In intensively grazed pastures, urine patches deposited during livestock grazing are the hotspots for the production of greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitrate leaching. The impacts of spatial and temporal variability in urine N concentration and volume on N2O emissions required to accurately estimate country-specific N2O emission factors (EFs) have not been thoroughly evaluated under variable warmer and drier temperate environments (e.g., Menangle, NSW, Australia). Here we quantify and compare N2O emissions and EFs from a naturally expanding effective area (NEEA), with that from a uniformly wetted area (UWA) of urine application in large versus small chambers, respectively. 