br />\r\nLincoln University<br />\r\nMassey University<br />\r\nPastoral-21<br />\r\nPlant &amp; Food Research<br />\r\nRavensdown<br />\r\nSLMACC\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\n<span class=\"h5\">Stories</span>\r\n</p>\r\n<p>\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 5 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 4 <br />\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 8&nbsp;\r\n</p>\r\n', 'Goals & Objectives \r\n\r\n\r\nThe N2O programme focuses on manipulating some of the N inputs that drive the quantity of N2O released and on manipulating the processes that form and release N2O. \r\n\r\n\r\nManipulating N inputs investigates ways to reduce N inputs through plant breeding/selection and plant management (Objective 2.1). Manipulating processes will address the challenge of optimising nitrification inhibitors so that their effectiveness and longevity is increased (Objective 2.2). Research will also be undertaken to determine the impact of soil amendments on the denitrification process and the N2O/N2 ratio (Objectives 2.3). Finally, the programme will investigate ways to mitigate N2O emissions through better understanding its relationship with soil physical characteristics and soil water status (Objective 2.4). \r\n\r\n\r\nOverview of N20 research programme \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n	\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Objective \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Leader \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Timeframe \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.1 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating N inputs \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Cecile de Klein \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.2 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating nitrification processes \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Prof HJ Di \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.3 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Manipulating denitrification processes \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Surinder Saggar \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 14 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n		\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			2.4 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			N2O emissions and soil water status \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Dr Steve Thomas \r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			\r\n			Apr 10 - Jun 13 \r\n			\r\n			\r\n		\r\n	\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\nPrincipal Investigators \r\n\r\n\r\nProfessor Hong Di, Lincoln University\r\nDr Cecile de Klein, AgResearch \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLinkages \r\n\r\n\r\nAgMardt\r\nAgResearch\r\nCSIRO Australia\r\nDairyNZ\r\nLandcare Research\r\nLincoln University\r\nMassey University\r\nPastoral-21\r\nPlant & Food Research\r\nRavensdown\r\nSLMACC\r\n\r\n\r\nStories\r\n\r\n\r\nNZAGRC Newsletter February 2012 Page 5 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter August 2011 Page 4 \r\nNZAGRC Newsletter December 2010 Page 8', '02c6b1925e5168ba143104d1e6c8e871', 62, 'published', 2, '2012-02-22 02:55:45', NULL, '2012-02-22 02:55:45');
